Propagation of Love waves in layers with irregular boundaries

Summary A study is made of the scattered field which results when a Love wave is incident on a layer having an irregular surface. It is shown that for the class of boundaries treated the scattered field may be described by the superposition of a finite number of Love waves. As an illustrative example the result is applied to determine the reflection from a triangular notch.     

地震散射波的高精度数值模拟与振幅分析

随着地震勘探要求和技术的不断提高,散射波地震勘探方法逐渐引起人们的重视,尤其在构造复杂地区的高精度勘探中,散射波理论具有广泛的应用前景.本文在讨论了现阶段几种散射波数值模拟方法的利弊后,设计了一种基于微扰论的FK域积分法,在散射场的二次震源和空间能量衰减处理两方面做了改进,其计算精度和效率均得到了提高.此外,采用该算法针对散射波动力学进行了正演模拟试算,从扰动介质空间分布和扰动量两个角度定量地分析了散射波振幅动力学方面的特征.在此基础上得到了五个经验常数,并给出了对应的计算公式和物理意义,通过这五个常数可以划分散射波不同形态的动力学特征.     

Seismic diffraction tomography technique using very fast simulated annealing method for delineating small subsurface features

Diffraction, once considered noise rather than signal in seismic tomography, has recently been successfully used for delineating smaller objects whose size is comparable to or less than the wavelength of the incident seismic wave. But Most of the seismic diffraction tomography works are based on Born's and Rytov's approximation of weak scattering to linearize the expression for the scattered field due to an object and this is the basis of Fourier Diffraction Theorem. However, In this paper, we used the amplitude of the total scattered wave field without considering any approximation of weak scattering to obtain the synthetic scattered field data for forward modeling. These synthetic data are then inversed by Very Fast Simulated Annealing method which is a nonlinear inversion technique to obtain the unknown model parameters. This algorithm is applicable to both weak as well as strong scatterers. The simulated results give fairly good estimate for unknown model parameters of the scattering object within acceptable error limits.     

Scattering and diffraction of earthquake motions in irregular elastic layers,I: Love and SH waves

We describe the wave propagation through an irregularly layered, elastic medium for incoming body (SH) and surface (Love) waves. As a result of irregular geometry, each layer generates additional waves by scattering and diffraction. These additional waves modify the input motions and locally may lead to larger motions and concentrations of stresses, strains, and rotations on or below the ground surface. For engineering design, and in particular for analyses of soil-structure interaction, it is important to understand the nature and the consequences of such motions.The scattering and diffraction of Love and SH waves by irregular layers will be investigated by the weighted-residuals method. The scattered and diffracted mode shapes and spectral amplification characteristics at different frequencies will be examined and discussed.     

煤层陷落柱散射波数值模拟与成像

煤层陷落柱是煤田勘探开发中常见的一种典型的非均匀地质体.由于来自陷落柱的反射信号少、反射能量弱,使得基于反射波原理的常规地震成像方法难以有效识别陷落柱.本文以散射波理论为基础,采用数值模拟方法,研究了陷落柱的散射波场特征,研究表明地面接收的波场中含有来自陷落柱陡倾角界面的散射波场.通过共散射点道集波场的模拟,可以清晰地识别散射波,获得地下散射点和非均匀地质体的信息,判断散射点的位置,从而勾画出不均匀地质体的形态.采用等效偏移距假设抽取共散射点道集,在此基础上进行叠前偏移,对陷落柱成像;模拟与实际数据成像结果对比表明此方法能够合理地提取散射点的散射波场信息,对陷落柱形态及内部结构准确成像,是一种有效的煤田陷落柱成像方法.     

Feasibility of determining Q of near-surface materials from Love waves

High-frequency (≥ 2 Hz) Multi-channel Analysis of Love Waves (MALW) provides a practical way to determine velocity of horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves for a layered earth model up to 30 m below the ground surface in many geological settings. The information used in the MALW method is phase of Love waves. Information on amplitude of Love waves is not utilized in the MALW method. In this paper we present a method that uses information on amplitude of high-frequency Love waves to estimate quality factors (Q_s) of near-surface materials. Unlike Rayleigh waves, attenuation coefficients (amplitude) of Love waves are independent of quality factors for P waves and are function of quality factors of Love waves. In theory, a fewer parameters make the inversion of attenuation coefficients of Love waves more stable and reduce the degree of nonuniqueness. We discussed sensitivity of an inversion system based on a linear relationship between attenuation coefficients and dissipation factors (1/Q_s). The sensitivity analysis suggested that damping and constraints to an inversion system are necessary to obtain a smooth and meaningful quality factor model when no other information is available. We used synthetic and real-world data to demonstrate feasibility of inversion of attenuation coefficients of high-frequency Love-wave data acquired with the MALW method for quality factors with a linear, damped and constrained system.     

福建及其邻区背景噪声面波群速度层析成像

基于福建及邻区108个宽频带地震台站2016年6月到7月两个月垂直和水平分量波形连续记录, 利用相位加权叠加算法提高信噪比, 计算得到108个台站对的高质量经验格林函数。 对所获取的经验格林函数, 采用时频分析的方法在1~20 s频段内量取了大量高质量的Rayleigh波和Love波群速度频散数据。 在此基础上, 采用基于射线追踪的二维层析成像方法反演得到了福建及其邻区1~20 s的Rayleigh波和Love波群速度分布。 分辨率测试结果表明群速度分布的分辨率能达50 km。 成像结果显示1~10 s的群速度分布与地壳中上部地质特征有很好的一致性, 区内的福州盆地和漳州盆地在浅层结构中表现出明显的低速异常。 长周期的群速度则揭示了漳州西北的高地热区内中下地壳低速体, 政和-大埔断裂两侧的速度差异, 表明其可能是一个深大断裂, 并呈现明显的东西差异。     

On the frequency equation for love waves due to abrupt thickening of the crustal layer

Summary The effect of thickening of the crustal layer in mountainous region on the dispersion curve of Love waves has been studied. Perturbation method has been applied to obtain the modified frequency equation for Love waves through the surface of separation between a semi-infinite material and a layer the thickness of which abruptly increases throughout a certain length of the path. The effect is to decrease the phase velocity of the waves particularly in the low period range. It has been pointed out that by proper study, the amount of thickening may be obtained.     

IN-SEAM SEISMIC LOVE WAVE SCATTERING MODELED BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD*

The dynamic finite-element method allows frequency-dependent reflection and transmission coefficients to be computed for Love waves scattered by two-dimensional inhomogeneities in coal seams. Clean faults of zero hade angle show a throw-dependent cross-over frequency in reflection spectra, and throw-dependent conversion from fundamental to first higher mode energy in transmission spectra. Oblique faults show mode conversion in reflection spectra which is relatable to the fault hade angle by simple Huygens-theory models. Thin fracture zones or dykes normal to the seam show a reflection maximum when thickness of the zone is of order one quarter of the seam wave wavelength. Published field data from two known faults and a dyke are compared with the modeling results and support the belief that broad-band seam-wave data are capable of characterizing a seam discontinuity (throw, hade angle, dyke thickness) as well as locating it. Development of such procedures will require extensions to existing field practice and processing. This research was funded in part by the National Energy Research Development and Demonstration Council of Australia. The authors thank The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited for permission to quote from company case histories.     

HTI煤层介质槽波波场与频散特征初步研究

煤层内裂隙较为发育,具有明显的各向异性.目前槽波理论研究以各向同性介质为主,对HTI介质中槽波及其频散性质研究很少.本文以弱各向异性、含垂直裂隙HTI煤层介质为研究对象,研究了HTI煤层介质中的三维槽波波场,采用交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟槽波,推导了三层水平层状HTI煤层介质的Love型槽波理论频散公式和振幅深度分布,分析了HTI各弹性参数对频散曲线的影响.HTI介质和各向同性介质基阶Love槽波频散曲线差异较小,高阶较大;煤厚主要影响Airy相频率,而Airy相速度不变;煤层vs对Airy相速度影响很大;煤层γ对基阶Love槽波影响很小,高阶稍大.各波偏振方向不再与波的传播方向平行或垂直,而是呈一定夹角.利用基阶Love槽波频散曲线推测裂隙发育较为困难,可利用高阶频散曲线.     

土中Love波弥散特性

利用有限单元法及解析法建立和求解了土中Love波特征方程以及位移计算公式．计算结果表明,这一计算方法比纯解析法优越,可以用来分析均质和非均质上中Love波弥散性．本文利用这一方法详细讨论了Love波在上软下硬地基及软夹层地基中的传播特性和弥散特性．上软下硬地基Love波具有弥散性,土层的剪切波及厚度对Love波弥散曲线影响较大,而质量密度的相对变化对Love彼弥散曲线影响较小．软夹层地基中低频时Love波以第一模态波为主,现场所测为第一模态波波速;高频时存在多个高模态波,土中传播的波为这几个高模态波的叠加波,现场所测波速随两传感器的位置不同而有波动．     

旋转运动在地震学中的应用概述

旋转地震学是研究由天然地震、爆破和周围环境振动引起的地面旋转运动的新兴学科。对于它的研究不仅有助于对质点运动(平移运动、旋转运动和形变)进行完整的描述,而且对广义地球物理学,如强地面运动地震学、地震工程学、地震物理学、地震仪器等的研究也有重要指导意义。本文系统介绍了旋转运动在地震学中4个方面的应用。首先,介绍基于平移运动和旋转运动的共同测量,得出了计算远震瑞利波和勒夫波相速度的理论公式,并以西伯利亚地震为例,得出台站附近的相速度结构;其次,利用环形激光仪仅对地震SH波敏感的特性,分离P波和S波,分辨海洋噪声和面波,确定海洋噪声的反方位角;然后,介绍利用旋转传感器对自由振荡的长周期环形模式的观测;最后,对包含旋转观测量的多参数反演问题的重要性和实用性进行了阐述,并分析了旋转地震学研究现存的问题。     

利用地震背景噪声提取西山村滑坡高频面波信号

滑坡体三维速度结构为滑坡治理、灾害防治、风险防范以及理解滑坡的动力学过程提供了关键信息,而高频面波成像是研究浅层速度结构的重要手段.本文详细介绍了利用2016年12月1日在四川理县西山村滑坡上布设的38个仪器记录的三分量连续地震噪声数据,提取1～5Hz的基阶Love波和Rayleigh波经验格林函数,分析了不同参数和处理方法对背景噪声互相关计算结果的影响.结果表明,1天左右的连续波形记录裁剪至1200s的时间长度,进行互相关叠加就可以得到较为稳定的经验格林函数.西山村滑坡体上Love波和Rayleigh波的群速度分别为约400m·s-1和700m·s-1,并且Love波信噪比高于Rayleigh波.此外,我们还利用聚束分析方法对噪声源的位置进行了分析,发现1～5Hz的背景噪声主要来自滑坡东南侧附近杂谷脑河水的搬运作用.这些高频面波数据和噪声源位置为获取滑坡浅层三维速度结构提供了重要输入,同时也为研究滑坡体速度结构随时间的变化提供了基础.     

Love waves in an inhomogeneous fluid saturated porous layered half-space with linearly varying properties

The paper is concerned with the propagation of the Love waves in an inhomogeneous transversely isotropic fluid saturated porous layered half-space with linearly varying properties. The analysis is based on Biot's theory. Firstly, the dispersion equation in the complex form for the Love waves in an inhomogeneous porous layer is derived. Then the equation is solved by an iterative method. Detailed numerical calculation is presented for an inhomogeneous fluid saturated porous layer overlying a purely elastic half-space. The dispersion and attenuation of the Love waves are discussed. In addition, the upper and lower bounds of the Love wave speed are explored.     

基于Love波相速度反演南北地震带地壳上地幔结构

收集了南北地震带区域地震台网中292个地震台站2008年1月至2011年3月期间的地震波形数据,由频时分析方法提取了Love波相速度频散曲线,经过反演得到了研究区内的Love波相速度分布.根据Love波纯路径频散,采用线性反演方法对0.25°×0.25°的网格点进行了一维S波速度结构反演,利用线性插值获取了南北地震带地区的三维S波速度结构.结果显示了松潘—甘孜地体和川滇菱形块体地区的下地壳具有明显的S波低速层分布,该异常分布特征支持解释青藏高原隆升及其地壳物质运移的下地壳流模型.在100至120km深度上,川滇菱形块体西北部呈现较强的S波高速异常,这可能是印度岩石圈板块沿喜马拉雅东构造结下插至该区域所致,该区域下地壳的低速软弱物质与上地幔的高速强硬物质形成了鲜明对比,暗示了地壳和上地幔可能具有不同的构造运动和变形方式,这为该区域的壳幔动力学解耦提供了条件.     

东北地区背景噪声的Rayleigh和Love波相速度层析成像

本文利用中国数字地震台网位于东北地区的122个宽频地震台站的18个月记录的三分量连续地震噪声数据,采用互相关方法提取了Rayleigh和Love波经验格林函数,并利用时频自动分析技术获取了相应的相速度频散曲线.通过反演频散曲线,获得了Rayleigh和Love波周期为8~35s的二维相速度分布.结果表明,东北地区相速度的分布存在横向和垂向的不均匀性.短周期的相速度分布同地表地质构造密切相关,松辽盆地及山间沉积盆地呈现低速异常,而大兴安岭、小兴安岭及东部的一些山岭显示高速异常.随着周期的增加,位于中间的松辽盆地变为高低速相间,两侧的造山带呈现低速异常.这种异常的转变,可能是受构造活动或者莫霍面深度的影响.另外,在周期为20~35s频段内,Rayleigh和Love波同一周期的相速度在松辽盆地和位于吉林地区的郯庐断裂带表现不一致,表明可能存在径向各向异性.     

黏弹介质中勒夫波频散问题的统一解及其动态特征分析

目前完全弹性介质中面波频散特征的研究已较为完善,多道面波分析技术(MASW)在近地表勘探领域也取得了较好的效果,但黏弹介质中面波的频散特征研究依然较少.本文基于解析函数零点求解技术,给出了完全弹性、常Q黏弹和Kelvin-Voigt黏弹层状介质中勒夫波频散特征方程的统一求解方法.对于每个待计算频率,首先根据传递矩阵理论得到勒夫波复频散函数及其偏导的解析递推式,然后在复相速度平面上利用矩形围道积分和牛顿恒等式将勒夫波频散特征复数方程的求根问题转化为等价的连带多项式求解问题,最后通过求解该连带多项式的零点得到多模式勒夫波频散曲线与衰减系数曲线.总结了地层速度随深度递增和夹低速层条件下勒夫波频散特征根在复相速度平面上的运动规律和差异.证明了频散曲线交叉现象在复相速度平面上表现为:随频率增加,某个模式特征根的移动轨迹跨越了另一个模式特征根所在的圆,并给出了这个圆的解析表达式.研究还表明,常Q黏弹地层中的基阶模式勒夫波衰减程度随频率近似线性增加,而Kelvin-Voigt黏弹地层中的基阶模式勒夫波衰减程度随频率近似指数增加,且所有模式总体衰减程度强于常Q黏弹地层中的情况.     

大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景 噪声的勒夫波群速度成像

大别-苏鲁造山带是中国大陆东部地区最重要的构造之一. 为了研究该地区的地壳上地幔速度结构,本文收集了国家数字地震台网和中国区域地震台网的山东、河南、安徽、江苏和湖北等省的144个宽频带地震台连续两年(2009年5月—2011年5月)的水平向地震记录(E分量和N分量)数据,首先对台站对之间E-E,E-N,N-N和N-E分量进行互相关,然后分别对这4个互相关分量采用相位权重叠加法进行叠加,最后旋转到横向分量(T-T)获得勒夫波经验格林函数(EGF);用频时分析(FTAN)方法获得4000余条勒夫波群速度频散曲线,并进一步反演得到了周期为6—40s的勒夫波群速度分布图.结果表明,周期为6—10s的勒夫波群速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合.大别造山带、苏鲁造山带、湖北西部隆起均表现为高速;华北盆地发育,表现为大面积的低速;江汉盆地、南襄盆地、合肥盆地等因其规模不同而显示不同程度的低速.在周期为6—30s的勒夫波群速度分布图上,大别和苏鲁地区均显示高速,已有的研究结果中地壳的低速并没有得到反映.其原因一方面可能与勒夫波群速度纵向分辨不高有关,另一方面高压变质岩深度分布可能比已有研究结果给出的要深. 6—30 s的分布图上郯庐断裂带及其邻近地区表现为不同程度的高速,可能与该地区白垩纪以来处于拉张构造体制,地幔物质受到扰动,造成物质上涌有关.      

Magneto-elastic love waves

Summary The propagation of Love waves under the influence of an externally applied magnetic field is studied. The general phase velocity equation is derived and two special cases when the magnetic field is aligned with and transverse to the direction of wave propagation are discussed. in these cases, it is found that the magneto-elastic problem in hand can be reduced to the corresponding problem in pure elasticity.