4D tomographic reconstruction of the tropospheric wet refractivity using the concept of virtual reference station,case study: northwest of Iran

Iran enjoys a variety of climatological conditions. Moreover, numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are not assimilated with the meteorological data in Iran, the country suffering from poor spatial and temporal resolution of radiosonde measurements. These facts make modeling of troposphere impossible using the measurements and NWP. On the other hand, the global positioning system (GPS) has been emerged as a valuable tool for modeling and remote sensing of Earth’s atmosphere. This research is the first attempt to address the tropospheric wet refractivity modeling by GPS measurements in Iran. Changes of topography in the study area are taken into account. As a leading work, virtual reference stations (VRS) are used to fix the rank deficiency of the problem. The model space resolution matrix is used to achieve the optimum spatial resolution of the tomographic model and the optimum number of VRS stations. The accuracy of the developed model (KNTU1) is investigated by deploying radiosonde measurements.     

Comparisons of Soil Moisture Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and Application to the Simulation of Asia Summer Monsoon Onset

The influence of soil moisture on Asian monsoon simulation/prediction was less studied, partly due to a lack of available and reliable soil moisture datasets. In this study, we firstly compare several soil moisture datasets over the Tibetan Plateau, and find that the remote sensing products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) can capture realistic temporal variations of soil moisture better than the two reanalyses (NCEP and ECMWF) during the pre-monsoon season...     

试用极轨气象卫星遥感监测土壤墒情

讨论了用极轨气象卫星资料监测表层土壤湿度的方法。在建立土壤湿度与卫星遥感资料的关系时，为了消除土壤条件的影响，把全省分为４个区域来研究。考虑了气候条件，植被状况不同的影响，并给出了简单的订正方法，同时也给出了卫星资料的重新地理校正，资料的输出及存储方法等。     

基于改进失水模式和增加建模站点的Palmer旱度模式

根据1965年Palmer旱度模式的思路,在1986年修正版及2003年修正版的基础上,为了使Palmer旱度模式更适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区,通过改进2003年修正的Palmer旱度模式在建模时表层失水模式的假设以及增加建模站点个数两个方面对Palmer旱度模式进行进一步修正。将计算的Palmer指数值与2003年计算的Palmer指数值及一些文献记载的实际旱涝灾情相对照进行验证,结果表明:新修正的Palmer旱度模式能更好地评估旱涝情况,扩大其在我国干旱地区的适用性。     

基于气象要素内插的GPS水汽反演方法研究与精度分析

准确获取测站气压和温度对GPS水汽反演至关重要。由于我国地域辽阔、经济和社会发展的差异较大,我国GPS气象站网有部分站点未布设气象传感器,无法准确获取测站的气压和温度,其对测站上方水汽造成了较大影响。本文提出一种增加高度订正的反距离加权法,并利用全国113个GNSS气象站(包括25个实验站点,88个插值站点)的连续3个月的气象数据对该方法进行验证。结果表明,内插得到的气压和温度的均方差为1.53 hPa和1.18 K,平均偏差为0.94 hPa和0.82 K。精度随着内插站点与实验站点之间高差的增大,偏差随之增大。最后将内插得到的气压和温度应用于GPS水汽解算,并与GPT-2模型的精度对比。内插气象数据得到的PWV(Precipitale Water Vapor)的均方差和平均偏差为0.59 mm和0.38 mm,精度明显优于GPT-2模型。     

Thermal infra-red underflights compared to ERS-1 C-band synthetic aperture radar focusing soil moisture distribution

Summary This paper is focused on the applicability of remotely sensed data of different platforms to determine spatial variability and distribution of soil mositure on a local scale. A plane agricultural test site of 2 km² in Central Europe is the basis for a comparison of simultaneously recorded high resolution (<0.2 m) thermal infra-red data with C-band microwave data (<30 m). In situ measurements link the remote sensing data to ground truth. Heterogeneity in landform, soil and vegetative cover are accounted for in a resolution of less than a hectare. Results of this study show that there is no correlation between backscattering coefficients and brightness temperatures over vegetated fields, but brightness temperature indicates a distribution of plant available water in the root zone. Bare fields in dry conditions demand in-situ determination of soil moisture of the top few millimeters to compare remote sensing data to reliable ground truth.With 7 Figures     

四川盛夏伏旱的MODIS遥感监测方法

本文利用2006～2010年7、8月的MODIS卫星遥感资料、土壤湿度观测资料和Ci综合气象干旱指数,讨论了NDVI-Ts特征空间干、湿边的拟合方法,建立了7～8月各旬的TVDI指数计算模型.根据31个农业气象站点的土壤相对湿度观测资料,获得了5种干旱等级的观测样本,并通过样本类内离散度、类间离散度,以及与土壤相对湿度和Ci指数相关性的比较,对比分析了TVDI和VSWI两种干旱遥感监测方法对四川盛夏伏旱的监测能力,结果表明:对于四川盛夏伏旱的遥感监测来说,用TVDI指数监测比用VSWI指数监测更合适,效果更好,TVDI指数监测到的干旱区比较可靠.     

The analysis of results of remote sensing monitoring of the temperature profile in lower atmosphere in Bergen (Norway)

Considered is the application of MTP-5 meteorological temperature profiler used for the remote sensing of vertical profiles of the air temperature in the planetary boundary layer and the lower one-kilometer layer of the atmosphere. The measurements were carried out in Bergen (Norway) in 2011–2012. The obtained dataset of temperature profiles has temporal resolution of five minutes and vertical resolution of 50 m. The MTP-5 data are complemented with the measurements of the air temperature and the wind taken at two automatic weather stations and with the measurements of the rain intensity made with the rain radar. Studied is the impact of meteorological conditions and precipitation on the MTP-5 readings. It is revealed that formation of a thin water film (of ice or, to a smaller degree, of sleet) on the surface of the sensor cover of MTP-5 has a significant impact on the data of the temperature monitoring. The removal of intensive precipitation (the precipitation rate is >0.2 mm/hour) improved the reliability and quality of the temperature profile monitoring. In particular, it is demonstrated that significant air pollution and stably stratified atmospheric conditions which lead to low temperatures are reliably monitored with this instrument.     

Precipitable water as a predictor of LCL height

Based on the precipitable water observations easily available from in situ and remote sensing sensors, a simple approach to define the lifting condensation level (LCL) is proposed in this study. High-resolution radiosonde and microwave radiometer observations over peninsular Indian region during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment Integrated Ground Observational Campaign (CAIPEEX-IGOC) during the monsoon season of 2011 are used to illustrate the unique relationship. The inferences illustrate a linear relationship between the precipitable water (PW) and the LCL temperature. This relationship is especially valuable because PW is easily available as a derived parameter from various remote sensing and ground-based observations. Thus, it could be used to estimate the LCL height and perhaps also the boundary layer height. LCL height and PW correlations are established from historical radiosonde data (1984–2012). This finding could be used to illustrate the boundary layer-cloud interactions during the monsoon and is important for parameterization of boundary layer clouds in numerical models. The relationships are illustrated to be robust and seem promising to get reasonable estimates of the LCL height over other locations as well using satellite observations of PW.

     

用遥感资料估算深层土壤水分的方法和模型

该文以热惯量法为基础,在EPPL7地理信息系统（GIS）的支持下,考虑土壤质地的影响,探讨了利用NOAA/AVHRR遥感资料估算深层土壤水分的方法和模型。结果表明:表层土壤水分与深层土壤水分之间有较好的非线性关系,可以用遥感得到的表层土壤水分去估算深层土壤水分,且效果优于直接分层建立统计模型。     

The calculation of view factors from fisheye‐lens photographs: Research note

Abstract

Two soil water models, the Versatile Soil Moisture Budget and the Aridity Index Model were used to investigate differences in modelling results as a consequence of using as input mean‐daily data, derived from historical monthly values, instead of actual daily data. Four different available water‐holding capacities, six different initial soil water contents and 30‐year precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data from 16 climate stations across Canada were used as input to the models. Using mean‐daily data as opposed to daily data resulted in model predictions that underestimated deep drainage and aridity indices and overestimated actual evapotranspiration. The differences in model output decreased when the available water‐holding capacity increased and the initial soil water content decreased. The use of mean‐daily data in the soil water models investigated is not recommended, until improved techniques that retain the characteristics of the highly variable weather conditions can be ascertained.     

Cloud vertical distribution from radiosonde,remote sensing,and model simulations

Knowledge of cloud vertical structure is important for meteorological and climate studies due to the impact of clouds on both the Earth’s radiation budget and atmospheric adiabatic heating. Yet it is among the most difficult quantities to observe. In this study, we develop a long-term (10 years) radiosonde-based cloud profile product over the Southern Great Plains and along with ground-based and space-borne remote sensing products, use it to evaluate cloud layer distributions simulated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global forecast system (GFS) model. The primary objective of this study is to identify advantages and limitations associated with different cloud layer detection methods and model simulations. Cloud occurrence frequencies are evaluated on monthly, annual, and seasonal scales. Cloud vertical distributions from all datasets are bimodal with a lower peak located in the boundary layer and an upper peak located in the high troposphere. In general, radiosonde low-level cloud retrievals bear close resemblance to the ground-based remote sensing product in terms of their variability and gross spatial patterns. The ground-based remote sensing approach tends to underestimate high clouds relative to the radiosonde-based estimation and satellite products which tend to underestimate low clouds. As such, caution must be exercised to use any single product. Overall, the GFS model simulates less low-level and more high-level clouds than observations. In terms of total cloud cover, GFS model simulations agree fairly well with the ground-based remote sensing product. A large wet bias is revealed in GFS-simulated relative humidity fields at high levels in the atmosphere.     

青藏高原大气总水汽量的反演研究

利用2001年青藏高原89个气象站资料、NCEP格点再分析资料以及2001—2003年7月3个地基GPS站的大气总水汽量观测资料,对GPS遥感的大气总水汽量与探空观测结果做了比较,研究了大气总水汽量变化对降雨形成的影响,大气总水汽量与地面水汽压的关系,分析了青藏高原大气总水汽量的时空变化特征及其成因。结果表明:GPS遥感的大气总水汽量与探空观测结果吻合得较好,2001年那曲站两种结果相比均方根误差仅0.15 cm;大气总水汽量与地面水汽压之间有良好的相关关系;不同季节高原上基本都存在3个明显的大气总水汽量高值中心:即东南部、西南部和西北部;高原大气总水汽量分布的季节变化与500 hPa风场及整层大气水汽通量的变化关系密切。     

四川省多种土壤水分资料对比分析

从降水响应、指标评估两个方面对比分析了四川省西昌、宜宾和乐至3站2017~2018年CLDAS土壤湿度产品、人工观测和自动土壤水分站3种土壤水分资料。结果表明,3种资料的土壤相对湿度对降水都有较好的响应,其中自动站对土壤水分变化的响应最为明显,而CLDAS的响应则较为平缓,CLDAS体积含水量对降水的响应不如CLDAS相对湿度好,特别是在深层,基本没有响应降水影响。对比评估指标显示,各站土壤相对湿度人工观测与自动站的相关性最好,西昌站3种资料两两间相关性最好,乐至站各资料间的相关性较差,偏差和均方根误差也较大,体积含水量各站各资料间相关性没有相对湿度高。总体看,CLDAS土壤湿度产品,特别是相对湿度在浅层对降水的响应要好于深层,与人工观测和自动站的相关性也好于深层,CLDAS土壤湿度产品在浅层可以弥补四川部分地区自动站稀疏的缺陷。      

Remotely sensed soil moisture integration in an ecosystem carbon flux model. The spatial implication

While remote sensing is able to provide spatially explicit datasets at regional to global scales, extensive application to date has been found only in the reporting and verification of ecosystem carbon fluxes under the Kyoto Protocol. One of the problems is that new remote sensing datasets can be used only with models or data assimilation schemes adapted to include a data input interface dedicated to the type and format of these remote sensing datasets. In this study, soil water index data (SWI), derived from the ERS scatterometer (10-daily time period with a spatial resolution of 50 km), are integrated into the ecosystem carbon balance model C-Fix to assess 10-daily Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) patterns of Europe from the remote sensing perspective on an approximate 1-by-1 km² pixel scale using NDVI-AVHRR data. The modeling performance of NEP obtained with and without the assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture data in the carbon flux model C-Fix is evaluated with EUROFLUX data. Results show a general decrease of the RRMSE of up to 11 with an average of 3.46. C-Fix is applied at the European scale to demonstrate the potential of this ecosystem carbon flux model, based on remote sensing inputs. More specifically, the strong impact of soil moisture on the European carbon balance in the context of the Kyoto Protocol (anthropogenic carbon emissions) is indicated at the country level. Results suggest that several European countries shift from being a carbon sink (i.e., NEP > 1) to being a carbon source (i.e., NEP < 0) whether or not short-term water availability (i.e., soil moisture) is considered in C-Fix NEP estimations.     

Study on Microwave Remote Sensing of Atmosphere, Cloud and Rain

In this paper, recent research of microwave remote sensing of atmosphere, cloud and rain in China is presented. It includes the following aspects:(1) Progress in the development of multifrequency radiometer and its characteristics and parameters;(2) Application of microwave remote sensing in prediction of atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric temperature profiles are derived with 5 mm (54.5 GHz) radiometer angle-scanning observations. Due to the fact that microwave radiometer could monitor the atmospheric temperature profile continuously and make the initialization of numerical model any time, it is helpful for improving the accuracy in prediction of the evolution of atmospheric boundary layer;(3) Theory and application of microwave radiometers in monitoring atmospheric temperature, humidity and water content in cloud. The field experiment of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) at Shionomisaki and Amami Oshima of Japan for studies of cloud and weather has been described;(4) Satellite remote sensing of atmosphere and cloud. The TIROS-N TOVS satellite data are used to obtain at-mospheric temperature profile. The results are compared with those of radiosonde, with rms deviation smaller than that of the current operational TOVS processing;(5) Microwave remote sensing and communication. The atmospheric attenuations are derived with microwave remote sensing methods such as solar radiation method etc., in order to obtain the local value instantaneously. The characteristics of Beijing’s rainfall have been analysed and the probability of microwave attenuation of rain is predicted;(6) For improvement of the accuracy of rainfall measurement, a radiometer-radar system (λ= 3.2 cm) has been developed. The variation of rainfull distribution and area-rainfall may be obtained by its measurements, which may be helpful for hydrological prediction.The prospect of microwave remote sensing in meteorology is also discussed.     

Land remote sensing technology and methodology

Remote sensing is a tool for gathering information about the Earth's surface and monitoring how it changes. A large number of remote sensing systems have been developed that exploit different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and that produce data in different formats at varying scales and costs. These data may be acquired for virtually any place on Earth. A body of manual and automated techniques have evolved for processing and interpreting remote sensing data. The selections of a remote sensing system and of the techniques by which data are processed are driven by information requirements of varying detail and constrained by cost.     

基于遥感信息的华北冬小麦区域生长模型及模拟研究

卫星遥感估产和作物生长模拟在作物监测和产量预测方面有各自不可替代的优势。但是,遥感估产难以揭示作物生长发育和产量形成的内在机理,作物模拟在区域应用时初始值的获取和参数的区域化遇到很多困难。如何利用二者的互补性使其相互结合受到人们关注。该文在Wofost模型本地化和区域化的基础上,首次利用同化法的思路探讨了MODIS遥感信息与华北冬小麦生长模拟模型结合的可行性和方法,初步建立了潜在生产水平(水分适宜条件)下区域遥感-作物模拟框架模型(WSPFRS模型)。模拟结果显示:WSPFRS模型对区域尺度的出苗期重新初始化后,模拟的开花期、成熟期空间分布的准确性比Wofost模拟结果有所改进;利用遥感信息对区域尺度上返青期生物量重新初始化后,模拟贮存器官干重的空间分布更接近实际单产的分布,贮存器官干重的高值区与实际高产区基本相符。该研究将为下一步实际水分供应条件下基于遥感信息的冬小麦区域生长模拟研究奠定了基础。     

Retrieving soil water contents from soil temperature measurements by using linear regression

A simple linear regression method is developed to retrieve daily averaged soil water content from diurnal variations of soil temperature measured at three or more depths. The method is applied to Oklahoma Mesonet soil temperature data collected at the depths of 5, 10, and 30 cm during 11-20 June 1995. The retrieved bulk soil water contents are compared with direct measurements for one pair of nearly collocated Mesonet and ARM stations and also compared with the retrievals of a previous method at 14 enhanced Oklahoma Mesonet stations. The results show that the current method gives more persistent retrievals than the previous method. The method is also applied to Oklahoma Mesonet soil temperature data collected at the depths of 5, 25, 60, and 75 cm from the Norman site during 20-30 July 1998 and 1-31 July 2000. The retrieved soil water contents are verified by collocated soil water content measurements with rms differences smaller than the soil water observation error (0.05m~3 m~(-3)). The retrievals are     

Mapping surface soil moisture with microwave radiometers

Summary Water stored in the soil serves as a reservoir for the evapotranspiration (ET) process on land surfaces, therefore knowledge of the soil moisture content is important for partitioning the incoming solar radiation into latent and sensible heat components. There is no remote sensing technique which directly observes the amount of water in this reservoir, however microwave remote sensing at long wavelengths (>10 cm) can give estimates of the moisture stored in the surface 5-cm layer of the soil. This approach is based on the large dielectric contrast between water and dry soil, resulting in emissivity changes from 0.96 for a dry smooth soil to less than 0.6.In this paper, basic relationships between soil moisture and emissivity are described using both theory and observations from various platforms. The ability of the approach to be extended to large regions has been demonstrated in several aircraft mapping experiments, e.g., FIFE, Monsoon 90, Washita 92 and HAPEX Sahel. Some results from Monsoon 90 are presented here. Applications of these soil moisture maps in runoff prediction, rainfall estimation, determining the direct evaporation from the soil surface and serving as a boundary condition for soil profile models are presented.With 10 Figures