贡嘎山东坡不同海拔高度树轮宽度对气候变化的响应

树木生长对气候变化的响应机制是气候重建的基础,在不同的气候或环境背景下,树轮宽度对气候变化的响应不同,其响应随着地形或海拔等因素的变化而变化。利用采自贡嘎山东坡5个海拔高度的树轮样本建立了树轮宽度年表,并对年表特征、年轮宽度及其对气候要素的响应进行分析,探讨了该区树木径向生长对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明:年轮平均宽度具有随海拔高度的增加而减小的趋势,树轮宽度对气候要素的响应也具有海拔差异。在海拔3700m的森林上限树轮宽度与当年7月份平均温度显著正相关,在海拔3000m高度与3月份平均温度显著正相关,而在海拔2800m树轮宽度与气候因子之间没有显著的响应关系。通过与海螺沟冰川末端进退变化和文献记载的特殊气候年份对比发现,树轮宽度年表与海螺沟冰川进退变化及文献记录的特殊气候年份具有一定的一致性,宽度年表对气候变化具有一定的指示意义。     

采点和去趋势方法对天山西部云杉上树线树轮宽度年表相关性及其气候信号的影响

针对新疆天山西部伊犁、博州三大山体北坡云杉上树线树木年轮资料,采用区域曲线、负指数曲线、样条函数三种不同生长去趋势方法,研制树轮宽度年表,分析不同采点和树轮去趋势方法对树轮宽度年表在不同频域的相关性及气候信号的影响发现：①采点间的距离和是否位于同一气候区是影响云杉上树线树轮宽度年表间相关性的首要因子。三个采点间的树轮宽度变化,在高频变化方面最为相似,低频变化存在着较大差异,表明它们在揭示和重建大范围的高频气候变化方面可能具有较大的应用潜力。②三种不同去趋势方法对天山西部山脉北坡上树线的云杉树轮宽度年表的研制具有一定影响,负指数和样条函数去趋势方法研制的树轮年表较为相似,而区域曲线去趋势方法研制的树轮宽度年表中则可保留较多的轮宽低频变化信息。③降水是天山西部云杉上树线的树轮宽度生长的主要限制因子,且树轮宽度生长对降水的响应具有显著的滞后性。④在天山西部的云杉上树线采点,使用区域曲线去趋势方法有利于在树轮宽度年表中保留较多的与水分有关的气候信息。     

Climatic response of Picea crassifolia tree-ring parameters and precipitation reconstruction in the western Qilian Mountains, China

Cores of thick leaf spruce from the western Qilian Mountains were subjected to densitometric analysis to obtain data for seven tree-ring parameters (tree-ring width, earlywood width, latewood width, maximum density, minimum density, mean earlywood density and mean latewood density). The chronologies were analyzed individually and then compared with each other. Most of these variables show moderately high values of common variance and mean interseries correlation except latewood and maximum densities. The relationships between the different tree-ring parameters and climate data are also presented. The growth/climate response analyses reveal that the radial growth of thick leaf spruce is the mainly controlled by total annual precipitation (July-June). Herein the residual ring width chronology was used to reconstruct annual (July-June) precipitation of Jiuquan for the period 1768-2009 A.D., and it accounted for 45.0% of the precipitation variance. Multi-taper spectral analysis reveals the existence of significant 11.1-year, 4.9-year, and 2.0- to 3.4-year periods of variability. Spatial analysis shows that the precipitation of Jiuquan has strong common signals for the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and Hexi Corridor. Drought events in our reconstruction are compared to the historical archives and other moisture-sensitive tree ring width series in the Hexi Corridor. The results reveal common climatic extremes over much of the Hexi Corridor. Many of these events have had profound impacts on the peoples of the Hexi Corridor over the past several centuries.     

牛背梁自然保护区林线不同海拔巴山冷杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

近年来气候变化对秦岭植被的影响已得到众多研究的证实,牛背梁作为秦岭东部主脊和国家级自然保护区,该地区亚高山林线植被对气候变化的生态响应现状尚未得到广泛关注。依照树木年代学原理,进行响应分析并建立回归模型,探讨了牛背梁林线关键树种巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）年表特征及对气候响应的海拔分异特征。结果表明：（1）随海拔升高,树木生长对气候的敏感性逐渐上升,但轮宽年表的同步性和信号强度呈先下降后上升的特点。（2）不同海拔树轮宽度年表的气候响应结果基本一致,对气温的敏感性均较降水强,敏感时段为当年2～8月,差异主要体现在,高海拔树木受生长季末期8月气温的影响较重,中海拔树木受生长季前期3～4月降水和上年冬季10～11月气温的促进,而低海拔树木受初春1～2月降水的限制作用明显。（3）对比分析低、中、高海拔3个回归模型中显著因子的变化趋势,发现气候变化可以促进巴山冷杉生长季的提前,但不同海拔树木的生长动态各异,说明研究区林线不同海拔巴山冷杉生长对全球变化可能具有不同的响应机制。     

Dendrochronology in Jordan

Dendrochronology is a valuable tool for the study of past climate and increases our knowledge of climate variability beyond the short period covered by instrumental data. Two annual tree-ring width chronologies were developed for northern Jordan (Pinus halepensis and Quercus aegilops), one chronology for Carmel Mountain, Israel (Pinus halepensis), and one chronology for southern Jordan (Juniperus phoenicia). The results of our study show that the northern site chronologies are significantly correlated, but the northern and southern sites are not. A relatively high correlation was shown between October–April precipitation and a Pinus halepensis chronology, and between October–May precipitation and Quercus aegilops, both in the north. October–May precipitation was reconstructed for the time span AD 1600 to 1995 from the Juniperus phoenicia tree-ring chronology. The longest reconstructed drought, defined as consecutive years below a threshold of 80% of the 1946–1995 mean observed October–May precipitation, was 4 years, compared with 3 years for the 1946–95 instrumental data.     

甘肃省南部两种云杉树种树木径向生长对气候因子的响应

利用采自甘肃省南部莲花山的青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)和紫果云杉(Picea purpurea Mast.)两组不同树种的树轮样芯共计113个样本,通过对两组树木年轮宽度标准年表的统计特征的分析得出: 两组树轮宽度年表的平均敏感度和标准差的变化基本相同,但是紫果云杉信噪比的值要高于青海云杉,说明不同树种包含的气候信息强度不同。两组树轮宽度指数与临洮气象站多年逐月降水量、平均气温和极端最高气温的相关性分析表明,两组树轮宽度指数对气象要素的响应并不完全一致,紫果云杉树轮宽度指数与逐月极端最高温度的相关系数值大于青海云杉,说明这一气候信号在紫果云杉上体现得更加显著。因此,在使用树木年轮进行古气候重建时,应当考虑树种对树轮宽度与气候要素之间相关关系的影响。两组树轮宽度指数与气候要素以及帕尔默干旱指数（The Palmer Drought Severity Index,PDSI）的季节组合和年均相关性都不显著,所以两组树轮年表不足以用于气候重建。通过与邻近区域的4条树轮年表对比,发现本文两条树轮年表的低值时段与邻近年表记录的20世纪20年代的干旱事件发生的年代一致。     

Divergent responses of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to recent warming along elevational gradients in the central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Understanding the radial growth trends of trees and their response to recent warming along elevation gradients is crucial for assessing how forests will be impacted by future climate change. Here, we collected 242 tree-ring cores from five plots across the Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) forest belt (2600-3350 m a.s.l.) in the central Qilian Mountains, Northwest China, to study trends in the radial growth of trees and their response to climate factors with variable elevation. All the sampled P. crassifolia chronologies showed an increasing trend in the radial growth of trees at higher altitudes (3000-3350 m), whereas the radial growth of trees at lower altitudes (2600-2800 m) has decreased in recent decades. The radial growth of trees was limited by precipitation at lower elevations (L, ML), but mainly by temperature at higher elevation sites (MH, H, TL). Climate warming has caused an unprecedented increase in the radial growth of P. crassifolia at higher elevations. Our results suggest that ongoing climate warming is beneficial to forest ecosystems at high elevations but restricts the growth of forest ecosystems at low elevations.     

开都河中游地区雪岭云杉林上下限树轮宽度对比及其气候响应分析

利用开都河流域中段采集的雪岭云杉树芯样本,采用研究区域森林上下限2个采样点的树轮宽度年表,分析该地区两个树轮宽度年表的基本特征,建立与气象因子的关系模型,探讨树轮宽度生长与北大西洋涛动的关系。结果表明：（1）森林上限树木生长的一致性要强于森林下限,并且上限树轮宽度年表可能含有更多的气候信息;（2）森林上、下限树轮宽度年表在全频域、高频域及低频域上均存在显著正相关;（3）森林上、下限树轮宽度年表的气候响应结果基本一致,均表现出对上年9月至当年3月的逐月平均气温呈显著正相关,且均与上年12月的平均气温相关最高。树轮宽度年表与气象因子关系的模拟结果也证明了上年9、12月份和当年2、3、4月份的月平均气温与研究区树轮宽度生长间的密切关系;（4）研究区域树轮宽度生长与冬季北大西洋涛动指数的变化趋势较为一致。     

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE AND CLIMATE ANOMALIES ON NORWAY SPRUCE TREE-RING GROWTH AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES AND ON GLACIER RESPONSES: EXAMPLES FROM THE CENTRAL ITALIAN ALPS

Climate change and climate anomalies are inducing strong variations in the high‐mountain environment, driving the responses of physical and biological systems differently. This paper assesses tree‐ring growth responses to climate for two Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sites at different altitudes from an Ortles‐Cevedale Group (OCG; internal zones of the Central Italian Alps) valley site and reports some examples of climate impact on glacier dynamics in the OCG in recent decades. Growth–climate relationships between tree‐ring chronologies and meteorological data were established by means of Pearson's correlation and response functions. In the high‐altitude chronology we found a strong signal of July temperatures, whereas the low‐altitude chronology also contained a signal of summer precipitation. Climate anomalies occurring in these months proved to influence tree growth at the two sites differently. In summer 2003 extreme climatic conditions established over Europe and the Alps, strongly affecting physical and biological systems. Spruce responses to the climate anomaly of 2003 were more evident with a one‐year lag. The high‐altitude site profited from the warmer growing season, whereas trees at the low‐altitude site experienced water stress conditions and their growth was strongly inhibited also in the following year. Glacier mass loss in the OCG in 2003 was the highest since yearly measurement started. The examples reported confirm the strong and even divergent variations affecting the Alpine environment, induced by recent climate change.     

样条函数步长变化对树轮宽度年表与气候相关性的影响初探

利用天山中部北坡头屯河及三屯河流域4个天山云杉采点的树轮样本,研制样条函数不同步长的树轮宽度标准化年表,分析样条函数不同步长对树轮宽度标准化年表与气候的相关性的影响发现:①随着样条函数步长的增加,位于森林中下部林缘的庙尔沟煤矿和三屯河的树轮宽度标准化年表与小渠子气象站上年7月至当年6月的降水量的相关系数曲线均呈现出先增后减小的变化形式,但在局部有差异,最佳步长分别为40 a和30 a。②随着样条函数步长的增加,处于森林上限的东南沟和小渠子的树轮宽度标准化年表与大西沟气象站当年2-3月的月平均气温的相关系数的曲线都呈现光滑的先升后平的对数曲线型,最终确定220 a、185 a分别作为东南沟和小渠子树轮宽度标准化年表的样条函数步长。③通过分析发现最佳的样条函数步长比传统方法给定的样条函数步长和按树轮宽度序列公共区间长度的1/2的样条函数步长所含的气候信息多。     

五个中国特有针叶树种树轮宽度对气候变化的敏感性

本文对采自四川西部的鳞皮冷杉、铁杉、红豆杉、高山松和青海东部的青海云杉等5个中国特有针叶树种树轮宽度对气候变化的敏感性进行了研究。这五5个针叶树种的年轮纹印清晰,伪年轮和丢年轮较少(麦秀云杉0.247%,飞水崖红豆杉0.202%),便于确定年代和量测宽度,用COFECHA程序对定年结果进行检验,证明交叉定年的结果是可靠的。统计分析结果显示,这5个中国特有种差值年表包含丰富的气候信息。相关分析显示,树轮宽度数据和气象数据有着显著的相关关系。5个树种对气候因子较为敏感的响应表明,它们是适于进行树轮气候学分析的树种;在树轮气候学的研究中具有很大的潜力和应用前景。     

黄柏山树轮生长对气候因子的响应及模拟

利用大别山西部的3个黄山松（Pinus taiwanensis Hayata）树木年轮采样点的样本,建立3个标准年表,其特征值都表明黄山松树木年轮宽度中含有较高的环境信息;年表间相关密切,区域主要受气候因子影响、南北差异显著;年表与气候因素的相关也显示不同环境生长的黄山松差异性要大于共性;同样多元线性回归也确定该研究区影响树木生长的主导因子为前一年10月的均温,而前一年8月的降水同样起着非常重要的作用。不同要素的模拟结果有较好的一致性,但极端气候条件下树木的生长差异显著。     

Climate response and radial growth of Pinus tabulaeformis at different altitudes in Qilian Mountains

In order to test whether the relationship between climate and the radial growth of trees is affected by altitude, altitude variability and time stability of climate-influenced radial growth of a dominant conifer, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), in the eastern Qilian Mountains were studied against the background of climate change using dendrochronology. Results show that 1) droughts at the end of the growing season of last year and during the early and middle growing season of the current year were the main limiting factors for the radial growth of Chinese pine at two altitude gradients; this was determined by analyzing the relationship between tree-ring width chronologies and climate factors. 2) The sensitivity of the radial growth of trees to climate change gradually decreased and was affected more by drought stress at a lower altitude. 3) An unstable divergence response was observed in the radial growth at the two altitudes, in response to controlling climatic factors; this observation was based on the moving correlation analysis of growth/climate relationships, and the aggravation of drought stress caused by increasing temperature was the main reason. 4) The growth rate of Chinese pine at the two altitudes increased at first and then decreased, as measured by basal area increment (BAI) modeling. Future temperature rises may have significant effects on mountain forest ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions. Effective management and protection measures should be taken, according to the response patterns of trees to climate change at different altitude gradients.     

TREE-GROWTH RESPONSE TO ENSO EVENTS IN THE CENTRAL COLORADO FRONT RANGE

The influence of climate associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on tree growth in the central Colorado Front Range is investigated through the analysis of two high altitude tree-ring chronologies. Dendrochronological techniques are used to determine if ENSO-related climatic effects are detectable in tree-ring width patterns in the central Colorado Front Range. The form of the tree-growth response is identified and the variability of the influence of these events on tree growth over time is investigated. Results indicate that tree growth in this area does respond to ENSO events, but the response varies with species and type of event. El Niño-influenced climate tends to result in larger tree rings the year of or year following the event, while La Niña-influenced climate tends to result in smaller rings the year after the event, reflecting spring moisture conditions. Trees have a more consistent response to La Niña events, but El Niño events seem to have a greater effect on extremes in growth. The relationship between the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and tree growth has varied over time, probably because of the fact that ENSO events, characterized by the SOI, vary in magnitude and amplitude. [Key words: ENSO, dendrochronology, Colorado Front Range.]     

利用树木车轮资料重建西藏中部过去气候的初步尝试

为较可靠地利用年轮气候学方法重建过去气候，本文依据西藏中部，四个经过合适取样和精确定年的树木年轮年表，首先确立了它们各自生长状况对气候要素的响应函数，进一步明确年轮宽度与气候变化的关系。接着，选择可被重建的气候因子，并建立包括前期生长在内的、经过正交变换的转换函数，达到重建过去气温和降水的目的。此外，还划出不同的校准期和验证期，采用统计方法和其它类型代用资料进行检验。     

Long-term changes in the tree radial growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency of Chuanxi spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana</Emphasis>) in southwestern China

Elevated CO₂ level in the atmosphere is expected to improve the tree growth rates and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). Although current results inferring from tree rings found the tree growth decline in water-limited area, it is still unclear whether spruce trees in humid southwestern China benefit from the increasing CO₂. In this study, tree-ring width data were used to investigate the tree radial growth rate of Chuanxi spruce (Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana). Moreover, combining with the tree-ring carbon isotope date, we analyzed the physiological responses of Chuanxi spruce to rising CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere (Ca) associated with climatic change in southwestern China. From 1851 to 2009, iWUE of Chuanxi spruce rose by approximately 30.4%, and the ratio of atmospheric CO₂ to leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci/Ca) showed no significant trend in the study area. The result suggested that Chuanxi spruce used an active response strategy when Ca was significantly increased. iWUE showed a significant increasing trend in parallel with tree radial growth, indicating that the increasing iWUE resulted in an increase in radial growth. These results suggest that spruce forests in southwestern China have not shown declining trends under increasing Ca and climate change scenarios, in contrast to trees growing in water-limited areas. Therefore, spruce forests benefit from the increasing CO₂ in the atmosphere in the humid areas of southwestern China.     

CONTRASTING TREE‐RING GROWTH RESPONSE OF PICEA ABIES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN WESTERN AND EASTERN ESTONIA

Climatic variations and changes regulate arboreal growth. In Estonia, the tree‐ring growth variability of coniferous and deciduous trees has been linked with various climatic variables in different parts of the country. However, the dendroclimatic signals of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) have not been explored across the region. Here we compare the growth variability of this species, growing under various site conditions in Estonia, with records of temperature, precipitation, and indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation over a period of 50 years (1956–2005). Western chronologies correlated positively and significantly (p<0.01) with early‐summer (June) precipitation, while eastern chronologies showed positive and significant (p<0.05) correlation with mid‐winter (January) precipitation. Moreover, the eastern chronologies correlated positively and significantly (p<0.05) with the North Atlantic Oscillation index in January. First, our results indicated that the previously established geobotanical division, rather than forest site types, most probably explains the spatial patterns in spruce growth variability. Second, our findings agreed with the late Quaternary pollen studies showing that the vigour of spruce is limited in the western forests by a combination of climatic (i.e. summer moisture) and edaphic factors. Third, our results complement those of previous investigations, suggesting that the impacts and threats the changing climate will pose on spruce may be different in western and eastern Estonia, with more severe effects envisaged in the western part of the region through drought‐induced physiological stress.     

中国西南地区川西云杉径向生长与水分利用效率动态变化（英文）

Elevated CO_2 level in the atmosphere is expected to improve the tree growth rates and intrinsic water-use efficiency(i WUE).Although current results inferring from tree rings found the tree growth decline in water-limited area,it is still unclear whether spruce trees in humid southwestern China benefit from the increasing CO_2.In this study,tree-ring width data were used to investigate the tree radial growth rate of Chuanxi spruce(Picea likiangensis var.balfouriana).Moreover,combining with the tree-ring carbon isotope date,we analyzed the physiological responses of Chuanxi spruce to rising CO_2 concentrations in the atmosphere(C_a)associated with climatic change in southwestern China.From 1851 to 2009,i WUE of Chuanxi spruce rose by approximately 30.4%,and the ratio of atmospheric CO_2 to leaf intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i/C_a)showed no significant trend in the study area.The result suggested that Chuanxi spruce used an active response strategy when C_a was significantly increased.i WUE showed a significant increasing trend in parallel with tree radial growth,indicating that the increasing i WUE resulted in an increase in radial growth.These results suggest that spruce forests in southwestern China have not shown declining trends under increasing C_a and climate change scenarios,in contrast to trees growing in water-limited areas.Therefore,spruce forests benefit from the increasing CO_2 in the atmosphere in the humid areas of southwestern China.     

天山北坡西部树木年轮对气候因子的响应分析及气温重建

利用博尔塔拉蒙古自治州三个采点的树轮宽度年表,通过相关和响应面分析的方法,分析三个树木年轮宽度对气候因子的响应。分析表明,三个年表与博州地区的年平均最低气温和7月降水量呈较显著的正相关,且呈现相同的响应,仅在气温偏低时,三个年表响应不一致。通过分析,选择年最低气温作为重建对象,具有明显的树木生理学意义。利用树轮年表重建了博州1576—2002年的年最低气温,通过逐一剔除检验,发现重建值稳定可靠。在427 a中,存在2~3 a和40~50 a左右的周期性振荡,1631年、1832年 、1920年和1961年左右发生过突变。     

雪岭云杉树轮宽度对气候变化的响应

利用新疆伊犁地区雪岭云杉的6个树轮宽度年表 ,通过相关分析的方法,分析不同地形条件下雪岭云杉树轮宽度对于气候要素的响应。统计分析表明,雪岭云杉对气候变化比较敏感,在北天山南坡的森林下限,雪岭云杉生长与生长季7~8月降水关系显著;在南天山北坡的森林下限,雪岭云杉生长对生长季前11-次年1月最低温度存在显著正相关。地形对雪岭云杉与气候要素之间的关系影响较大,在南天山北坡,由于森林上下限树木抗寒性的差异,森林下限树木生长对温度的响应强于上限树木;南北坡引起的降水量水平的差异,使得天山不同坡向的树木生长响应不同的气候要素。