北天山地区泥火山的地球化学成因

泥火山是特定地质构造及水文地质环境下的一种构造流体地质现象,泥火山喷发时可以将大量有价值的信息带到地表,因此,不少科学家将泥火山称为深度可达12km的"天赐钻井"。在对新疆北天山地区分布的众多泥火山进行地形地貌、地质-水文地质条件、泥火山堆积物特征调查研究的基础上,系统分析了温泉、乌苏、艾其沟、独山子、沙湾-霍尔果斯各泥火山喷出物的流体地球化学组成(固体、气体、离子、同位素等),初步得到了基于地球化学成分特点的泥火山成因;区域地壳构造应力的不断增强既可以导致地震的孕育和发生,也可以使泥火山打破原有周期而出现显著活动,可见二者具有一定的同源关系。     

北天山泥火山对2012年6月30日 新源-和静MS6.6地震的响应

2012年6月30日新源-和静M_S6.6地震前后, 北天山泥火山出现了喷溢和地球化学异常变化. 该地震前、 后4天内两次观测了北天山泥火山, 采集了两批温泉和泥火山气体样品, 测定了样品的气体组分和He、 Ne同位素及CH₄、 CO₂的碳同位素组成. 结果表明, 泥火山发生了同震喷发, 气体排放量增加, 温泉和泥火山气体出现了不同程度的微量气体浓度异常, 独山子泥火山震前出现了3He/4He高值异常. 研究结果有利于确定利用泥火山和温泉监测地震活动的方法和指标.      

新疆北天山地区泥火山与地震

泥火山是特定地质构造-水文地质环境下的一种构造流体地质现象,在世界上的分布较熔岩火山少。泥火山的出现通常与生油气带有关。据报道,在阿塞拜疆共和国、格鲁吉亚共和国、土库曼斯坦共和国及俄罗斯的塔曼半岛和肯切半岛等地都有泥火山广泛分布[1]。1948年10月5日土库曼斯坦共和国首都阿什哈巴德市发生7.3级地震时,在极震区引起泥火山重新活动;1959年12月17日巴库泥火山突然喷发时,又有有感地震伴随发生[1],可见,泥火山活动与地震活动有一定的成因联系。本文将对新疆北天山地区泥火山的动态及其与地震活动的关系作一分析。1　北天山地区泥…     

新疆北天山泥火山固体喷出物特征及成因机制初探

北天山泥火山位于新疆天山北麓山前拗陷带内,均处在背斜褶皱的轴部。在了解泥火山的地质背景、活动现状的基础上,对该区泥火山进行了详细的野外考察,对所采样品进行粒度、显微形貌及成分分析。研究发现:该区域的泥火山样品粒径主要集中在0.3~100μm,平均值相近,分选较差,分布对称性呈极正偏。矿物颗粒以石英、长石为主,基质为黏土矿物,白杨沟和艾其沟样品中均含有铁矿物质。根据上述分析结果对北天山泥火山成因机制进行了初步探讨,认为该区域的泥火山物源相同,泥浆最深来源于下中侏罗统,地层压力以构造活动为主。目前泥火山处于弱活动期,短期内造成较大灾害的可能性很小。     

新疆温泉县泥火山喷发水的化学特征研究

本文讨论了新疆温泉县泥火山喷出水的化学特征。于2012年10月~2014年6月测量了温泉县泥火山喷发水、明目泉泉水及附近河水的化学组分(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3♂和CO2-3)和温泉县泥火山喷发水的氢氧同位素组成(δD和δ18O)。结果表明,该泥火山喷发水的化学类型为Na-HCO3SO4,δ18O-δD值小幅度偏离大气降水线,主要形成于大气降水顺断裂或裂隙深循环过程中与围岩的水岩作用;泥火山离子浓度较高,变化幅度低于5%,背景值稳定,可作为区域地震地球化学监测的对象。     

新疆独山子震害地质区划

本文扼要介绍了独山子地区特有的地质背景——最新的造山运动、独特的泥火山喷出物、广阔的戈壁平原和特殊的洼地沉积。与地质背景有关的一系列地质因素地基土、地形、断层、崩塌、滑坡等也具有独特的区域特征。地质因素地震易损性分析结果,取得震害地质A、B、C、D、E五级分区。根据不同分区地震地面效应强弱程度的差异,建议在土地利用上应避南就北,即避开泥火山和山前洼地而就戈壁平原     

浅析北天山西段与南天山中东段地震活动关系

对比分析了北天山西段与南天山中东段的地震活动关系,发现1935年以来两区地震活动水平相近,中强以上地震具有交替活动的特征,且有一定的成组性南北迁移的规律。时空扫描分析发现,北天山西段新源—温泉附近地区的中小地震集中活动对南天山东段中强地震的发生具有一定的前兆意义,南天山东段的4级地震频度的减小与北天山西段5级以上地震有一定的对应关系。并在一定程度上对两区域地震活动存在的以上规律和对应关系进行了分析。     

新疆独山子泥火山喷发的初步研究

１９９５年７月新疆独山子泥火山突然喷发。对该泥火山活动的特征做了详细研究，分析了泥火山重新活动的地质构造条件和流体动力地质作用，认为泥火山活动造成较严重的自然灾害可能性不大，与地震活动之间有一定成因方面的关系     

新疆独山子泥火山喷发

新疆独山子泥火山喷发新疆维吾尔自治区地震局王道、李茂伟、李锰、戴晓敏等四人于１９９５年８月４日至８月８日对独山子泥火山进行了详细的现场考察研究，摄制了录像片，采集了喷出物：土、水和气体的样品，获得了十分宝贵的泥火山活动的资料。独山子泥火山位于新疆石油...     

火山喷出气体的环境、灾害效应及对火山未来喷发的指示意义

简要综述了火山喷发过程中喷入大气圈内不同成分的火山气体含量及其气候、环境效应和造成的火山灾害 ,并介绍了利用火山喷出气体成分和含量的变异特征进行长尺度火山喷发预测的原理与方法。认为当前在中国开展长白山天池火山活动喷出气体成分和含量的系统研究十分必要 ,并具有一定的现实意义     

南中国海深水区典型火山发育地震反射特征研究

海洋油气勘探尤其是深水勘探面临着三高难题——高成本、高风险、高技术.如何对储层进行准确预测,是地球物理工作者及地球物理技术亟待解决的问题.本文对火山机构喷发机理及其地球物理特征进行分析,结合邻近工区在火山发育特征规律的认识成果,针对南中国海深水区目标区内典型火山发育,运用常规地震时间切片、剖面分析及沿层均方根振幅属性和沿层小时窗三维地震镂空显示等技术,分析了目标火山发育情况、火山岩喷溢情况、地震反射特征及岩相分布,并建立了该类型火山发育特征、岩相分布规律以及空间展布规律及变化特征的认识.本文的研究成果为该地区准确识别火山发育及预测其分布规律提供了参考,尤其是在钻井少的情况下进行地质异体常识别和储层预测,有利于该地区石油天然气勘探工作以及区域地质认识.     

origin of the mud volcano in northern tianshan constrained by geochemical investigation

Mud volcano is a kind of structural geological phenomena under certain hydrogeological environment and can bring plenty of valuable information to the ground when it erupts, therefore, many researchers call it as "Heaven granted well" whose depth can be up to 12km. Mud volcanoes in Xinjiang are distributed in the central-west region of North Tianshan, and five of them are representative, namely, Horgus, Dushanzi, Wenquan, Poplar valley, and Sailetike. We tested the gas, fluid and solid components of these mud volcanoes through investigations and studies of topography and geomorphology, geological and hydrogeological conditions, and mud debris characteristics, and preliminary obtained the origin of these mud volcanoes based on geochemical features. Finally, the paper describes briefly that the continuous enchancement of regional crustal tectonic stress can not only give rise to the seismogenesis and earthquake occurrence, but also break the original cycle of mud volcano to bring about significant activity, therefore, the two have a certain homology relationship.     

Results of geochemical monitoring of the activity of Ebeko volcano (Kurile Islands) used for eruption prediction

The monitoring of the state of active volcanoes, carried out using different parameters, including geochemical, is very important for studies of deep processes and geodynamics. All changes which occur within the crater before eruptions reflect the magma activation and depend on the deep structure of volcano. This paper gives the results of prolonged monitoring of Ebeko volcano, located in the contact zone between the oceanic and continental plates (the Kurile Island Arc). The geochemical method has been used as the basis for eruption prediction because the increase in the activity of the Ebeko in the period from 1963 to 1967 that ended in a phreatic eruption was not preceded by seismic preparation. Investigations carried out at Ebeko volcano give evidence that change of all the chosen geochemical parameters is a prognostic indicator of a forthcoming eruption. This change depends on the type of eruption, and the deep structure and hydrodynamic regime of the volcano.     

Seismicity and crustal deformation preceding the January 1996 eruptions at Karymsky Volcanic Center,Kamchatka

Two explosive eruptions occurred on 2 January 1996 at Karymsky Volcanic Center (KVC) in Kamchatka, Russia: the first, dacitic, from the central vent of Karymsky volcano, and the second, several hours later, from Karymskoye lake in the caldera of Akademia Nauk volcano. The main significance of the 1996 volcanic events in KVC was the phreatomagmatic eruption in Karymskoye lake, which was the first eruption in this lake in historical time, and was a basaltic eruption at the acidic volcanic center. The volcanic events were associated with the 1 January Ms 6.7 (Mw 7.1) earthquake that occurred at a distance of about 9–17 km southeast from the volcanoes just before the eruptions. We study the long-term (1972–1995) and short-term (1–2 January 1996) characteristics of crustal deformations and seismicity before the double eruptive event in KVC. The 1972–1995 crustal deformation was homogeneous and characterized by a gradual extension with a steady velocity. The seismic activity in 1972–1995 developed at the depth interval from 0 to 20 km below the Akademia Nauk volcano and spread to the southeast along a regional fault. The seismic activity in January 1996 began with a short sequence of very shallow microearthquakes (M ~0) beneath Karymsky volcano. Then seismic events sharply increased in magnitude (up to mb 4.9) and moved along the regional fault to the southeast, culminating in the Ms 6.7 earthquake. Its aftershocks were located to the southeast and northwest from the main shock, filling the space between the two active volcanoes and the ancient basaltic volcano of Zhupanovsky Vostryaki. The eruption in Karymskoye lake began during the aftershock sequence. We consider that the Ms 6.7 earthquake opened the passageway for basic magma located below Zhupanovsky Vostryaki volcano that fed the eruption in Karymskoye lake.     

大兴安岭焰山、高山火山——一种新的火山喷发型式

在野外地质资料基础上,利用火山形态学方法,探讨了大兴安岭焰山、高山火山的喷发型式。结果表明,大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河火山群中的焰山和高山火山不同于斯通博利式喷发形成的火山,其早期爆破喷发的火山碎屑形成火山渣锥、空降火山碎屑席和小型火山碎屑流,晚期溢出大量熔岩。两火山具有较高大的锥体(标高200～300m以上),在结构上,松散火山砾、火山弹等构成下部的降落锥,熔结集块岩构成上部的溅落锥。由火山砾和火山灰组成的空降火山碎屑席分布在火山锥体周围。两火山溢出的熔岩经历了从结壳熔岩→翻花石→渣状熔岩的演变。根据喷发产物可推断焰山和高山火山具有以下喷发特征:爆破喷发形成持续的喷发柱→斯通博利式喷发→熔岩喷泉喷溢,其中以持续时间较长的喷发柱区别于典型的斯通博利式喷发。类似焰山、高山火山的喷发特征,在龙岗第四纪火山群、镜泊湖全新世火山群中也都有个例,这是中国大陆火山作用中一种新的喷发型式。     

Some regularity in the process of re-awakening of andesite and dacite volcanoes: specific features of the 1982 El Chichón volcano,México reactivation

El Chichón volcano is an andesite stratovolcano in southern México. It erupted in March 1982, after about 550 years of quiescence. The 1982 eruption of El Chichón has not been followed by the growth of a lava dome within the newly formed crater. This is rather anomalous since the construction of a new dome after the destruction of an old one is a common process during the eruptions at andesite and dacite volcanoes. To discuss this anomalous aspect of the El Chichón eruption, some regularity in the process of re-awakening of dormant (here defined as a period of quiescence of more than 100 years) andesite and dacite volcanoes are studied based on the seismic activity recorded at the volcanoes Bezymianny, Mount St. Helens, El Chichón, Unzen, Pinatubo and Soufrière Hills. Three stages were identified in the re-awakening activity of these volcanoes: (1) preliminary seismic activity, leading up to the first phreatic explosion; (2) activity between the first and the largest explosions; (3) post-explosion dome-building process. The eruptions were divided into two groups: low-VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) and the long duration stage-1 events (Unzen, 1991 and Soufrière Hills volcano, 1995) and high-VEI and the short duration stage-1 events (Bezymianny, 1956; Mount St. Helens, 1980; El Chichón, 1982 and Pinatubo, 1992). The comparative analysis of the seismo-eruptive activity of two eruptions of the second group, the 1980 of Mt. St. Helens and the 1982 of El Chichón, produced an explanation the absence of new dome building during the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano. It may be explained in terms of the unusually rapid emission of gas and water from the magmatic and hydrothermal system beneath the volcano during a relatively short sequence of large explosions that could have sharply increased the viscosity of the magma making impossible its exit to the surface.     

Seismic energy releases from volcanoes

Seismic energy release during the precursory, eruptive and declining stages of volcanic activities provides various information about the mechanisms of volcanic eruptions and the temporary developments of their activities. Hitherto the energy release patterns from precursory earthquake swarms were used to predict the eruption times, especially of andesitic or dacitic volcanoes. In this paper the discussion is expanded to quantify the total amount of seismic energy released at the threshold of volcanic eruptions, with reference to the results observed at several volcanoes. The results generally indicate that the cumulative seismic energy release from the precursory earthquake swarms exceed 10¹⁷¹⁸ergs before eruptions at any andesitic or dacitic volvanoes. This allows the seismic efficiency, or the ratio of energy radiated seismically, and the energy required for the volumetric expansion to be estimated by incorporating available deformation data with the seismic data. The dependency of seismic efficiency on the type of volcanic activity, i. e. non-explosive outbreaks, phreatic and magmatic eruptions, dome formation, etc., was evaluated from observations at a few volcanoes that provided a variety of examples.     

A new perspective in identifying the precursory patterns of eruptions

The complexity of the processes responsible for volcanic eruptions makes a theoretical approach to forecasting the evolution of volcanic unrest rather difficult. A feasible strategy for this purpose appears to be the identification of possible repetitive schemes (patterns) in the pre-eruptive unrest of volcanoes. Nevertheless, the limited availability and the heterogeneity of pre-eruptive data, and the objective difficulty in quantitatively recognizing complex pre-eruptive patterns, make this task very difficult. In this work we address this issue by using a pattern recognition approach applied to the seismicity recorded during 217 volcanic episodes of unrest around the world. In particular, we use two non-parametric algorithms that have proven to give satisfactory results in dealing with a small amount of data, even if not normally distributed and/or characterized by discrete or categorical values. The results show evidence of a longer period of instability in the unrest preceding an eruption, compared to isolated unrest. This might indicate, even if not necessarily, a difference in the energy of processes responsible for the two types of unrest. However, if the unrest is followed by an eruption, it seems that the seismic energy released during the unrest (parameterized by the duration of the swarm and the maximum magnitude recorded) is not indicative of the magnitude of the impending eruption. We also found that, in general, unrest followed by the largest explosive eruptions have a longer repose time than those related to moderate eruptions. This evidence supports the fact that the occurrence of a large eruption needs a sufficient amount of time after the last event in order to re-charge the feeding system and to achieve a closed-conduit regime so that a sufficiently large amount of gas can be accumulated.Editorial responsibility: T. Druitt     

On the dynamics and origin of the Pugachevo group of gas-water-lithoclast (“mud”) volcanoes on Sakhalin Island: Visual observations and orohydrography

Visual observations of the activities of three gas-water-lithoclast (“mud”) volcanoes in the Pugachevo group in the Makarov District of Sakhalin Island were used to analyze the dynamics of these volcanoes. Our analysis confirmed the previous inference that a multirank periodicity is present in the eruptions of the volcanoes, with the periodicity being comparatively frequent and low in magnitude for the eruptions (every 1–2 years) at the Glavnyi or Central volcano and a very long but violent (every 65–70 years) at all the three volcanoes. Comparison of this periodicity with a similar periodicity observed in natural seismicity in the adjacent, highly seismic Uglegorsk District shows that the two phenomena are relatively independent. The natural seismicity in the form of large earthquakes is superimposed upon the gas-water-lithoclast volcanism mostly to serve as a trigger. The high-rank periodicity of 65–70 years noted above may be related to 11–22-year cycles of solar activity. Analysis of the orohydrographic setting in the area shows that the location of the present low-lying basin with volcanoes inside was formerly occupied by a dome uplift with a major gas field that controlled the generation of these volcanoes; it continues to drive their activity, causing a continued gradual subsidence or collapse of the deep basin with volcanoes, thus providing evidence of the high gas potential in the area of study.