广西东攀剖面二叠-三叠系界线附近头足类动物群与地质时代讨论

在广西东攀二叠-三叠系界线剖面中发现了Domataceras guangxiensis, Lopingoceras guangdeensis Zhao,Liang et Zheng,Schizoloboceras fusuiensis, Agathiceras sp., Stacheoceras sp.,Pernodoceras robustum Chao et Liang,Dushanoceras cf.rotolarium Zhao, Liang et Zheng,Huananoceras cf.perornatum Chao et Liang,Qianjiangoceras sp.,Laibinoceras cf.compressum Yang,Glyptophiceras sp.,Lytophiceras cf. chamunda(Diener),Ophiceras tingi Tien,Ophiceras sp.化石.在剖面的第2～12-2层产Pernodoceras,Dushanoceras,Huananoceras和Qianjiangoceras化石,均为长兴期菊石带Pseudotirolites-Rotodiscoceras的共生化石.第12-3层产长兴期菊石Laibinoceras cf.compressum Yang.第13-1A～16层产Lytophiceras和 Ophiceras,为早三叠世菊石带Ophiceras-Lytophiceras的带化石.东攀剖面菊石的分布及其与华南其他地区的对比研究表明,广西东攀剖面二叠-三叠系界线位于第12-3层(厚55 cm)内部或者位于第13-1A层的底部.     

浙江长兴煤山地区二叠-三叠系界线底粘土中动物化石的发现及其意义

<正> 浙江长兴煤山地区是我国南部上二叠统长兴阶及二叠-三叠系界线候选层型剖面的所在地。近十年来,我们先后在本区测制了6条上二叠统长兴阶及二叠-三叠系界线剖面,即剖面A.B.C.D.E和Z(Sheng et al.,1984)把下三叠统下青龙组底部的混生动物群层自下而上分成混生层1、2和3三层,混生层1包括两部分,下部为伊利石-蒙脱石粘土层,亦称底粘土(basal clay),上部为黑色泥岩,当时没有在底粘土发现化石。此后,一     

西藏岗巴察且拉剖面阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线附近的菊石生物地层

全球性的下白垩统阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线或阿尔布阶的底界迄今尚未得到统一。我国藏南岗巴盆地发育有包括阿普特阶和阿尔布阶在内的良好的海相白垩纪地层,并产有菊石和双壳类等宏体化石。因此,此区是研究阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线的重要地区。经鉴定,岗巴察且拉剖面阿普特阶-阿尔布阶界线附近的菊石包括了2科5属4种和4未定种:Hypacanthoplites xizangensis Chao,Acanthohoplites aschiltaensis(Anthula),Douvilleiceras mammillatum(Schlotheim),Cheloniceras seminodosum,Cheloniceras sp.,Acanthohoplites sp.,Hypacanthoplites sp.和?Pseudosonneratiasp.。此菊石动物群自下而上可以划分出3个组合/层:阿普特期晚期Hypacanthoplites组合,阿普特期末期Hypacanthoplites-Acanthohoplites组合和阿尔布期早期Douvilleiceras-?Pseudosonneratia组合。菊石的组合及其层序表明岗巴察且拉剖面中Hypacanthoplites-Acanthohoplites与Douvilleiceras-?Pseudosonneratia之间可能存有潜在的阿普特阶-阿尔布阶的生物地层界线。     

西藏昂仁县孔隆地区下拉组时代修订及其对冈底斯中晚二叠世沉积演化的制约

冈底斯在晚二叠世是否隆升长期存在争议。通过详细的地层和古生物工作,报道了西藏昂仁县孔隆地区发现的连续海相沉积剖面,将下拉组分为2个岩性段,下部岩性以生屑灰岩和微晶灰岩为主,产珊瑚化石Wentzelella typica和Neokueichowpora gemina,■类化石Rugososchwagerina,Neoschwagerina sp.和Nankinella sp.,时代为中二叠世沃德期—卡匹敦期。上部岩性以硅质结核灰岩和结晶灰岩为主,在其中发现牙形石Neogondolella cf.leveni,Hindeodus typicalis,Clarkina orientalis,Clarkina longicuspidata等,时代为吴家坪晚期。将下拉组时代修订为中二叠世沃德期—晚二叠世吴家坪期,并推测其顶部的时代可能进入晚二叠世长兴期。认为冈底斯西部在中二叠世—晚二叠世为连续的海相沉积环境,中、晚二叠世之交不存在构造隆升事件。冈底斯西部在晚二叠世及三叠纪为古陆的观点,需要被重新考虑。     

浙江长兴煤山二叠—三叠系界线年龄测定

本文报道了用高灵敏度高分辨率离子探针,测定的浙江长兴煤山二叠—三叠系临界层位,斑脱岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄,结果为351.3±3.4Ma(2σ)。这是国际上首次直接从界线层位准确测定的二叠—三叠系界线的同位素年龄。长兴煤山二叠—三叠系界线剖面是迄今所发现的地层剖面连续,所含化石门类众多,数量丰富,且在临界层位夹有火山岩层的少有剖面之一,它不仅对国际显生宙地质年表的研究具有重要意义,而且也具有作为二叠—三叠系界线层型剖面的优越条件。     

再论海南岛南好地区“南好组”的地质时代——兼评“海南省南好地区南好组地质特征及时代”一文

海南岛保亭县南好地区"南好组"所产腕足类Xinanospirifer flabellum Rong,Xu et Yang,X.cf.sanduensis(Jing),三叶虫Latiproetus cf.latilimbatus(Grabau)和腹足类Homotoma sp.等化石证明,该组的地质时代为早志留世特里奇期晚期。对腕足类化石的深入研究结果表明,早先划分该地区下石炭统岩关阶"南好组"所依据的主要化石Eochoristites sp.,Fusella sp.,Cyrtiopsis sp.,Tenticospirifer cf.supervilis,Cyrtospirifer sp.等是误定的结果,不能用作地层划分对比的证据。因此,陈哲培等(2012)根据早已废弃的化石名单得出南好地区"南好组"属下石炭统岩关阶的结论明显有误。对南兵—南好公路剖面、南好矿区锌山等早先采获早石炭世腕足类化石产地的反复多次采集,都没有重复采到原先报道的化石种类、而全部为早志留世属种,以及南好地区迄今没有发现可靠的早石炭世化石等事实表明,该地区既不存在下石炭统,也不存在下石炭统与下志留统之间的不整合接触关系。"南好组"原选层型剖面的地质构造极其复杂、地层多次重复、叠覆关系不明、层序混乱、厚度不清,不能充当岩石地层单位的选层型,应连同"南好组"一名一并废弃。     

贵州兴义烂滩剖面中—上三叠统之交鱼类微体化石和牙形石生物地层

贵州兴义烂滩剖面位于扬子地台西南缘,在该剖面第6层中发现3类辐鳍鱼牙齿化石,其伴生有介形类Cavellina jangyouensis,在12层中发现软骨鱼类鱼鳞化石和2类辐鳍鱼牙齿化石,在第14发现大量的粗菊石Trachyceras sp.。在该剖面上建立了2个牙形石带,自下而上分别为:Paragondolella polygnathiformis和Paragondolella tadpole带。根据牙形石特征,把中晚三叠世拉丁和卡尼期的界线定于12层底部。该剖面为该区中上三叠统之交的地层提供了较好的生物地层格架,对地层时代划分及区域对比具有重要意义。     

贵州海相二叠—三叠纪界线层基本特征及两纪界线的选择

本文基于丰富的实际材料,讨论二叠—三叠纪界线层基本特征及两系界线位置。提出华南长兴阶与苏联外高加索多拉萨姆阶为晚二叠世晚期同时异相地层单位。其标志化石Pseu-dotirolites和Paratiroliles均为二叠纪最高菊石带代表。在贵州,其上存在以Hypophiceras-Otoceras-Anchignathodus和以Ophiceras-Claraia wangi-Isarcicella isarcica为代表的两个生物层序,分别为国际格里斯巴赫早期和晚期的标志。贵州和华南的P—T过渡层,具独自岩相、生物及物、化特征,是两纪间沉积环境连续过渡—骤变之产物。按岩相,其底为两个沉积单元急变转折处;按化石,为两纪生物分界线;按物、化异常,为事件发生的位置。因些,过渡层是岩石、生物、事件三者重合标志,其底为二叠—三叠系界线最佳位置。     

西藏申扎县格仁错北岸中上泥盆统查果罗玛组中发现中晚二叠世珊瑚化石

在西藏申扎县的格仁错北,在原划于中、上泥盆统查果罗玛组的灰岩地层中,获得了中、晚二叠世的珊瑚化石,经鉴定,共有5属6种及1个未定种:Iranophyllum?sp.,Iranophyllum tunicatum Igo,Neokueichowpora haydeni(Cowper Reed),Praewentzelella irregularis Wu et Zhao,Praewentzelella tibetica(Reed),Waagenophyllum indicum(Waagen et Wentzel),Wentzelella zhongbaensis WuZhao等。根据珊瑚化石的时代及地层岩性特点对研究区以往认为的中、上泥盆统查果罗玛组进行了修订:剖面1—11层修订为中二叠统下拉组,11层之上修订为上二叠统—下三叠统木纠错组。该区木纠错组岩性主要以白云岩、白云质灰岩、灰岩、砂屑灰岩、砾屑灰岩为主,属于蒸发岩台地-开阔台地过渡相沉积。     

二叠系长兴阶全球界线层型剖面和点位

二叠系乐平统长兴阶底界全球界线层型和点位(GSSP)确立在我国浙江长兴煤山D剖面长兴灰岩的下部、4a-2层之底,以牙形石演化序列Clarkina longicuspidata-C.wangi中C.wangi的首现为标志。该点位位于长兴组底界之上88cm处,与长兴期特征的■类化石Palaeofusulina sinensis和大巴山菊石类的首次出现层位一致。界线层的碳同位素存在明显的负漂移,正磁极性带出现在吴家坪晚期的反极性带之上。在煤山D剖面以西300m处的C剖面出露较多的龙潭组地层,清晰地反映出龙潭组—长兴组连续的沉积序列,被列为辅助层型剖面。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).