汶川地震高速远程滑坡机制实验研究

汶川大地震触发了多处高速远程滑坡,导致了大量的人员伤亡及财产损失。其中,东河口滑坡是这次地震触发的最为典型的高速远程滑坡之一,同时也是目前备受关注、争论颇多的滑坡之一。野外调研结果表明,该滑坡的成因和动力特征主要包括震裂溃屈、水平抛射、碎屑流化和振动液化等4个方面。为了对该滑坡滑动过程中的振动液化这一动力特征进行模拟再现,在东河口滑坡体上采集了具有代表性的滑带土作为试验样品,并以该地震时的实测地震波作为动力输入,利用目前国际上最先进的DPRI环剪试验机,对滑坡滑动过程中的振动液化现象进行了一系列环剪试验研究。结果表明,地震作用过程中,发生在滑坡潜在滑面上的振动液化现象是导致高速远程滑坡产生的一个重要因素;伴随着振动液化过程,滑体的剪切强度迅速降低并产生逐渐增大的剪切位移,为高速远程滑坡的形成提供了条件     

金沙江矮子沟巨型古滑坡形成机制及运动过程研究

通过详细的野外调查，并结合遥感解译、室内试验以及数值模拟等手段，对矮子沟巨型古滑坡的基本特征、形成机制及运动演化过程进行了深入研究。矮子沟古滑坡的形成条件为：滑坡剪出口与坡脚之间存在巨大的高差，为滑坡的形成创造了良好的临空条件；顺向岸坡结构以及坡体内发育的多组控制性结构面是滑坡发生的结构基础；玄武岩系中的凝灰岩软弱夹层削弱了岩体的完整性，地表水及地下水长期入渗，水的软化作用降低了软弱夹层的抗剪强度；地震作用是造成岩体最终滑动失稳的关键因素。该滑坡的动力学过程可划分为四个阶段：(1)启程活动阶段。斜坡地形效应使得地震波在斜坡上部表现出异常放大现象，当短时间内积聚的振动能量超过岩土体的强度时，易形成高位滑坡，滑坡的变形破坏机制为拉裂-滑移；(2)近程活动阶段。近3.82×10⁸ m³的滑坡物质高位高速下滑，与矮子沟右岸坡体发生猛烈碰撞后进一步碎裂解体；(3)高速远程碎屑流阶段。碎屑流继续沿矮子沟高速运动约3 km；(4)堆积堵江阶段。滑坡物质最终形成体积为2.73×10⁸ m³的巨型堰塞坝，堵塞金沙江并...     

云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震红石岩滑坡稳定性的数值模拟

2014年8月3日鲁甸MS6.5地震触发了大量的滑坡崩塌,其中,位于鲁甸县李家山村和巧家县红石岩村交界处的牛栏江干流北岸的红石岩滑坡规模巨大,与此处位于左岸的红石岩古滑坡体的前缘部分一起堵塞了牛栏江而形成高达120m、体积达1 200×104m3的大型堰塞体。通过震后开展的野外实地调查,获得了红石岩滑坡发生处的地形地貌、地质构造、岩体结构及物质组成等资料。以这些第一手资料为基础,构建了红石岩滑坡的边坡模型,并应用边坡稳定性分析软件Geo Studio中Slope/W模块分别计算了红石岩滑坡体震前坡体安全系数和地震作用下的坡体安全系数。结果表明,红石岩滑坡体发生处的坡体安全系数在地震前为1.450,处于相对稳定状态,而鲁甸地震的地震动作用则使坡体的安全系数降低至0.962,直接导致红石岩坡体的失稳。文中进一步讨论了坡体滑动面的存在与否对坡体稳定性的影响:安全系数计算的结果表明,在中强地震作用下,先存滑动面的存在是导致大型滑坡形成的重要条件;对于高陡岩质边坡,如果没有先存滑动面,只可能形成浅表性滑坡。     

地震诱发黄土滑坡的滑距估测

认为用坡体波动振荡效应来解释地震滑坡的形成是合理的,地震动使坡体波动振荡产生的启程剧发速度会直接影响到滑后行程速度和整个滑动土体的滑移距离。最大滑距可分为地震时坡体波动振荡产生的位移和地震波动停止后滑坡的滑移距离两部分,先采用Newmark有限滑动位移分析模型计算前者的永久地震位移,再进一步计算后者。经海原地震滑坡实例计算,文中地震滑坡滑距计算公式实用有效。     

汶川地震背后山滑坡稳定性与动力响应分析

2008年5月12日,四川汶川发生了8.0级特大地震,这是新中国成立以来破坏性最强、波及范围最广、诱发地质灾害最严重的一次强烈地震。此次地震震撼了整个中国,引起了全世界的关注。在距离震中约250km,坐落于背后山古滑坡体前缘堆积体之上的汉源老县城,出现了比周边地区高出两度的烈度异常现象。如此高的烈度异常现象引起了广大科研人员和政府相关部门的高度关注。为了科学合理地解释汉源老县城高烈度异常的原因是否与背后山滑坡有关,并进一步探讨地震作用下边坡的稳定性及动力响应等问题,本文对背后山滑坡开展了与地震相关的一系列研究。本文的研究对推动这一领域的研究工作具有重要的理论和工程意义。本文系统地归纳、总结和评述了边坡稳定性的研究进展,对背后山滑坡的工程地质条件进行了详细的调查,整理和分析了汶川特大地震背后山滑坡科学考察的全部资料。在此基础上,通过有限元数值模拟,对背后山滑坡的共振特性,静、动力稳定性以及动力响应等进行了计算和分析研究,得到了若干有意义的结论,主要研究成果如下:(1)对汉源县的震害及背后山古滑坡进行了科学考察。在汶川特大地震发生后,防灾科技学院科考组在中国地震局的统一指挥下,负责汉源和北川的科考工作,对汉源县城背后山滑坡进行了野外调查,获得了地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等详细资料,揭示了背后山有古滑坡存在,圈定了古滑坡的边界范围,明确了古滑坡的活动期次、特征及现今稳定性状况。调查分析结果显示,汉源老县城位于背后山古滑坡体的前缘,但并未发现古滑坡整体复活的迹象,只在坡体后部出现了几条张性裂缝。(2)建立了背后山滑坡的地质模型、力学模型和有限元计算模型。选取典型的地质剖面,建立滑坡的地质模型、力学模型和计算模型,并制定了计算方案。提出4种安全系数的计算方法,对背后山滑坡的静力稳定性进行了计算和分析,得到静力安全系数为4.09。结果表明,在静力条件下,背后山滑坡是稳定的,同时为滑坡的地震稳定性分析提供了初始的静应力场。(3)分析了背后山滑坡的共振特性。分别通过ANSYS有限元模态分析和谐响应分析,得到了边坡体固有频率和振型,以及位移与频率的关系(共振曲线)。对比分析汉源县附近强震台站记录到的地震动卓越周期,我们发现,滑坡的固有周期与其基本相近。现场考察发现,汉源老县城坐落于背后山滑坡体前缘之上,由此分析认为,可能是由于滑坡体发生共振而导致了汶川地震时汉源老县城的高烈度异常。(4)计算和分析了背后山滑坡的地震稳定性。分别用拟静力法和有限元动力时程分析法计算了地震作用下滑坡的安全系数,重点是运用后一种方法进行计算、分析和评价。通过有限元动力时程分析,得到滑坡在地震作用下的安全系数时程曲线,通过分析给出了滑坡最小动力安全系数值为1.1,由此判断,滑坡整体是稳定的。对于边坡稳定性评价,本文提出可以根据安全系数最小值是否大于1,边坡关键点速度时程末段是否趋于零,以及在地震动时程末段位移、应力矢量场大小几个方面来判断滑坡的稳定性。在判断滑坡整体稳定的情况下,针对坡肩、坡脚等关键部位,提出从受力情况和振动速度两方面对其进行局部稳定性的分析和判断,并计算了关键点处的安全系数。计算和分析的结果表明,汶川地震中汉源县高烈度异常现象与滑坡滑动无关,但在坡肩附近以及坡体上部小范围内有轻度的拉张开裂,这与实际调查现象基本符合。(5)分析和讨论了背后山滑坡的动力响应,以及地震动三要素对边坡动力响应的影响。具体计算分析中,本文在坡面上、滑体内、滑面上、坡体内设置了32个监测点进行计算和分析。计算结果发现:在坡面附近,动力响应加速度峰值相较于输入地震动加速度峰值达到3倍以上,即PGA放大系数达到3以上。并且边坡体各点PGA放大系数在竖向上随高程增加而增大;沿坡体坡面方向从左至右,PGA放大系数逐渐增大后缓慢减小。坡体水平位移在竖向上随高程增加而增大;沿坡体坡面方向从左至右,位移逐渐减小。坡面陡坎对加速度、位移响应的突变效应很明显。分析地震动三要素对坡体动力响应的影响可以看出,加速度、位移动力响应的绝对量随输入地震波振幅增大呈明显的线性增长关系,但位移、加速度放大系数保持不变,它们不受振幅的影响,只取决于岩土体材料以及频谱特性。随着输入地震波频率的增大,坡面上各点的PGA放大系数减小,位移峰值随输入地震波频率的增大而减小。持时对坡体加速度峰值响应的影响不明显。综上所述,本文在背后山古滑坡工程地质条件调查的基础上,建立了地质模型、力学模型和计算模型。采用有限单元法对背后山滑坡进行静、动力稳定性分析、共振特性分析、动力响应分析等方面的研究是可行并且有效的。本文研究结果表明,背后山滑坡在汶川特大地震中并没有发生整体滑动,只是在坡肩附近小范围内产生轻微的拉张开裂。汉源县老县城高两度的烈度异常现象与背后山滑坡整体稳定性无关,与滑坡体共振产生剧烈振动有关,坡面的加速度放大效应非常明显。此外,本文认为,对于避免地震作用下边坡的失稳问题,可以通过分析边坡响应变化趋势、响应最明显的位置以及产生共振反应的频率段等相关特征给出相应的抗震措施。     

断裂性质与滑坡分布的关系——以汶川地震中的大型滑坡为例

越来越多的地震滑坡相对于地震断层的不对称分布震例让人们意识到断层上盘效应的存在。 然而,目前有关断裂运动方式与滑坡空间分布关系的研究还不够充分和深入。在收集大量地震滑坡震例资料并获得其分布规律的基础上,建立了一个简化的断层模型,以地震波在地表与断层面之间反射传播特性为基础,探讨断层倾角改变对地表地震动强度的影响。进而,以汶川地震触发的大型滑坡为例,研究了断层的几何特征和运动方式对诱发滑坡空间分布的影响。结果表明,断层的倾角对滑坡空间分布范围具有控制作用,随着倾角的增加,垂直断层走向的滑坡分布范围逐渐减小;并且,大型滑坡的初始坡面受到断裂运动方向的影响,与断裂运动方向一致的坡面更容易发生滑坡。所获结果不仅有助于提高区域性地震滑坡危险区域的预测精度,而且对认识大型滑坡的滑动机制、主控因素以及可能的滑动规模、滑距等也起到促进作用。通过对滑坡崩塌的认识来辅助提高对地质构造、地震断层等的认识,应是地震诱发滑坡崩塌研究的新的意义所在。     

汶川地震地表破裂带北端部抛射型滑坡特征及其机制

5.12汶川8级地震在直接带来巨大灾害的同时,还激发了大量的次生地质灾害,比如滑坡、泥石流和滚石等,这更加剧了地震灾害的程度。东河口滑坡便是这些次生地质灾害中比较独特的一例,该滑坡发生在四川省青川东河口地区,这里也正好是汶川地震地表破裂带的北部端点。作为一例发生在特殊部位的由地震引发的抛射型滑坡,它具有和由纯重力或者暴雨引起的滑坡明显不同的特点:其一,没有统一连续的滑动面,而是由上部比较深的和下部比较浅的明显分开的两段滑动面组成;其二,由于巨大的地震水平和垂直加速度,滑坡起始于上部滑坡体的抛射,因此称为抛射型滑坡。野外调查及分析结果表明:以地表破裂带为界,滑坡区和羽状裂缝分布区非常规则地分布其两侧,这种分布为地表破裂的形成过程所控制,也即是受到断层错动的控制,因此,在特定的地貌及地质条件的控制下,滑坡的发生为走滑断层构造地貌形成过程以及局部构造应力变化过程的必然结果。本文在综合分析了滑坡发生的地质地貌条件的同时,利用简单的走滑断层构造地貌产生模型解释了东河口大型抛射型滑坡的发生机制及其运动过程。研究结果表明:在评估地震激发的大型滑坡灾害的过程中,除了需要考虑地震动、水平加速度以及地质地貌条件之外,考虑垂直加速度以及滑坡所发生的特殊的地貌部位也显得十分必要。     

基于颗粒流方法的黄土地震滑坡数值模拟

基于颗粒流理论研究土质边坡动力稳定性及其滑动过程是近年来滑坡研究的一个新热点。在野外调查和室内试验的基础上,通过标定土体细观参数、模型建立、动力输入、动态监测等过程,利用PFC2D程序模拟了西吉县兴平乡堡湾村下马达子滑坡的失稳破坏运动过程,得到了该滑坡的破坏运动机理。得到如下结论:① 下马达子滑坡的失稳机制是在地震作用下斜坡前缘牵引、后缘推挤,使得坡肩受拉发生破坏,失稳后坡肩位置较大的速度和位移是地震滑坡破坏力强、致灾范围大的主要原因;② 黄土地震滑坡的滑坡后壁相对平缓,这是区别于重力滑坡的重要特征之一;③ 颗粒流模拟得到的滑坡前后相对高差和长度与实际情况较为吻合,因此,颗粒流方法可以用于地震滑坡滑距的预测。      

宝兰客专天水市王家墩滑坡地震稳定性分析

天水市秦安县王家墩滑坡为宝兰客专沿线巨型古滑坡群,宝兰客运专线秦安隧道穿其而过。以王家墩滑坡为研究对象,围绕工程中静、动力抗滑稳定性问题,通过室内试验、现场调查对影响王家墩古滑坡稳定性的地质构造、场地工程条件等内在因素进行分析评价,在此基础上通过有限元动力分析,对王家墩古滑坡在地震载荷下的动力响应进行分析,明确地震荷载作用下,王家墩古滑坡失稳影响因素、地震荷载与滑坡失稳破坏间的关系。采用动力有限元法和强度折减法相结合的方法,开展动力抗滑稳定性分析方法研究;采用位移突变的方法来确定边坡动力失稳及动力安全系数,分析结果表明：地震作用时的水平推力对王家墩古滑坡的稳定性有很大影响,表现为上部坡体的整体滑移和隧道入口段黄土堆积层局部失稳滑塌;在天然状态下坡体处于稳定状态,在遭遇未来该区域中强地震作用时,该斜坡会发生失稳,黄土斜坡的整体滑动最容易出现在第三阶坡体,沿着塑性应变最大的滑移面整体滑移;给出了坡体动力稳定性安全系数F_s=0.92。     

断裂带两侧地震诱发滑坡空间分布差异性的主要影响因素研究——以北川地区的地震滑坡分布为例

目前在地震滑坡影响因素的研究中,一般认为岩性、地形地貌、坡度、地震烈度、震中距等因素对滑坡的空间分布有重要的影响作用,忽视了发震断裂的运动方式对滑坡分布所起作用.5.12汶川地震诱发的大量滑坡崩塌灾害主要沿龙门山断裂带发育,但在断裂带两侧呈不对称分布,80%以上的滑坡、特大型滑坡主要分布于断裂带的上盘.这一现象在汶川地...     

汶川Ms8.0级地震后龙门山构造地貌及地表侵蚀过程研究——以湔江海子段河为例

汶川Ms8.0级地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。本文运用GIS技术,定量计算了湔江流域的坡度、地形起伏度、面积—高程积分等地貌参数,根据这些参数的计算结果,对湔江流域的构造地貌特征进行了量化分析;以汶川Ms8.0级地震重灾区湔江海子河右岸流域的滑坡、泥石流为例,并且利用野外实测资料、卫星照片及数字高程资料等,对于汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程进行研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)湔江流域的映秀—北川断层以北地区地貌处于"壮年期",坡度、地形起伏度大;(2)汶川Ms8.0级地震后该地区发生了严重的同震滑坡及震后滑坡、泥石流灾害,海子河右岸流域的同震抬升量为5 339×104m3,同震滑坡量为3 852×104m3,同震抬升量大于同震滑坡量,地貌出现生长现象;(3)地震产生的泥石流量应略大于1 000×104m3,同震滑坡物质的30%转化为了泥石流量,因其海子沟右岸陡峻的坡度,绝大部分的泥石流冲入海子河,成为河道沉积物;(4)以目前湔江海子河流水搬运能力,在能够完全搬运出同震滑坡物质的前提下,同震滑坡物质搬运出龙门山至少需要283.2 a,表明在一个地震周期内,龙门山的同震滑坡物质可以搬运出龙门山;(5)准周期性相当震级地震引起的构造抬升及其均衡反弹作用也是龙门山的形成有重要作用的因素之一。     

Landslide Amplification by Liquefaction of Runout‐Path Material after the 2008 Wenchuan (M 8·0) Earthquake,China

Here, we propose that an earthquake can trigger the failure of a landslide mass while simultaneously triggering liquefaction of runout‐path materials before the arrival of the landslide mass, thus greatly increasing the size and mobility of an overriding landslide. During the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, about 60 000 landslides were triggered, directly resulting in about 20 000 casualties. While these landslides mainly originated from steep slopes, some landslides with high mobility formed in colluvial valley deposits. Among these, the most catastrophic was the Xiejiadian landslide in Pengzhou city, which traveled hundreds of meters before coming to rest. Through field investigation and laboratory testing, we conclude that this landslide primarily formed from colluvial deposits in the valley and secondarily from failure of slopes in granitic rock located uphill. Much of the granitic slope failure was deposited in the upper part of the travel path (near the slide head); the remainder was dispersed throughout the main landslide deposit. Superposition of deposits at the landslide toe indicates that landslide debris derived from colluvial soil was deposited first. The deposits at the landslide toe displayed flow characteristics, such as fine materials comprising basal layers and large boulders covering the deposit surface. We hypothesize that the main part of the landslide resulted from seismogenic liquefaction of valley colluvium, rather than from liquefaction potentially caused by undrained loading from the granitic slope failures impacting the colluvium. To examine the likelihood that seismogenic liquefaction occurred, we took samples from different areas of the landslide deposit and performed undrained cyclic shear tests on them in the laboratory. The results showed that the sandy soils that comprise most of the deposit are highly liquefiable under seismic loading. Therefore, we conclude that liquefaction of the colluvium in the valley during the earthquake was the main reason for this rapid (~46 m/s) long‐runout (1·7 km) landslide. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

21世纪初几次大地震事件触发滑坡基础数据建设

自2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震发生以来,针对地震滑坡与光学遥感影像的特点,制定了地震滑坡编录新原则、遥感影像选取新原则及地震滑坡属性库建立原则。文中介绍了21世纪初4次大地震事件触发滑坡基础数据建设成果:包括2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震,此次地震触发了至少197 481处滑坡;2010年4月14日玉树MW6.9地震至少触发2 036处滑坡;2010年1月12日海地MW7.0地震至少触发30 828处滑坡;2007年4月21日智利艾森峡湾MW6.2地震至少触发1 000处滑坡。分析了地震触发滑坡基础数据建设成果与以往研究的不同。最后从地震滑坡基础数据建设成果对地震滑坡分布规律与危险性评价的影响,对震区滑坡与泥石流防灾减灾的意义,对地震震级、活动断层运动习性、地震烈度等的反馈,对震区河流与地貌演化研究的基础意义,对全球地震震级与触发滑坡关系研究的意义等几个方面,分析了地震滑坡基础数据建设的实际应用价值与科学研究意义。     

潜在地震滑坡危险区区划方法

不同地区地震活动的强度和频率是不同的.基于地震危险性分析的地震滑坡危险研究在综合了地震烈度、位置、复发时间等因素的基础上,考虑了地震动峰值加速度时空分布的特点,可以有效地应用于潜在地震滑坡危险区区划.以汶川地震灾区为研究对象,根据研究区的地质构造、地震活动特点等划分出灾区的潜在震源区,对该区进行地震危险性分析,并在此基础上采用综合指标法做出基于地震危险性分析的地震滑坡危险性区划.所得地震滑坡危险性区划按照滑坡危险程度分为高危险、较高危险、较低危险和低危险四级,表示未来一段时间内研究区在遭受一定超越概率水平的地震动作用下,不同地区地震滑坡发生的可能程度. 本文给出的地震滑坡危险性区划结果中,汶川地震滑坡崩塌较发育的汶川、北川、茂县等部分区域均处于高危险或较高危险区域;在对具有较高DEM精度的北川擂鼓镇地区所作的地震滑坡危险性区划中,汶川地震中实际发生的地震滑坡灾害与地震滑坡危险区划结果表现出较好的一致性.对区域范围而言,基于地震危险性分析的地震滑坡区划,可为初期阶段的土地规划使用及重大工程选址提供参考.     

Dynamic mechanisms of earthquake-triggered landslides

Earthquake-triggered landslides usually cause great disasters,and yet their dynamic mechanisms remain poorly understood.This paper will derive a general conceptual landslide model from the geometric and kinematic features of the most landslide masses triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Kinematic characteristics and dynamic processes are simulated here by means of finite element method(FEM)based on the dynamic process of the discontinuous deformable body.The calculated results presented the whole course of landslide motion,and displayed some typical kinematic characteristics such as initiation,sliding,ejection,collision,flying in the air,and climbing of landslides.The simulation result also shows that,under combined seismic inertial forces and gravity,landslides will start to slip once it overcomes the friction between the sliding mass and slip-bed,then it will move from slow to fast along the slippery bed until it ejects from the slip-bed.Moreover,the high frequencies and serious damages by landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake are caused by the strong ground motion on the mountain slopes in and around the epicenter that was dramatically amplified owing to both resonances produced by the seismic event and topographical amplification by seismic motion.In addition,the modeling results suggest that the direction,amplitude,frequency,and duration of strong ground motion have a great influence on the stability of landslide mass.Therefore,the study helps us better understand dynamic mechanism of landslides,seismic hazard assessment,and dynamic earthquake triggering.     

CONTROLLING FACTORS AND MECHANISMS OF INCOMPLETE OBSTRUCTION SEISMIC LANDSLIDE MOBILITY

The topography, occurrence mechanism and lithology are the important factors of landslide movement. The lithology, seismic intensity, geological structure and topography in the travel path of 215 incomplete obstruction landslides with volumes more than 10⁴m³ induced by Wenchuan earthquake were studied. Based on the classification of the factors established, we studied the factors influencing the movement distance of incomplete obstruction landslides. The following results are drawn. In the influence factors of topography in the travel path, the distance is largest in the straight valley topography, followed by the concave, ladder, turning valley, slope toe-type and slope-type landslides, in turn. The topography not only has remarkable influence on the distance of large-scale landslides, but also on the medium and small-scale landslides as well, which is the most important factor influencing the distance. The formation mechanism controlled by lithology, seismic intensity and geological structure has little influence on the mobility of medium-and small-scale landslides. For the large-scale landslides with volume more than 10⁶m³, the distance of landslide with medium hard rock is larger than landslides with hard and soft rock. In the seismic intensity Ⅸ to Ⅺ areas, the landslide distance decreases with intensity increasing, contrary to the distribution of landslide-point density and landslide-area density. The geological structure has influence on the slide aspect of landslides and occurrence mechanism, but the influence is not remarkable to the landslide movement distance.     

STUDY ON THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF EARTHQUAKE- TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES BASED ON SEISMIC LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE MS6.5 LUDIAN EARTHQUAKE IN 2014

On August 3, 2014, an M_W6.5 earthquake occurred in Ludian County, Yunnan Province, which triggered significant landslides and caused serious ground damages and casualties. Compared with the existing events of earthquake-triggered landslides, the spatial distribution of co-seismic landslides during the Ludian earthquake showed a special pattern. The relationship between the co-seismic landslides and the epicenter or the known faults is not obvious, and the maximum landslide density doesn't appear in the area near the epicenter. Peak ground acceleration (PGA), which usually is used to judge the limit boundary of co-seismic landslide distribution, cannot explain this distribution pattern. Instead of correlating geological and topographic factors with the co-seismic landslide distribution pattern, this study focuses on analyzing the influence of seismic landslide susceptibility on the co-seismic distribution. Seismic landslide susceptibility comes from a calculation of critical acceleration values using a simplified Newmark block model analysis and represents slope stability under seismic loading. Both DEM (SRTM 90m)and geological map (1 ︰ 200^￣￣000)are used as inputs to calculate critical acceleration values. Results show that the most susceptible slopes with the smallest critical accelerations are generally concentrated along the banks of rivers. The stable slopes, which have the larger critical accelerations and are comparably stable, are in the places adjacent to the epicenter. Comparison of the distribution of slope stability and the real landslides triggered by the 2014 M_W6.1 Ludian earthquake shows a good spatial correlation, meaning seismic landslide susceptibility controls the co-seismic landslide distributions to a certain degree. Moreover, our study provides a plausible explanation on the special distribution pattern of Ludian earthquake triggered landslides. Also the paper discusses the advantages of using the seismic landslide susceptibility as a basic map, which will offer an additional tool that can be used to assist in post-disaster response activities as well as seismic landslides hazards zonation.     

analyses on the triggering facrors of large quantities of landslides in the upper reaches of the minjiang river,sichuan province

Over the past geological and historical period, tens of thousands of landslides occurred in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, an area which is characterized by alpine valleys and has been densely populated over the past several hundreds of years. Discussing the triggering factor of these landslides is of great significance to geological hazard mitigation and prevention in this region. In this paper, we focus on four aspects of regional rainfall, shape features of landslide slopes, the corresponding relationship between landslide area and earthquake magnitude, and the recurring features of the reconstructed palaeoearthquake record at Diexi. Compared with those in Nepal, both mean seasonal rainfall accumulation and mean daily rainfall for the past 30 years are too low to reach the threshold values triggering landslides in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Secondly, landslides in the study area are usually absent of inner gorges(canyon topography)on the hillslope toes, which are confirmed in previous studies as typical features of landslides triggered by storms. Thirdly, wide distribution of the landslides in the study area supports our notion of earthquake-triggering because the landslides triggered by storms commonly distribute locally. Fourthly, periodicity analysis of the reconstructed palaeoearthquake record at Diexi provides a few cycles of twenty to thirty years, possibly corresponding to the earthquakes of magnitudes>5.0 or 5.5 which are believed to have caused soft-sediment deformation in the study area. In contrast, like the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, the average recurrence interval of the large earthquakes in the study area is 2.6ka. They caused tens of thousands of landslides and provided more coarse silt particles for the nearby lake sediments at least in 330 years for each time. This is consistent with exponential increase of earthquake magnitude from large to medium and of the landslide area with the increased earthquake magnitude. To sum up, we suggest that tens of thousands of landslides in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River were most likely triggered by earthquakes instead of storms. This preliminary viewpoint needs further examination in the future.