失水过程中的土壤孔隙比―含水量―吸力关系

当土体总应力状态保持不变时,基质吸力的提高是导致孔隙水排水、土样体积收缩、孔隙结构改变的根本原因,通过吸力可以将土壤收缩曲线和土水特征曲线联系起来进行比对研究。采用广义有效应力原理分析超固结土样和正常土样的失水过程,结果表明:超固结土样中存在着相应的先期固结压力的吸力值,称之为先期固结吸力ψc。当土样吸力小于ψc时,超固结土样和正常固结土样的收缩曲线、土水特征曲线不同:超固结土孔隙比随吸力提高而减小的坡度较缓,约等于土样的回弹再压缩指数,土样处于结构性收缩阶段;先期固结压力越大,土水特征曲线的进气值越高。当土样吸力高于ψc时,超固结土样和正常固结土样的收缩曲线、土水特征曲线重合。     

等吸力三轴剪切试验中非饱和黄土强度变形及水量变化特性

通过饱和原状黄土常规三轴试验和非饱和原状黄土等吸力三轴试验研究吸力和净围压对非饱和黄土强度变形的影响,并用HUANG等、胡冉等和方祥位等提出的土水特征曲线模型分析剪切过程中排水规律。研究结果表明：等吸力下原状土样固结剪切体积变形随净围压增大而增大;等净围压下原状土样固结剪切体积变形量随吸力的增大基本呈减小趋势。p-q平面内饱和土CSL线逐渐超过低吸力下非饱和土CSL线,原因在于随着p值增大,相对于非饱和土,饱和土孔隙比越来越小,较小孔隙比对抗剪强度的贡献逐渐大于非饱和土吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。应用固结稳定的数据拟合出HUANG等和胡冉等提出的模型参数,并预测剪切过程中的排水量,发现剪切速率对排水量有影响,这两种模型适用于剪切速率慢,排水充分的情况,而方祥位等提出的模型对不同剪切速率会拟合出不同的参数。     

干密度对击实黄土震陷性影响的试验研究

干密度是表征黄土地基振密、挤密处理后土体紧密程度的一个重要物理指标。本文通过对不同干密度的非饱和击实土样的震陷试验,研究了干密度对击实黄土震陷性的定量影响规律,建立了击实黄土的震陷曲线方程,得到了不同振次下干密度与震陷系数的定量关系。文中提出了由干密度算不同振次和任一动应力下击实黄土震陷系数的经验公式,并为黄土地基抗震陷处理初步提供了干密度波速、标贯和孔隙比等方面的标准。     

珠江三角洲海相沉积软土压缩和剪切变形特性试验研究

为了研究近代海相沉积软土的变形特征,本文对珠江三角洲河口地区的全新世海相沉积的软土进行了室内单轴压缩与不同围压下作用下的三轴固结不排水(CU)、不固结不排水(UU)的剪切试验。试验结果表明:原状土和重塑土样的孔隙比随压力的增大而下降,且与加压方式有密切关系,加压幅度越小,土的扰动破坏越小;原状土样固结系数随着压力增加而递减,整体近似符合指数函数分布,重塑土样固结系数随着压力增加逐渐增大,整体近似符合线性函数分布。在相同的固结压力下,原状土样的强度低于重塑土样的强度。土样的应力应变曲线为应变硬化型,且围压对重塑土的影响小于原状土。     

蒙脱石晶体胀缩规律及其与基质吸力关系研究

研究了饱和、非饱和膨胀土中对膨胀土工程力学特性有重要作用的胀缩性矿物──蒙脱石晶体的膨胀、收缩变化规律, 将蒙脱石晶体中晶层之间的各种作用综合归纳为收缩和膨胀两种作用势, 并通过实验研究和分析, 给出了膨胀势和收缩势随层间距变化的表述公式, 以及非饱和膨胀土基质吸力随层间距的变化规律, 为进一步研究膨胀土的胀缩机理和非饱和土的基质吸力势提供了一种新的理论基础和研究途径.     

南阳膨胀土在受荷的湿干循环过程中细观结构演化规律研究

为了研究浅层膨胀土的细观结构在湿干循环过程中的演化规律,研制了可以进行CT扫描的CT-固结仪。在不同压力作用下对南阳膨胀土的原状样及其重塑土样进行多组多次湿干循环试验,并对每次烘干和增湿稳定后的试样进行CT扫描,跟踪观察湿干循环过程中试样的细观结构变化。结果表明:在湿干循环中,土样的膨胀量和收缩量都比较大,经历三次湿干循环之后,相同饱和度下土样体积基本不再变化;增湿和干燥都能使原状膨胀土及其重塑土的结构损伤,第一次烘干之后,土样即产生明显裂隙;随着湿干循环次数的增加,土样裂隙继续开展,土样结构损伤发生累积;上部荷载对裂隙开展有一定抑制作用,并影响裂隙的发育和裂隙网络的形状;原状膨胀土的裂隙围绕第一次形成的主裂隙发育,而重塑膨胀土的裂隙呈龟背状或辐射状;原状膨胀土及其重塑土在湿态(饱和度S_r=85%)时的CT数M_E值均较干态(饱和度S_r=25%)时的M_E值大;湿态和干态的ME值均随湿干循环次数呈近似线性变化,前者的坡度比较平缓,后者则较陡;基于CT数据定义了膨胀土的细观结构参数,提出定量描述湿干循环过程中膨胀土细观结构参数与试样饱和度、湿干循环次数及所受荷载的数学表达式,预测结果与试验资料比较接近。      

非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法研究进展

总结并分析了在非饱和土边坡稳定性评价方面的研究成果与新进展。首先总结了影响非饱和土边坡稳定性的各种因素,介绍了将基质吸力引入到各种非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法中不同的实现思路,并讨论了这些方法的优点和不足;然后结合黄土和膨胀土两类非饱和土的特殊性质探讨了这两类土的边坡稳定性分析的研究现状和面临的问题,提出了将非饱和土力学普遍规律与黄土、膨胀土的特殊性相结合是有效解决和发展新的非饱和黄土、膨胀土边坡稳定性评价方法的主要思路和研究方向。     

降雨及蒸发条件下地裂缝研究

工程中所遇到的土体大多数以非饱和土形态存在。以海南地区的特殊土红粘土为研究对象,在对其进行土—水特性研究的基础上,认为Van Genuchten模型较好地反映了海南红粘土饱和度与基质吸力的关系。结合Bishop提出的非饱和土的有效应力表达式,分析了降雨及蒸发下地裂缝的发展机制。通过数值算例发现,在非饱和土中,静止土压力系数不再保持不变,而是随着深度和稳定流流量的变化而变化,与饱和土中的静止土压力系数的性质有很大不同,这在工程实际中对支挡结构的设计具有重要的指导意义;在非饱和土中,由于静止土压力系数存在负值,容易产生地裂缝,且在蒸发条件下,最大地裂缝深度理论上比在无渗流和降雨条件下的大。     

饱和粉土液化和应变特性试验研究

对取自徐州市棠张镇拟建京沪高速铁路路基的粉土,在试验室内按不同的干密度和细粒含量进行重塑,完成了三组不同干密度和四组不同细粒含量的振动三轴液化试验。分析了粉土干密度和细粒含量对饱和粉土抗液化强度的影响;通过曲线拟合方法建议了粉土振动液化过程中的孔压增长模型和永久应变势模型,给出了模型参数。     

固原重塑黄土动力特性共振柱试验研究

利用GCTS共振柱测试仪研究了干密度和固结压力对固原黄土重塑土动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响及试验数据误差的基本规律。通过设计不同工况的试验条件,对比分析结果表明:相同含水率条件下,最大动剪切模量G_(dmax)随固结压力和干密度的增大而增大。相同干密度条件下,黄土的动剪切模量比随围压的增大而增大;阻尼比随围压的增大而减小;相同围压条件下,黄土动剪切模量比随干密度的增大而增大,阻尼比随干密度的增大而减小;不同剪应变特征点的动剪切模量比和阻尼比试验数据呈现一定的离散性,且离散程度阻尼比明显高于动剪切模量比。研究成果可为该地区场地地震反应分析及工程建设提供基础资料。     

On estimating the hydraulic properties of soil,Part 1. Comparison between forms to estimate the soil-water characteristic function

The hydraulic properties of soil include the soil-water characteristic function [h(θ), in which θ is water content and h is pressure head (suction)], and the hydraulic conductivity function [K(θ) or K(h)]. These functions are essential to the solution of unsaturated groundwater flow problems. A number of empirical and semiempirical forms have been proposed in the literature to estimate these functions. The present paper employs a nonlinear least-square analysis for comparison between some of the available forms, using a large number of experimental measurements of h(θ) for different classes of soil. Suitability of the forms for predicting the hydraulic conductivity function is examined. In the absence of accurate measurements, the paper facilitates modeling by providing estimates for the parameters of the soil-water characteristic function.     

The influence of water retention curve hysteresis on the stability of unsaturated soil slopes

Hysteresis is a common feature exhibited in hydraulic properties of an unsaturated soil. The movement of wetting front and the hysteresis effect are important factors which impact the shear strength of the unsaturated soil and the mechanics of shallow landslides. These failures are mainly triggered by the deepening of the wetting front accompanied by a decrease in matric suction induced by infiltration. This research establishes a method for determining a stability analysis of unsaturated infinite soil slopes, integrating the influence of infiltration and the water retention curve hysteresis. Furthermore, the present stability analysis method including the infiltration model and the advanced Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion calculates the variations of the safety factor (FS) in accordance with different slope angle, depth and hydrological processes. The experimentally measured data on the effect of hysteresis are also carried out for comparison. Numerical analyses, employing both wetting and drying hydraulic behaviour of unsaturated soil, are performed to study the difference in soil‐water content as observed in the experiments. The simulating approximations also fully responded to the experimental data of sand box. The results suggest that the hysteresis behaviour affect the distribution of soil‐water content within the slope indeed. The hysteresis made the FS values a remarkable recovery during the period of non‐rainfall in a rainfall event. The appropriate hydraulic properties of soil (i.e. wetting or drying) should be used in accordance with the processes that unsaturated soil actually experience. This method will enable us to acquire more accurate matric suction head and the unsaturated soil‐shear strength as it changes with the hysteretic flow, in order to calculate into the stability analysis of shallow landslides. An advanced understanding of the process mechanism afforded by this method is critical to realizing a reliable and appropriate design for slope stabilization. It also offers some immediate reference information to the disaster reduction department of the government. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Horizontal soil-water intake through a thin zone of reduced permeability

One-dimensional, horizontal soil-water absorption through a thin zone of constant nonzero hydraulic resistance is examined theoretically and experimentally. Mathematically, this involves a numerical solution, as well as a similarity reduction of the problem for early to intermediate times. The flow equations are transformed by introducing a dimensionless parameter, which enables the solution for any value of thin-zone resistance to be obtained from the solution for a given known thin-zone resistance. At the inlet boundary between the thin zone and the soil column, the soil-water content increases with time to approach the saturated value. The cumulative absorption of water by the soil column increases more than proportionally with the square root of time for early and intermediate times, and approaches a square-root-of-time proportionality at large times. For both the soil-water content at the inlet boundary and the cumulative water absorption by the soil column, simple expressions arise from the similarity-reduction analysis, which is based on specific functional forms of the soil-water diffusivity and suction head. For early to intermediate times of flow, the similarity-reduction analysis describes adequately the calculated numerical-solution flow data for Yolo soil, as well as the measurements obtained experimentally on Salkum silty clay loam.     

Study of swelling-shrinkage regularity of montmorillonite crystal and its relation with matric suction

The swell-shrinking mineral of saturated and unsaturated expansive soil has important effect on engineering mechanical behavior. Based on the swelling-shrinkage change regularity of montmorillonite crystal in this paper, the actions between various interlayers of montmorillonite crystal are generally summarized as two kinds of action potentials-shrinkage potential and swelling potential. Moreover, through the experimental research and analysis, the expression formula for variations of the swelling potential and shrinkage potential with interlayer distance is presented, and the regularity of matric suction variations with interlayer distance is also obtained for unsaturated expansive soil. It may provide a new theoretical basis and research path for further research on the swelling-shrinkage mechanism of expansive soil and matric suction potential of unsaturated soil.     

Infiltration measurements—a review

Infiltration theory developed from Richards' equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil is outlined and used as a basis for considering measurements made with ring infiltrometers, rainfall simulators and tension infiltrometers. In particular, the three-dimensional soil-water flow occurring with many of these measurement techniques is considered. Complicating factors of soil heterogeneity, soil swelling and shrinking, and soil aggregation, that limit the interpretation of field measurements using classical theory, are discussed.     

Small-scale heterogeneity and soil-moisture variability in the unsaturated zone

The distribution of water within a soil profile can only be partly explained by the time distribution and rate of surface-water input. Observed differences in soil moisture within the unsaturated zone result from the interaction of surface-water inputs with spatially inhomogeneous soil characteristics. Water which initially percolates vertically is differentially impeded as a result of subtle textural changes in the soil, and is then preferentially retained in such zones of transition, causing large differences in soil-water content to occur. The scale of this vertical variability is of tenths of metres, whilst lateral variability of soil moisture reflects textural changes over a few metres. The observed influence of small-scale heterogeneity on soil-water content suggests that the conventional assumptions of isotropicity and homogeneity of the textural and hydraulic properties of porous media used in drainage basin and hillslope hydrological models need scrutiny, even for single stratigraphic units.     

非饱和土中剪切S波的传播特性分析

基于对非饱和多孔介质的研究成果,考虑孔隙中的液相和气相的相互影响,研究非饱和土地基中剪切S波的传播特性。通过非饱和土中固相、液相和气相的质量平衡方程、动量平衡方程和非饱和土有效应力原理,建立问题的弹性波动方程,经过理论推导给出非饱和土中剪切S波的弥散特征方程。通过数值算例分析剪切S波的波速和衰减系数随饱和度、频率和固有渗透系数等因素的变化规律。结果表明,剪切S波的波速几乎不受饱和度的影响,但其随着频率的增大而减小,随着固有渗透系数的增大先不变后增大;剪切S波的衰减系数随着饱和度和频率的增加均增大,而随着固有渗透系数的增大先不变后增大最后减小。