北黄海中部及四十里湾海域甲藻孢囊种类多样性研究

从2008年至2011年,采集了北黄海和烟台四十里湾海域共49个站点的表层沉积物的样品,并对沉积物中的甲藻孢囊进行鉴定。研究发现41种孢囊,隶属于16属：其中,原多甲藻（Protoperidinium?sp.）孢囊Brigantedinium?aymmetricum?Matsuoka为中国海域新记录种。塔马/链状亚历山大藻Alexandrium?tamarense?/?catenella、微小/相似亚历山大藻Alexandrium?minutum?/?affine、网状原角管藻Protoceratium?reticulatum和膝沟藻Gonyaulax?spp.的孢囊是北黄海中部海域孢囊优势种;膝沟藻Gonyaulax?sp.（Spiniferites?bentori?var.?truncata）、具刺膝沟藻Gonyaulax?spinifera（Spiniferites?hyperacanthus）和网状原角管藻P.?reticulatum的孢囊在烟台四十里湾占优势。另外,研究中还发现三种产虾夷扇贝毒素（YTX）甲藻（具刺膝沟藻G.?spinifera、多边舌甲藻Lingulodinium?polyedra和网状原角管藻P.?reticulatum）的孢囊,在芝罘岛到北黄海中部海域都有较高丰度的分布,另三种产麻痹性贝类毒素（PSP）甲藻（塔马/链状亚历山大藻A.?tamarense?/?catenella、微小/相似亚历山大藻A.?minutum?/?affine和链状裸甲藻Gymnodinium?catenatum）的孢囊,在北黄海中部丰度很高。因此,应加强这些海域的甲藻孢囊监测和研究,预防有毒甲藻赤潮的爆发。最后,通过对比分析北黄海中部及烟台四十里湾这两个海域甲藻孢囊分布特征和环境特征的差异,进一步证明了人类活动对近岸海洋生态环境的影响。     

三沙湾海域沉积物中甲藻休眠孢囊的初步研究

通过对福建三沙湾海域50个站位海底沉积物进行研究，共发现9属20种甲藻休眠孢囊。其中，有毒种类2种：Alexandrium minutun、A.tamarense,有害种类4种：Alexandrium affine、Gonyaulax spinifera、Lingulodinium polyedraum、Scripp-siella trochoidea。文中对孢囊的形态与丰度、分布特征进行了初步研究。     

Preliminary study on taxonomy of dinoflagellate cysts from major estuary and bays of Fujian Province, China

According to the morphology, wall structure, color, ornamentation, etc. , 25 speciesbelonging to 9 genera are identified and described from 144 sediment samples of the Xiamen Harbor, the mouth of the Minjiang River and the Sansha Bay. Among them there are 2 toxic species: Alexandrium minutun, A. tamarenes, 4 harmful species: Alexandrium affine, Lingulodinium polyedrum , Scrippsiella trochoide, Gonyaulax spinifera. It shows that 11 species of dinoflagellate cysts (Alexandrium affine, A. minutum , Diplopelta cf. parva , Polykrikos cf. schwartzii, protoceratium reticulatum ,Protoperidinium minutum ,P. cf. minutum,P. cf americanum and Alexandrium sp. , Protoperidinium sp. 1, P . sp. 2) are first recorded along the coast of Fujian Province, China. These newly discovered species might be transported to the coastal sea of Fujian Province by ballast water of international trade vessels.     

福建兴化湾海域沉积物中的甲藻孢囊记录

通过对福建兴化湾海域表层和柱状沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分析,共鉴定出10 属29种(含不定种)甲藻孢囊.其中发现有毒种类7种:微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)、多环旋沟藻(Cochlodinium polykrikoides)、多边舌甲藻(Lingulodinium polyedrum)、具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)、链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)、网状原角管藻(Protoceratium reticulatum)和锥藻斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea).表层沉积物中总甲藻孢囊丰度值在13～88粒/g之间,柱状沉积物中总甲藻孢囊的丰度在40～105粒/g以内.通过与周边其他海域甲藻孢囊属种组成及丰度值对比,表明兴化湾甲藻孢囊的丰度值较高,并且7种有毒种类的存在对该海域发生有毒有害赤潮构成潜在威胁,相关政府部门及周围居民应加以重视和防范.     

南麂列岛海域沉积物中甲藻孢囊的多样性和分布

南麂列岛地处亚热带海域,是台湾暖流和江浙沿岸流的交汇处,因而呈现出很好的生物多样性。据调查,南麂列岛附近海域已鉴定的浮游植物甲藻有53种,而到目前为止,对南麂列岛海域甲藻的休眠孢囊种类和分布的调查仍为空白。本文通过对2014年南麂列岛附近海域沉积物中甲藻孢囊的调查研究,在该海域共发现甲藻孢囊10属26种,其中,种类最多的是原多甲藻属(Protoperidinium),有10种;其次是斯氏藻属(Scrippsiella)和亚历山大藻属(Alexandrium),分别有4种,膝沟藻属(Gonyaulax)2种,舌甲藻属(Lingulodinium)、易碎藻属(Fragilidium)、扁甲藻属(Pyrophacus)、翼藻属(Diplopsalis)、裸甲藻属(Gymnodinium)和多沟藻属(Polykrikos)各1种。这些甲藻孢囊中,异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊各13种,自养型甲藻孢囊在数量上所占比例较大(79%)。2014年南麂列岛海域甲藻孢囊丰度较低,每毫升沉积物能检测出2—33个;夏、秋季的孢囊丰富度较高;岙口等相对开放海域的孢囊丰度明显高于岙内各站点。值得注意的是,三种有毒甲藻孢囊,塔玛/相似亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense/affine),具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)和多边舌甲藻(Lingulodinium polyedra)的孢囊也在样品中检出,并且分别占春季、夏季和秋季孢囊总丰度的37%、23%和27%。本研究为完善南麂列岛甲藻的物种多样性提供了依据。     

胶州湾表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分布

为了解胶州湾表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分布特征,于2015年7月采集胶州湾12个站位的表层沉积物进行甲藻孢囊分析,共鉴定甲藻孢囊37种(分属5个类群)和2种未定种,包括自养型20种和异养型17种,优势种为膝沟藻。其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数[H′(log2)]介于2.84—3.91,平均值为3.42;均匀度指数介于0.75—0.98,平均值为0.88,总体值较高。胶州湾海域各站位的甲藻孢囊丰度介于96—969cyst/g DW(干重),平均丰度为401cyst/g DW,呈现出临近湾口处丰度较高,而湾内较低的空间分布差异特征。尤其值得注意的是,有两种产虾夷扇贝毒素(Yessotoxin,YTX)甲藻[具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)和多边舌甲藻(Lingulodinium polyedrum)]的孢囊和3种产麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP)甲藻[塔玛/链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella/tamarense)、微小/相似亚历山大藻(A.minutum/affine)和链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)]的孢囊在胶州湾海域大多数站位均有分布,尽管其数量不高,但其广泛的分布范围仍需引起我们的重视。     

罗源湾口柱状沉积物中的甲藻孢囊

通过对福建罗源湾口海域KMZK5柱状沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分析,共鉴定出15属30种甲藻孢囊。对比发现这30种甲藻孢囊是该湾以前未被记录的种类。其中12种是附近海域也未曾发现的种类,6种为有毒种类:缘亚历山大藻、小型亚历山大藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、具刺膝沟藻、链状裸甲藻、锥状斯氏藻.同时对甲藻孢囊的主要属种和有毒种类的丰度、分布在垂直方向上的变化特征进行了初步研究.     

罗源湾口柱状沉积物中的甲藻孢囊

通过时福建罗源湾口海域KMZK5柱状沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分析，共鉴定出15属30种甲藻孢囊，对比发现这30种甲藻孢囊是该湾以前未被记录的种类．其中12种是附近海域也未曾发现的种类，6种为有毒种类：缘亚历山大藻、小型亚历山大藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、具剌膝沟藻、链状裸甲藻、锥状斯氏藻，同时对甲藻孢囊的主要属种和有毒种类的丰度、分布在垂直方向上的变化特征进行了初步研究。     

浙江梅山湾表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊分布和多样性研究

甲藻孢囊可以为赤潮提供种源, 还可用于指示海区富营养化状态。以往对甲藻孢囊分布的研究多集中于开放性水域和自然形成的海湾中, 在半封闭性人工海湾中的研究较少。梅山湾原属南北开放水域, 但于2012~2017年在向陆侧建设了北坝和南坝, 使其成为半封闭式人工海湾。通过对梅山湾内外海域采集到的6份表层沉积物样品分析, 共鉴定出37种甲藻孢囊, 其丰度介于237~1 054 cysts/g。甲藻孢囊平均丰度湾内高于湾外, 推测是筑堤后湾内水动力减弱, 悬浮物质浓度降低, 水体透明度升高, 水中颗粒物质沉积速率降低和水体富营养化所导致。调查海域甲藻孢囊物种多样性指数介于1.63~2.47, 均匀度指数介于0.58~0.82, 两者湾外均显著高于湾内, 反映出湾内生态系统稳定性更弱, 发生赤潮的可能性更高。研究共检出16种赤潮种和9种有毒甲藻孢囊, 产毒种及赤潮种丰度和种类占比湾内都高于湾外, 优势种有原多甲藻(Protoperidinium sp.)、美利坚原多甲藻(Protoperidinium americanum)、透镜翼甲藻(Diplopsalis lenticula)、微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)、链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)。“筑堤效应”加剧了湾内外表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊分布的差异性, 也加重了湾内有毒有害赤潮发生的风险, 故应重视对湾内有毒有害甲藻的监测。     

桂山岛海域甲藻孢囊的分布与浮游植物休眠体萌发研究

为了了解珠江口桂山岛海域甲藻孢囊的分布及浮游植物休眠体的萌发状况,以揭示赤潮发生潜势,于2009年1月采集了珠江口桂山岛海域表层沉积物样品,对沉积物中甲藻孢囊的种类和数量进行分析,并对浮游植物休眠体进行了萌发试验。结果表明,桂山岛海域甲藻孢囊有21种,原多甲藻类孢囊在种类数上占优势。甲藻孢囊密度较低,为110~315个/g,平均为202个/g,养殖区密度高于非养殖区。异养型甲藻孢囊百分比含量较高,表明了该海域较高的富营养化程度。活体孢囊密度百分比达61.8%,说明表层沉积物中存在大量未萌发的活性孢囊,为赤潮暴发埋下了隐患。萌发的浮游植物种类数较少,为19属22种。20 d和40 d萌发的浮游植物细胞平均密度分别为490个/g和264个/g。萌发的甲藻优势种为Biecheleriopsis adriatica,其次为锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea);萌发的硅藻主要以中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvistus)和舟形藻(Navicula sp.)占优势。桂山岛海域有毒有害甲藻孢囊的广泛分布以及潜在赤潮种类的大量萌发,表明该海域有较高的赤潮发生风险。     

北黄海表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分布特征

2009年和2010年采集北黄海15个站位的表层沉积物样品进行甲藻孢囊分析,共鉴定出甲藻孢囊28种(隶属13个属)和2种未定种,优势种为膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spp.)、塔马/链状亚历山大藻(Alexandriumcatenella/tamarense)和微小/相似亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutu...     

Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediment from Guangxi, China

Total of 33 species of dinoflagellate cysts were discovered from surface sediment in the searegion of Guangxi, among them 12 cyst types (Diplopsalopsis sp.1, D. sp. 2, D. sp. 3, Cochlodinium sp., Protoperidinium sp. 1, P. sp. 2, P. compressum , Scrippsiella sp. 1, S. sp. 2, Alexandrium sp. 1, A. sp. 2, A. sp. 3) were first reported from the South China Sea. And one cyst type (Cochlodinium sp.) was first reported in the world. Scrippsiella trochoidea is the dominant species in this area, accounting for 45% of all the cysts. There are 2 cysts of toxic dinoflagellate (Alexandrium tamarensis and Gymnodinium catenatum). But there is no relationship between cyst number and grain size distribution.     

Abundance and distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Xiamen Western Harbor

In a grid investigation, dinoflagellate cysts were collected from sediments in Xiamen Western Harbor in May of 2000, from which five species of cysts were identified: Alexandrium tamarensis, A. minutum, Lingulodinium polyedra, Gonyaulax scrippsae and Gymnodinium catenatum, account for about 21% in the species composition. The quanti-tative analysis of the sediments shows that the number of dinoflagellate cysts varies from 51 to 256 cysts/g of sediment, the highest value (>200 cysts/g) being recorded at the stations of the central part of the bay, while the lowest (<100 cysts/g) at the bay mouth. A good linear relationship is found between cyst amount and fine-grained sediments. Complex physiognomies on the seabed, topographty in the bay and weak water exchange are the main factors not only in cyst accumulation but also in their distribution pattern, and have resulted in the difference in cyst densities between the inner bay and the outer bay in the harbor.     

Abundance and distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in Xiamen Western Harbor

In a grid investigation, dinoflagellate cysts were collected from sediments in Xiamen Western Harbor in May of 2000,from which five species of cysts were identified: Alexandrium tamarensis, A. minutum, Lingulodinium polyedra,Gonyaulax scrippsae and Gymnodinium catenatum, account for about 21% in the species composition. The quantitative analysis of the sediments shows that the number of dinoflagellate cysts varies from 51 to 256 cysts/g of sediment, the highest value (>200 cysts/g) being recorded at the stations of the central part of the bay, while the lowest (＜100 cysts/g) at the bay mouth. A good linear relationship is found between cyst amount and fine-grained sediments. Complex physiognomies on the seabed, topographty in the bay and weak water exchange are the main factors not only in cyst accumulation but also in their distribution pattern, and have resulted in the difference in cyst densities between the inner bay and the outer bay in the harbor.     

大亚湾大鹏澳海域表层沉积物中浮游植物休眠体集群的季节变化

于2007年4月至2008年3月对大亚湾大鹏澳海域表层沉积物中浮游植物休眠体进行了每月1次的周年调查.本调查分析鉴定出浮游植物休眠体79种,包括甲藻孢囊50种,硅藻休眠体26种.浮游植物休眠体丰度没有明显的季节变化规律,变化范围为217～6 764 cells/cm3,平均为1 376 cells/cm3;鱼类养殖区休眠体丰度较高,平均丰度为1 999 cells/cm3.浮游植物休眠体在数量上以硅藻为主,甲藻次之,而在鱼类养殖区也出现了较高的蓝藻休眠体.硅藻休眠体的平均丰度为783 cells/cm3,百分比含量为56.9%,从而反映了该海域硅藻型浮游植物群落结构.甲藻孢囊丰度的变化范围在79～1 237 cells/cm3,位于湾口对照区丰度较高,年平均为733 cells/cm3,而鱼类养殖区和贝类养殖区平均值分别为502、388 cells/cm3.异养型甲藻孢囊的种类和数量均比较丰富,其百分比含量为26.7%～82.4%.研究结果显示,在富营养化程度较高的养殖区海域,硅藻休眠体和异养型甲藻孢囊百分率均较高,而鱼类养殖区还出现了较高蓝藻孢子丰度.本次调查中还出现了易碎藻和艉杆藻等在本海域浮游植物调查中未记录种类的孢囊,有毒有害赤潮生物的休眠体如亚历山大藻、链状裸甲藻、旋沟藻、巴哈马梨甲藻孢囊等也在此次调查中频繁出现,说明大亚湾海域存在较大的有毒有害赤潮发生的风险.