利用流体包裹体分析技术研究地震和断层活动的进展

矿物中的流体包裹体记录了地球古流体的形成和演化、矿物的形成环境等各种地质信息。利用微区微量测量技术测定断裂带脉石矿物流体包裹体可以获得断层和地震活动的信息,延长认识地震复发周期的时间,对确定地震活动规律有重要意义。迄今为止,地震流体研究主要是关于宏观区域流体(水和气体)变化规律及其与地震的关系,对微区微量流体的研究很少。本文扼要介绍了地震和构造活动中流体作用与流体包裹体拉曼光谱测量技术,综述了流体包裹体(FI)分析在地震与断裂活动方面的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的领域,以期促进微区微量地震流体研究和应用。     

地貌学和地震危险性

作者分析了地貌学在地震危险性研究中的贡献:定义为地震危险性、地震敏感性和易损性的函数。应用于地震危险性估计的地貌学研究可以划分成两个分支:(a)新构造形态学的研究,导向鉴定活动构造;(b)地貌的和形态测量的分析,目的在于识别放大或减小地震敏感性的特定状态。新构造形态学的研究导致对与活动构造相联系的地貌特征的鉴定、选择及分类。能制约地震敏感性的最主要的地貌状态是坡度角、碎石、形态、剥蚀坡度、古滑坡及地下溶洞。     

活跃的学术思想 严谨的学术作风——活动构造学奠基人之一邓起东院士学术思想的探索

正著名地质学家邓起东院士是中国活动构造学的奠基人之一,长期从事构造地质学、活动构造学、地震地质学、地球动力学、地震区划和工程地震研究。对中国活动构造和地震构造有深入的研究,对走滑、挤压和拉张等不同类型构造的几何学、运动学和形成机制有创造性发展,建立和发展了活动构造大比例尺填图技术,发展了古地震学研究,领导了全国活动构造地质填     

小型无人机(sUAV)在基岩区古地震研究选点中的应用

随着断层面形貌测量、宇宙成因核素测年等技术的发展,基岩断层面成为在基岩区古地震研究的良好研究对象。但是,受沟谷侵蚀、沉积覆盖和人为改造等非构造因素影响,并非所有出露的基岩断层面都能完整记录和保存古地震信息。因此,必须在基岩断层面上选择合适的研究点。传统的野外测量方法耗时费力,难以掌握基岩断层面的整体信息,即使通过高分辨率卫星影像也无法获得基岩断层面的精细结构。小型无人机航测(sUAV)采用低空摄影测量技术,可快速获取基岩断层面高精度的地表三维结构,为筛选目标工作点提供便利。文中以山西地堑系六棱山北麓断裂的马家窑基岩断坎为例,采用小型无人机航测结合SfM摄影测量技术,获得了基岩断层面的高精度三维地形数据,通过精细地貌解译和断层坎剖面分析识别了沿断层坎分布的崩塌破坏、沉积埋藏和侵蚀剥露等非构造因素,分析了侵蚀、埋藏和构造这3种典型的基岩断层面的形态特征,选取了适合开展古地震研究的基岩断层面点,展现了小型无人机在基岩区古地震研究工作中发挥的重要应用潜力。     

延怀盆地设定地震浅析

通过延怀盆地构造背景、新构造活动、古地震等资料的分析,综合构造应力场模拟、构造类比、大震离逝率、孕震蓄能等因素及由经验公式推断的研究结果,对延怀盆地设定地震相关参数进行了研究.结果表明,延怀盆地设定地震的震级上限为7,发震断层为方家冲一营门矿段断层,震源深度为10 km左右.     

地震危险区的边界划分探讨

本文针对目前地震危险区边界划分上存在的问题,从地震地质和地震构造的角度,结合测震学方法进行了分析,指出地震分布和地震危险区边界划定与活动构造有密切的联系。依据这一思想,阐明了构造活动与地震活动的关系,初步提出了地震危险区边界判析的原则,即把地震危险区限制在一定的地震构造区(带);其边界依据活动构造划定;在地震危险区内部进行发震构造条件研究,并对这些发震构造(活断层)进行活动度分析;分层次地对地震危险区范围及其危险度进行确定。 本文着重进行了活动构造的研究,对中国大陆的活断层、新生代盆地、地形面以及古地震等作了活动时代、活动性质、活动强度等多方面的论述。     

可可托海-二台活断层的大地震复现期

可可托海一二台活断层(简称二台断层)是1931年富蕴8级地震的发震构造。在这条断层上地震历史的文字记载资料很少,19S1年综合研究富蕴地震断裂带时曾在地表发现过不少古地震遗迹。现代活断层研究,开挖已成为重要手段之一,藉以查明古地震事件、大地震复现期和断层活动速率。最近,我们在二台断层北起海子口、南至干沟等几个地段进行了大规模开挖,揭露出许多被掩埋的古地震遗迹,对解决二台断层的大震复现期和活动速率提供了依据     

漳州好坑古地裂缝及其构造意义

作者在福建漳州盆地进行新构造研究期间,在漳州市以东约10公里处的好坑村(图1)发现了发育较好的晚更新世(Q_3)地层剖面及其中发育的规模较大的古地裂缝。这一发现,为人们提供了一个可供野外观测研究的新构造现象,这对于研究该地区第四纪时期的构造应力场、地震活动以及构造与地热资源形成分布的关系等均具有一定意义。本文介绍了发现的新地层、古地裂缝的基本特征及其构造涵义     

探槽技术在古地震研究中的应用

在活动构造研究中,开挖探槽,发现隐藏于地下的古地震活动迹象是一项重要的突破。通过详细论述探槽方法研究古地震的原理及选点布槽、设计开挖、探槽记录、采集年龄样品等环节,较系统地总结了探槽研究古地震的整个工作流程。     

后差分GPS测量则木河断裂地震微地貌特征

地震微地貌是研究古地震的重要证据。 发生在则木河断裂带上的1850年地震的地表破裂带在人类活动较少的地区得以保存完好。 研究区内地形起伏大, 断塞塘、 断层陡坎、 鼓包等微地震地貌特征明显, 在三维视图内可直观反映测量区内的这些地貌特征。 利用后差分GPS方法测量断裂活动形成的地震微地貌, 水平测量精度可达0.5 m, DEM精度可到一个像元1 m, 是定量化研究地震微地貌的一种新方法。 测量结果表明, 大箐梁子顶部七条干沟对应多次古地震事件; 大箐梁子顶部鼓包被断裂断错, 断塞塘沉积区向南迁移, 鼓包最新断错约4 m, 大箐村南山坡形成50 cm高断层陡坎。 说明大箐梁子一带地震活动性较强, 且以挤压构造为主。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.