Improving map generalisation with new pruning heuristics

Many automated generalisation methods are based on local search optimisation techniques: Starting from an initial state of the data, one or several new child states are produced using some transformation algorithms. These child states are then evaluated according to the final data requirements, and possibly used as new candidate state to transform. According to this approach, the generalisation process can be seen as a walk in a tree, each node representing a state of the data, and each link a transformation. In such an approach, the tree exploration heuristic has a great impact on the final result: Depending on which parts of the tree are either explored or pruned, the final result is different, and the process more or less computationally prohibitive. This article investigates the importance of exploration heuristic choice in automated generalisation. Different pruning criteria are proposed and tested on real generalisation cases. Recommendations on how to choose the pruning criterion depending on the need are provided.     

墙面太阳辐照的理论计算与模式估计——以上海为例

倾斜面和墙面的太阳辐射和日照状况对于农林生态、建筑环境工程以及城市气候研究具有重要意义。为了充分利用水平面日照与日射的丰富资料以得到倾斜面和墙面相应变量的细致分布规律,本文将理论计算与模式估计相结合的方法具体应用到一个平原城市(上海)。在倾斜面直接辐射计算中,本文以倾斜面与水平面天文辐射月值的比值(R_b)取代各月代表日的(R_(bo))在倾斜面日照时间的估计中,本文提出利用水平面日照百分率的简单方法。在倾斜面辐射与日照的时空分布规律方面主要突出其随方位与随季节(月份)的变化。 作为例子,本文计算分析了上海市每月各方位墙面上的天文辐射与可能日照时间,对相应的实际日照时间进行了估计。并在计算给出的(R_b)值的基础上,利用散射辐射各向同性与非各向同性模式研究了上海各月墙面直接辐射与总辐射随方位的变化特征。     

坡面泥石流发生的坡度阀值研究

对重庆市北碚区的21个坡面泥石流的实地调查表明,坡度对坡面泥石流发生具有重要的控制性作用。在对坡面泥石流流域大量原始坡度进行统计分析后发现,各坡面泥石流的坡度服从正态分布规律。根据这一分布规律,将本区坡面泥石流发生的坡度阀值确定为三类。文章从定量的角度阐述了坡度阀值与坡面泥石流发生的关系,为生态脆弱区的划分、工程建设、防灾减灾和政府决策提供服务。     

山地灾害治理中生物工程存在的问题

生物工程在山地灾害治理中具有悠久的历史和重要的作用,然而由于多种原因,其理论研究和应用技术却远落后于工程实践。根据生物工程的原理及其特点,对其在山地灾害治理中的应用和研究现状进行了剖析,存在的主要问题为:生物工程在山地灾害治理中的应用范围不确定,工程设计和效益评估的标准不完善,植物根系研究的手段和设备有待改进,植物根系的"定向培育"开展的研究工作很少,植物枯枝落叶层的防灾、减灾作用研究不全面等。提出了生物工程在山地灾害治理中的主要研究方向,以期为完善和发展生物工程在山地灾害治理中的理论研究和应用技术服务。     

Logging Out: Forestry, Transport and the Health of Hokianga Communities

This paper reports on log transportation as a health-related issue in the Hokianga district of Northland at a time when forestry activity in the area is expanding and radical reforms to New Zealand's roading network have been proposed. Drawing on technical information and key informant interviews, the potential impacts of logging trucks on Hokianga roads are considered, the costs associated with forestry traffic are estimated, and the routes most likely to be affected are identified. Possible responses to the log transport problem are discussed, and it is concluded that rural communities such as Hokianga are vulnerable to both logging truck activity and changes in government policy.     

火星风沙地貌研究进展

作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。     

Characteristics of stone covers on the surface of basalt flows in arid, northeast Jordan

Variations in the stone covers on desert surfaces have implications for the operation of hydrological processes. Some recent attention has been given to the difficulties of identifying and quantifying relevant characteristics of stone covers. Investigation of how such characteristics vary in relation to geological and topographical controls are limited. Results are presented of a field study of the characteristics of stone covers on four lithologies in the late Tertiary to Quaternary basalt plateau of northeast Jordan. Marked variations occur in clast dimensions and the characteristics of sorting between lithologies which are likely to affect hydrological response. A more subtle control, relating to slope conditions, is superimposed on the lithological differences. R- and Q-mode factor analysis identifies groupings within the data, which demonstrate the distinctiveness of different lithologies. Characteristics of the stone covers on sites affected by human occupation are markedly different from undisturbed sites on the same lithology.     

西宁城市居民家内外活动时间分配及影响因素——基于结构方程模型的分析

为深入挖掘居民不同类型活动的出行需求,进而制定更加精细化的交通政策,从活动分析法的视角出发,基于结构方程模型分析西宁城市居民家内外活动时间分配的机理及影响因素。结果表明:工作日,居民的通勤出行仍然是城市交通需要重点解决的问题。休息日,工作和通勤时间长的居民更倾向于在家内进行维持活动;而休息日不工作的居民更容易产生进行家外维持活动的出行需求。不同社会经济属性的居民对于家内外时间分配具有差异化特征。单位大院职住接近的特征对于减少居民通勤出行时间仍然具有积极作用,但维持性活动时间分配与其他类型社区居民已经没有显著差异。     

中国陆地表层系统分区——对黄秉维先生陆地表层系统理论的学习与实践

陆地表层系统科学是黄秉维先生在钱学森院士倡导建立"地球表层学"的基础上创建的。黄秉维先生精辟地论述了陆地表层系统的研究意义、范围、内容、方法与途径,并亲自撰写了研究计划,同时十分关心科研队伍的组建。黄先生明确指出要开展陆地表层系统分区研究。在黄先生的学术思想指导下,作者对中国陆地表层进行了分区实践。采用地理学的综合与专家评判相结合的方法将中国陆地表层系统划分为9个一级区,然后利用压力-状态-响应(PSR)评价模型和模糊聚类方法,对全国344个地区的46个指标进行模糊聚类,建立了二级分区,并对各区的综合状况作了定量评价。结果表明:地貌与气候区域分异是控制我国陆地表层系统综合状况的主导因素,而由人类活动所主导的社会经济因素是控制我国陆地表层系统综合状况的第二位因素。对9个一级区的陆地表层系统状况定量评价表明:华北区、东南区与华南区的陆地表层系统状况最好,东北区居中,内蒙区、陇陕晋区与西南区较差,西北区与青藏区最差。     

Advances in studies on concrete durability and countermeasures against freezing-thawing effects

This paper is a meta-analysis of recent domestic and foreign research on freezing-thawing effects on concrete durability. The main theories on the mechanisms of freeze-thaw damage to concrete are introduced： the hydrostatic pressure theory, the osmotic pressure theory, the critical water saturation degree theory, the dual mechanism theory, and the micro-ice-crystal lens model theory. The influence laws of freezing-thawing on the mechanical properties of concrete are summarized, and countermeasures to improve concrete durability in freezing-thawing circumstances are presented. This work provides valuable references for future engineering constructions in cold regions.     

Analysis of vegetation changes and dominant factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

This research was undertaken to clarify the characteristics of vegetation change and its main influencing factors on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using the greenness rate of change(GRC) and correlation factors, we analyzed the trend of vegetation change and its dominant factors from 2000 to 2015. The results indicate that the vegetation tended to improve from 2000 to 2015 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the improved area accounting for 39.93% of the total; and the degraded area accounting for 19.32%. The areas of degraded vegetation are mainly concentrated in the low-relief and intermediate-relief mountains of the high-altitude and extremely high-altitude areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as the vegetation characteristics are impacted by the terrain. Temperature and precipitation have obvious response mechanisms to vegetation growth, but the effects of precipitation and temperature on vegetation degradation are not significant over a short time frame. Overgrazing and population growth are the dominant factors of vegetation degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Forest Beliefs in an Urbanizing World: Views on and Usage of Forest Areas Among Persons with and Without a Migration Biography in Germany and Sweden

Previous studies have shown that environmental values of inhabitants of urban areas differ to some extent from those of people living in rural contexts. In the light of increasing urbanization, it is sometimes argued that these differences are becoming even greater, as people are becoming more and more alienated from nature. In the context of a larger survey study on beliefs about forests and forest management among the general public in Germany and Sweden, the influences of people’s migration biographies on their patterns of forest usage, their environmental concerns about forests, and the expectations and values they ascribe to forests are explored. While previous findings on differences between urban and rural populations are confirmed, we also find variation within these groups depending on their history of moving between the two spatial categories. This study thus adds a dynamic aspect to the discussion on the urban–rural perspective on beliefs about forests.     

基于位置大数据的青藏高原人类活动时空模式

随着青藏高原城镇化和旅游的发展,人类活动强度不断加剧,有必要对青藏高原不同类型的人类活动时空模式进行研究,以便了解不同区域人类活动对自然环境的影响以及更好地采取生态环境保护措施。利用腾讯位置大数据,分析青藏高原在旅游淡季和旅游旺季的人类活动时空模式,研究旅游人口对青藏高原人类活动的影响。本文分别选取2018年1月和7月的腾讯定位请求数据,构建多时空维度的高阶张量,采用张量分解的方法对数据进行降维,获取旅游淡季和旺季不同时空维度的主要特征,分析活动模式,发现青藏高原在旅游淡季和旺季的活动模式在时间上和空间上都有很大不同,体现了旅游人口造成的影响。在旅游淡季,青藏高原居民的活动在凌晨有个高峰,在午间有个低谷,并且表现有特殊的节日模式,工作日的人类活动主要分布在城镇等人口聚集区,休息日向城镇周边发散;旺季凌晨活动分为两个高峰,一个在时间上较淡季提前,与午夜活动相连,另一个较淡季的时间推迟,旺季活动没有午间的低谷和特殊的节日模式,且工作日和休息日的日间活动都分布较广。     

An indigenous soil classification system for Bellona Island – a raised atoll in Solomon Islands

One of the challenges of evaluating existing traditional farming systems is to combine local knowledge and modern scientific methods and terminology. This requires an evaluation of indigenous soil classification in modern terms. This paper focuses on an indigenous soil classification system developed by local farmers on the island of Bellona, Solomon Islands. The definitions of the different soil types are described and the principles of the classification system and the applicability of ethnopedology in soil surveys are discussed. Based on interviews with about 20 per cent of the farmers on the island as well as standard soil chemical and physical determinations on main soil types, an evaluation of the soil types for cultivation of various crops is carried out. The soils on Bellona are developed on oolitic or clayey phosphate-rich deposits forming the basis for the agriculture production on the island. The Bellonese soil classification system is mainly based on the physical properties of the humus-containing top layer. Subsoil layers are only used for classification if they are very close to the surface and may be mixed with the topsoil. Results show a general agreement among farmers, who perceive the same four out of seven soil types as highly useful for cultivation and rank these soil types similarly according to their suitability for different crops such as yam, watermelon, cassava and sweet potato. It is concluded that the indigenous soil classification is in line with the soil production potential and useful for land evaluation on Bellona.     

DEM内插方法与可视性分析结果的相似性研究

以实际采样的散点数据为原始数据,利用反距离权、样条函数、克里格、自然邻点内插、TIN内插5种内插方法生成规则格网DEM,并对其可视性分析结果进行对比分析和相关分析,揭示不同内插方法对可视性分析结果的影响规律和可视性分析对内插方法的敏感程度。结果表明,可视性分析对内插方法比较敏感,不同的内插方法会得到不同的可视性分析结果,其中相关程度最强的是样条函数内插和克里格内插、自然邻点内插和TIN内插。     

Geotechnical problems of construction on permafrost in Mongolia

Permafrost is found on 63%of the territory of Mongolia. This paper provides evidence that the main influences on per-mafrost formation are meso and micro factors of climate and geographical location. R...     

Enigmatic Efflorescence in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland: The Key to Chemical Weathering?

The second marvel to catch the eye of the visitor to Kärkevagge, after the impressive boulder deposit on the floor of the valley, is the series of prominent white stripes running down the valley's dark cliffs. Streams and springs descending the eastern flank of Kärkevagge are marked by the presence of whitish coatings on the black rock surfaces and on cobbles lining ephemeral waterways. These were referred to as 'lime crusts' by early investigators, but they are not reactive to HCl. We believe that they are a precipitate resulting from acid attack on the local rocks. Pyrite is common in many of the rocks in the valley and its oxidation produces sulfuric acid. As the dissolved mineral elements are carried in the drainage water, efflorescence forms on the surfaces where the water flows due to evaporation or to changes in temperature. The exact mineralogy of the white crusts is unknown, but the crusts are dominated by Al, S, and O, and in some cases by Ca, depending on the substrate and local conditions. Gypsum, illite, and chlorite have been identified by X–ray diffraction of some scrapings of white–coated rocks. However, we believe that some unidentified oxy–hydroxy aluminum sulfates make up the bulk of the precipitates.     

Enigmatic Efflorescence in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland: The Key to Chemical Weathering?

The second marvel to catch the eye of the visitor to Kärkevagge, after the impressive boulder deposit on the floor of the valley, is the series of prominent white stripes running down the valley's dark cliffs. Streams and springs descending the eastern flank of Kärkevagge are marked by the presence of whitish coatings on the black rock surfaces and on cobbles lining ephemeral waterways. These were referred to as 'lime crusts' by early investigators, but they are not reactive to HCl. We believe that they are a precipitate resulting from acid attack on the local rocks. Pyrite is common in many of the rocks in the valley and its oxidation produces sulfuric acid. As the dissolved mineral elements are carried in the drainage water, efflorescence forms on the surfaces where the water flows due to evaporation or to changes in temperature. The exact mineralogy of the white crusts is unknown, but the crusts are dominated by Al, S, and O, and in some cases by Ca, depending on the substrate and local conditions. Gypsum, illite, and chlorite have been identified by X–ray diffraction of some scrapings of white–coated rocks. However, we believe that some unidentified oxy–hydroxy aluminum sulfates make up the bulk of the precipitates.     

区域气候模式对中国沙尘天气气候特征的模拟研究

现有的沙尘天气数值预报模式多选用中尺度天气模式单向耦合起沙模式的方式,不适合用来模拟沙尘气溶胶的长距离输送过程,也无法研究沙尘气溶胶辐射效应对气象场的反馈及气候变化的影响。利用一个耦合沙尘模式的高分辨率区域气候模式,模拟了2001年中国北方沙尘天气爆发的时空分布特征。模拟结果与站点观测结果对比发现,模式能够较好地模拟出中国北方主要的沙尘源地分布及沙尘天气爆发的季节变率。分析不同粒径沙尘颗粒的垂直分布特征发现,沙源地表土壤粒子特征、地形对起沙颗粒的大小都有影响;直径超过5 μm的大粒子是北方沙尘天气的主要成分,而影响长江以南的沙尘天气主要以1 μm以下的小粒子为主。对沙尘传输路径的模拟结果和实况观测发现,来自于不同沙源的沙尘天气其影响的范围有显著差异,模式能够较好地模拟出中国主要沙尘传输路径。