后汛期暴雨预报问题

华南后汛期暴雨,与前汛期比较,无论是中低纬环流特点或影响系统,都有很大的不同。 前汛期(4～6月)华南处于过渡季节,北半球东北季风逐渐减弱,但仍能到达华南,副热带高压开始北上,但脊线仍在20°N以南,孟加拉湾低槽开始活跃,向我区输送大量暖湿空气,锋面雨频繁。 到了后汛期,(7—9月)东风气流显著北移和扩大,北方冷空气难以南下华南;华南转受热带辐合带、东风波、台风、热带低压或南海低槽等热带系统影响,个别年份还会受西南低涡影响。因此后汛期暴雨预报思路,和前汛期有很大的不同,下面我们主要介绍台风及西南低涡预报问题。     

2013年6月26—29日江西梅雨锋暴雨天气过程分析

利用实况资料和NECP再分析资料,对2013年6月26—29日江西连续暴雨天气过程进行天气学分析。结果表明,在典型的梅雨环流背景条件下,南亚高压,副高和西南季风的爆发,加之高空低槽和中低层持续性切变等系统共同配合造成了此次暴雨过程。此次过程水汽条件充沛,有2条明显的水汽输送通道:一条从孟加拉湾由西南季风分别通过云贵高原和中南半岛北部输送至副高西北侧;另一条从南海西北部由副高西侧的偏南气流向北输送。两股水汽在副高西北侧汇合加强并沿副高边缘向江南上空输送。西南季风是此次梅雨锋暴雨的关键因素,一方面有利于水汽的输送,另一方面触发了一次次的强降水天气。西南季风加强的时段与几次降水加强时段一一对应。低层锋生作用对梅雨锋有维持和加强作用。梅雨锋区的南侧存在垂直反环流圈。有次级环流上升支触发时,降水增大,造成暴雨增辐。     

华南前汛期持续性暴雨统计特征及环流分型研究

利用1961—2013年华南区域305个国家级气象台站日降水资料、1980—2013年5—6月NCEP/CFSR再分析资料(分辨率0.5×0.5)等,定义华南前汛期持续性暴雨和暴雨持续日数,分析近53 a华南前汛期持续性暴雨特征及其大尺度环流形势;归纳有利于华南前汛期持续性暴雨发生的4种典型环流类型。结果表明:(1)华南前汛期持续性暴雨过程主要集中在5—6月,并存在准20 a振荡周期;1960年代前半段6月暴雨次数多,1960年代末期到1980年代5月暴雨次数明显增加,1990年代至2013年暴雨主要出现在6月,2006年后5月暴雨次数逐渐增加;暴雨过程持续日数一般3~4 d,超过10 d以上的单次过程仅4次。(2)华南前汛期持续性暴雨分为东亚槽底型、两脊一槽型、多涡旋型和纬向型,东亚槽底型和两脊一槽型次数相对较多,主要发生在5月下旬—6月下旬;纬向型次数最少,主要在5月上旬—6月初。(3)各型持续性暴雨过程500 h Pa中高纬地区环流特征各异,其共性是均有利于北方冷空气南下影响华南,低纬地区西太平洋副热带高压(副高)和孟加拉湾南支低槽维持少动,低层850 h Pa华南盛行西南暖湿急流;持续10 d左右的暴雨过程相较持续3~5 d的暴雨过程,副高位置偏西偏强,华南上空多短波槽活动,850 h Pa西南季风气流位置偏西偏北、风速偏大。     

华南季风槽暴雨特征分析

利用EC再分析资料(2.5 °×2.5 °)及华南降水资料,统计分析了1971—2011年的5—9月145次南海季风槽活动过程与华南降水的时空分布特征,对发生区域性以上暴雨过程与不明显降水过程的高低空环流形势场进行多样本合成对比分析。结果表明:(1) 南海季风槽活动于5—9月,年平均3.6次及19.8天,一次季风槽活动的天数平均为5.4天;(2) 季风槽暴雨落区存在两个主中心和一个次中心,主中心分别位于广东和广西沿海,次中心位于广西东北部;(3) 南海季风槽可划分为西南季风扰动型和西南季风与东南季风辐合扰动型两类;(4) 区域性以上暴雨过程与不明显降水过程的环流特征共同点是环流系统配置相似,不同点是环流系统位置、强度及干湿特征存在差异;(5) 利用这些特征差异按类归纳,建立两类季风槽暴雨预报着眼点,可作为日常天气预报业务中,判别华南是否出现区域性以上季风槽暴雨过程的参考依据,为华南季风槽暴雨预报提供基本技术参考。      

850毫巴南海西北部西南季风潮及其与广东强降水的关系

本文对南海西北部西南季风潮的成因及其降水进行了初步分析,结果发现中印半岛西南风东传和副高西侧的西南风扰动是形成南海西北部西南季风潮的主要原因。它的出现与广东前汛期的强降水有密切关系。      

华南地区2008年6月降水异常偏多成因分析

通过对2008年6月份华南地区降水偏多成因进行分析研究,发现:500hPa巴湖维持低槽、高原气流平直,使华南地区长时间处于低槽内,同时孟加拉湾又维持低槽,利于印度洋、孟加拉湾的水汽经中南半岛向华南地区输送;南海夏季风偏早偏强、西太平洋副高偏南偏东利于西太平洋、南海水汽向华南输送,两支水汽输送带使华南上空水汽更加充足;华南长时间高层辐散、低层辐合对流不稳妥定状态;热带大气季节内振荡的对流活动从非洲东部地区向东传播至西太平洋中西部地区,造成华南地区降水偏多.     

一次引发华南大暴雨的南海季风槽异常特征及其原因分析

2007年8月10日第7号台风"帕布"在广东沿海消失后,尾随而上的南海季风槽给华南沿海和台湾岛带来持续多日的暴雨和大暴雨.由于南海季风槽是华南最主要的降水系统,因此研究了8月第3候引发华南大暴雨的南海季风槽的异常特征及其可能的原因.首先分析了季风槽的气候平均时空特征.研究表明低层辐合、高层辐散位于季风槽的南侧,表现了季...     

“05．6”华南特大暴雨过程大尺度水汽输送特征

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星逐时云顶亮温TBB资料（0．05°×0．05°分辨率）、自动气象站逐时降水资料、实时地面加密观测资料和实况探空资料等,对“05．6”华南持续性暴雨过程期间大尺度水汽输送特征进行了深入分析。结果表明：南海夏季风的活动与本次暴雨过程水汽输送有密切关系。南亚季风在经过中南半岛后与伸入南海的副高西侧气流汇合,使得西南气流发生“S”形转换,从而演变为副热带季风并持续向华南地区输送水汽。暴雨期间,来自南海中北部和孟加拉湾的水汽输送带一直稳定在18°-27°N,水汽通量大值输送带和水汽通量辐合大值带均随高度向北明显倾斜,显示偏南方向的水汽输送特征,来自南海中北部的水汽是最主要源地,而来自孟加拉湾的输送通道仅对本次过程起到补充作用。过程期间,由于南北向净流入明显大于东西向净流出,故华南地区水汽总收支为净流入,水汽净流入量以低层横向（南北）为主,以行星边界层的水汽输入为最大。     

南海季风槽影响下热带气旋暴雨增幅的研究

使用NASA的热带测雨卫星TRMM资料、常规气象观测降水资料、NCAR/NCEP-2再分析资料及NCEP全球数据同化系统(GDAS)资料,分析研究南海季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆华南而导致热带气旋暴雨强烈增幅的事实,并根据观测事实提出季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆华南的定义.结果表明:(1)南海季风槽伴随热带气旋登陆导致热带气旋降水强烈增幅的天气现象发生在盛夏季节;(2)环流背景表现为副热带高压带状西伸,稳定控制华中一带;同时,西南季风活跃,南海季风槽位于南海北部之时;(3)热带气旋登陆后的填塞消亡时间因为季风槽的伴随而大大延长,热带气旋云系有再生、加强和扩展现象;(4)伴随登陆的季风槽对热带气旋暴雨无论是空间,时间,还是强度上均有强烈增幅作用,热带气旋暴雨在季风槽南侧延伸,尺度可达1500～2500km.     

阳江市暖区暴雨的天气学分型

采用常规气象资料、区域自动站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和OLR日平均资料,对2003—2012年阳江市29次暖区暴雨过程按切变线型、低涡型和分别出现在南海夏季风爆发前后的南风型进行分型,并对4类暖区暴雨的平均环流场和个例进行分析,结果表明:(1)阳江暖区暴雨多为南风型,主要发生在南海夏季风爆发之后;(2)各类暖区暴雨环流相同点:高层受南亚高压影响,有较强辐散;低层南支槽影响明显,有低空急流向暴雨落区上空输送充沛的暖空气及不稳定能量,使中尺度对流云团生成或输入;(3)切变线型、低涡型和南海季风爆发后的南风型暖区暴雨中,暴雨发生时副高位置偏东、强度偏弱,并略有西伸或东退,处于南海季风槽活跃时期;(4)在南海季风爆发前的南风型中,副高位置较西,强度较强,强盛的西南风与副高位置偏西有关。     

Comparison of the Double Summer Monsoon Troughs over East Asia

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, an investigation has been carried on the comparison of the double summer monsoon troughs over East Asia, which refer to the subtropical summer monsoon trough (subtropical-trough) and the South China Sea summer monsoon trough (SCS trough), respectively. The results show that the SCS trough is stronger than the subtropical-trough either in convergence or convection. The subtropical-trough extends up to higher levels and inclines northward with altitude, while, the SCS trough extends up to a lower level, and its position is seldom changed. The SCS trough establishes early and abruptly with the low level positive relative vorticity appearing suddenly, and retreats slowly, but the subtropical-trough establishes step by step with the positive relative vorticity initially over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Guangxi areas spreading gradually northeastward, and withdraws rapidly. The onset of SCS trough is obviously indicated by the reverse of the easterly, but the establishment of the subtropical-trough is characteristic of the westerly enhancement. The subtropical-trough has clearly frontal property, yet the SCS trough has not.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA*

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 and NCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,the distribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in this paper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asian region from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and the recurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.The latter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South China Sea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northward shift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-flood rainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfall appeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China then formed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998 is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into South China Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

东亚地区夏季风爆发过程

利用中国194站1961～1995年日降水资料及NCEP1979～1997年候格点降水资料,探讨了亚洲地区自春到夏的雨季开始分布。结果表明,东亚地区自春到夏存在副热带季风雨季开始和热带季风雨季开始。前者于4月初开始于华南北部和江南地区,随后向南和向西南扩展,于4月末扩展到华南沿海和中南半岛,这个雨带主要是冷空气和副热带高压西侧转向的SW风以及南亚地区冬春副热带南支西风槽中西风汇合而形成的,是副热带季风雨季开始。后者是南海热带季风爆发后使原来由江南移到华南沿岸的副热带季风雨带随副热带高压北进而北进,前汛期雨季进入盛期,江南出现第二次雨峰,形成梅雨期和江淮及华北雨季。同时,热带季风雨带也自东向西传播到达南亚地区而形成热带季风雨季。还讨论了1998年东亚地区夏季风爆发过程,指出南海夏季风爆发期的季风由副高北侧形成的新生气旋进入南海造成南海中部西风和南海越赤道气流转向的SW季风加强汇合而形成,因而是东亚季风系统中环流系统季节变化造成的,和印度季风无关。在南海季风爆发期阿拉伯海仍由副热带反气旋控制,南亚仍是上述副热带反气旋北侧NW风南下后转向的偏西副热带气流所控制,索马里低空急流仍未爆发,赤道西风并未影响南海。     

夏季亚洲季风槽的断裂过程及其结构特征

本文分析了1982年7月一次亚洲季风槽的断裂过程。结果发现,在盛夏亚洲季风盛行期间,中南半岛与南海地区的季风槽可在西太平洋副热带高压东退与孟加拉湾季风低压的西移过程中断裂消失。与此同时,热带西南季风北进,梅雨雨带北移,雨景加大。此外,根据季风区内纬向风的垂直结构,说明了下列事实的成因:在印度和中南半岛季风槽附近及其南侧广大地区内,经常出现大量的季风云团和季风低压;而在西太平洋季风槽的北侧及槽的附近,则经常产生强的热带气旋和台风螺旋云系;南海地区的状况介于以上两者之间,在这里可以有弱的台风生成,也可以有季风云团存在。      

夏季南海季风槽与印度季风槽的气候特征之比较

亚洲夏季风槽包括两大重要组成部分,即南海夏季风槽和印度夏季风槽.两个季风槽同属于热带夏季风系统,具有热带辐合带的性质.但由于所处地理位置、海陆分布、受到的影响系统不同等原因,两个季风槽有明显的异同点.利用气候平均资料分析,揭示南海夏季风槽和印度季风槽的结构特征和演变特征的异同点,有利于提高对亚洲夏季风系统的认识.作者首先讨论了结构特征方面的差异,从季风槽的对流特征、环流场配置特征、热力结构特征等方面探讨了两个季风槽的区别,分析结果表明南海夏季风槽和印度夏季风槽在结构特征方面区别不算很大,都具有热带季风辐合带的典型结构,低层辐合,高层辐散,有明显的季风经圈环流,热力结构特征均是低层偏冷,中高层偏暖.相对来说,印度夏季风槽比南海夏季风槽强且深厚.其次对南海夏季风槽和印度夏季风槽的演变的气候特征所进行的分析表明,季风槽建立时间与季风爆发时间是一致的.南海夏季风槽爆发早且突然,撤退缓慢,维持时间长;印度夏季风槽则是渐进式的爆发,撤退迅速,维持时间较短.两个季风槽的温湿演变特征也有所不同.     

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PRECEDING WINTER MJO ACTIVITIES AND THE SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN YANGTZE-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN OF CHINA

The first two series(RMM1 and RMM2) of RMM Index(all-Season Real-time Multivariate MJO Index) are computed to obtain the interannual variation of the preceding winter(preceding December to current February) MJO strength,according to which active(or inactive) years of preceding winter MJO are divided.By utilizing the data provided by NCEP/NCAR,CMAP and China’s 160 stations from 1979 to 2008,we studied the preceding winter MJO strength and discovered that the summer precipitation in the basin are of significantly negative correlation,i.e.when the preceding winter MJO is relatively active,the summer precipitation in the basin decreases,and vise verse.We also analyzed the causes.When the preceding winter MJO is relatively active,its release of potential heat facilities Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) to strengthen and locate northward in winter and propagate northeastward.This abnormal situation lasts from winter to summer.In mid-May,ITCZ jumps northward to the South China Sea,the western Pacific subtropical high withdraws eastward,and the South China Sea summer monsoon sets off and strengthens.In summer,ITCZ propagates to South China Sea-subtropical western Pacific,the zonal circulation of subtropical Pacific strengthens,and a local meridional circulation of the South China Sea to the basin area forms,giving rise to the East Asia Pacific teleconnection wave-train.An East Asian monsoon trough and the Meiyu front show opposite features from south to north,the East Asian summer monsoon strengthens and advances northward.As a result,the summer monsoon is weakened as the basin is controlled by the subtropical high continually,with less rain in summer.On the contrary,when the preceding winter MJO is inactive,ITCZ weakens and is located southward,the subtropical high is located southward in summer,and the basin is in a region of ascending airflow with prevailing southwest wind.The East Asian monsoon trough and EASM weaken so that summer monsoon is reduced in the basin where precipitation increases.     

Characteristics of Subtropical Monsoon and Rainfall over Eastern China and Western North Pacific

Using the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis and the NOAA Climate Prediction Center's merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)during 1981-2000, we investigated the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly wind and associated precipitation over the eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific area and its relationship with the tropical monsoon and rainfall, and analyzed the reasons responsible for the onset and development of the wind. It was found that the persistent southwesterly wind appears over southern China and the subtropical western Pacific the earliest in early spring, and then expands southwards to the tropics and advances northward to the midlatitudes. From winter to summer, the seasonal variation of surface heating over western China and the subtropical western Pacific may result in an earlier reversal of the westward tropospheric temperature gradient over the subtropics relative to the tropics, which may contribute to the earliest beginning of the subtropical southwesterly wind. Additionally, the strengthening and eastward expanding of the trough near the eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the strengthening and westward moving of the western Pacific subtropical high also exert positive influences on the beginning and development of the subtropical southwesterly wind.In early summer,the northward expansion of the southwesterly wind over southern China is associated with a northward shift of the subtropical high, while the southward stretch of the southwesterly wind is associated with a southward stretch of the trough in the eastern side of the plateau. With the beginning and northward expansion of the subtropical southwesterly wind (namely southwest monsoon), convergences of the low-level air and water vapor and associated upward motion in front of the strongest southwesterly wind core also strengthen and move northward, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity and a northward shift of the rain belt. Accordingly, the subtropical rainy season occurs the earliest over southern China in spring, moves northward to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer, and arrives in North China in mid summer.Compared with the subtropical rainy season, the tropical rainy season begins later and stays mainly over the tropics, not pronouncedly moving into the subtropics. Clearly, the Meiyu rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer results from a northward shift of the spring rain belt over southern China,instead of a northward shift of the tropical monsoon rain belt. Before the onset of the tropical monsoon,water vapor over the subtropical monsoon region comes mainly from the coasts of the northern Indo-China Peninsula and southern China. After the onset, one branch of the water vapor flow comes from the Bay of Bengal, entering into eastern China and the subtropical western Pacific via southwestern China and the South China Sea, and another branch comes from the tropical western North Pacific, moving northwestward along the west edge of the western Pacific subtropical high and entering into the subtropics.     

中国东部—西太平洋副热带季风和降水的气候特征及成因分析

利用1981—2000年候平均NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP全球降水资料,分析了从中国东部大陆到西太平洋副热带地区季风和降水季节变化的特征及其与热带季风降水的关系,探讨了季风建立和加强的原因。夏季东亚—西太平洋盛行的西南风开始于江南和西太平洋副热带的春初,并向北扩展到中纬度,热带西南风范围向北扩展的迹象不明显。从冬到夏,中国西部和西太平洋副热带的表面加热季节变化可以使副热带对流层向西的温度梯度反转比热带早,使西南季风在副热带最早开始;从大气环流看,青藏高原东侧低压槽的加强和向东延伸,以及西太平洋副热带高压的加强和向西移动,都影响着副热带西南季风的开始和发展;初夏江南的南风向北扩展与副热带高压向北移动有关,随着高原东侧低压槽向南延伸,槽前的偏南风范围向南扩展。随着副热带季风建立和向北扩展,其最大风速中心前方的低层空气质量辐合和水汽辐合以及上升运动也加强和向北移动,导致降水加强和雨带向北移动。热带季风雨季开始晚,主要维持在热带而没有明显进入副热带,江淮梅雨不是由热带季风雨带直接向北移动而致,而是由春季江南雨带北移而致。在热带季风爆发前,副热带季风区水汽输送主要来自中南半岛北部和中国华南沿海,而在热带季风爆发后,水汽输送来自孟加拉湾和热带西太平洋。     

1999、1998年长江流域暴雨成因对比分析

运用GMSTBB资料对比分析了1999年1998年夏季长江流域暴雨的成因，其中，重点探讨了南海季风云涌与副主的相互作用同南方强降水过程表成的关系，认为，南海季风涌爆发射副高比推或者保使长江中下游地区高压形成，张降雨出现在华南，相反，季风云涌间歇期西北太平国高西伸占据南海和华南，长江中下游地区出现强降水。