Effects of dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin on non-specific immunity and disease resistance of the sea cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis> Selenka) challenged with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio splendidus</Emphasis>

Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged with Vibrio splendidus by injection at 1.0×10⁸ cfu / sea cucumber for 15 days. Phagocytic capacity (PC), intracellular superoxide anion production (ISAP), lysozyme (LSZ) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the coelomic fluid were analyzed on the 0^th, 5^th, 10^th and 15^th days after injection. Results showed that after the 45-day feeding period, PC, ISAP, LSZ activity and SOD activity in sea cucumbers fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin were significantly higher than in those fed with the basal diet. On the 5th day after infection, all the immune parameters examined in the sea cucumbers injected with V. splendidus decreased in value significantly. On the 15^th day, PC, ISAP and LSZ activity returned to levels similar to those on the 0^th day. For the sea cucumbers injected with saline, there were no significant differences in all the immune parameters examined and in the cumulative morbidity during the 15-day challenging trial. After injecting with V. splendidus, the cumulative morbidity of sea cucumbers fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin when challenged with V. splendidus challenged sea cucumber fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin. There was no significant difference in cumulative morbidity between the dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin treatments over time.     

Peat humification- and δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C<Subscript>cellulose</Subscript>-recorded warm-season moisture variations during the past 500 years in the southern Altai Mountains within northern Xinjiang of China

To predict future spatio-temporal patterns of climate change, we should fully understand the spatio-temporal patterns of climate change during the past millennium. But, we are not yet able to delineate the patterns because the qualities of the retrieved proxy records and the spatial coverage of those records are not adequate. Northern Xinjiang of China is one of such areas where the records are not adequate. Here, we present a 500-yr land-surface moisture sequence from Heiyangpo Peat (48.34°N, 87.18°E, 1353 m a.s.l) in the southern Altai Mountains within northern Xinjiang. Specifically, peat carbon isotope value of cellulose (δ¹³C_cellulose) was used to estimate the warm-season moisture variations and the degree of humification was used to constrain the δ¹³C_cellulose-based hydrological interpretation. The climatic attributions of the interpreted hydrological variations were based on the warm-season temperature reconstructed from Belukha ice core and the warm-season precipitation inferred from the reconstructed Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations (AMO). The results show that humification decreased and the δ¹³C_cellulose-suggested moisture decreased from ~1510 to ~1775 AD, implying that a constant drying condition may have inhibited peat decay. Our comparison with reconstructed climatic parameters suggests that the moisture-level decline was most likely resulted from a constant decline of precipitation. The results also show that humification kept a stable level and the δ¹³C_cellulose-suggested moisture also decreased from ~1775 to ~2013 AD, implying that peat decay in the acrotelm primarily did not depend on the water availability or an aerobic environment. Again, our comparison with reconstructed climatic parameters suggests that the land-surface moisturelevel decline was most likely resulted from a steady warming of growing-season temperature.     

矿物&#183;宝玉石&#183;欣赏

自然界矿物、岩石有3000多种，矿物名称很多．也很复杂。许多来地质博物馆参观的观众常会问及矿物名称的问题。其实矿物名称还是有章可循的，只要我们知道矿物的命名方法及一些矿物名称的来源，就对矿物的名称不难掌握了。     

Isolation and characterization of bioactive fungi from shark <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carcharodon carcharias</Emphasis>’ gill with biopharmaceutical prospects

Until recently, little was known about the fungi found in shark gills and their biomedicinal potential. In this article, we described the isolation, bioactivity, diversity, and secondary metabolites of bioactive fungi from the gill of a shark (Carcharodon carcharias). A total of 115 isolates were obtained and grown in 12 culture media. Fifty-eight of these isolates demonstrated significant activity in four antimicrobial, pesticidal, and cytotoxic bioassay models. Four randomly selected bioactive isolates inhibited human cancer cell proliferation during re-screening. These active isolates were segregated into 6 genera using the internal transcribed spacer-large subunit (ITS-LSU) rDNA-sequence BLAST comparison. Four genera, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Chaetomium were the dominant taxa. A phylogenic tree illustrated their intergenera and intragenera genetic diversity. HPLC-DAD-HRMS analysis and subsequent database searching revealed that nine representative strains produced diverse bioactive compound profiles. These results detail the broad range of bioactive fungi found in a shark’s gills, revealing their biopharmaceutical potential. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study characterizing shark gill fungi and their bioactivity.     

文风&#183;政风&#183;党风

毛泽东同志曾经说过：＂学风和文风都是党的作用,都是党风。＂党风、政风决定着文风,反过来,文风又体现出党风、政风,并会深刻地影响着党风、政风。战争年代,著名的延安整风运动的一个重要内容,就是整顿文风。毛泽东同志对党八股深恶痛绝,号召全党摒弃党八股,倡导生动活泼、新鲜有力的新文风。他批评那种曾一度盛行于党内的不良文风,像老太太的裹脚布,又臭又长。反观毛泽东同志的著作和讲话,言简意赅,紧扣主题,深入浅出,不愧为开时代新文风的典范。     

Altitudinal trends in δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C value,stomatal density and nitrogen content of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis> needles on the southern slope of the middle Qinling Mountains,China

In this study, a coniferous tree species (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) was investigated at a moderate-altitude mountainous terrain on the southern slope of the middle Qinling Mountains (QLM) to detect the trends in carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C), leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and stomatal density (SD) with altitude variation in north-subtropical humid mountain climate zone of China. The results showed that LNC and SD both significantly increased linearly along the altitudinal gradient ranging from 1000 to 2200 m, whereas leaf δ¹³C exhibited a significantly negative correlation with the altitude. Such a correlation pattern differs obviously from that obtained in offshore low-altitude humid environment or inland high-altitude semi-arid environment, suggesting that the pattern of increasing δ¹³C with the altitude cannot be generalized. The negative correlation between δ¹³C and altitude might be attributed mainly to the strengthening of carbon isotope fractionation in plants caused by increasing precipitation with altitude. Furthermore, there was a remarkable negative correlation between leaf δ¹³C and LNC. One possible reason was that increasing precipitation that operates to increase isotopic discrimination with altitude overtook the LNC in determining the sign of leaf δ¹³C. The significant negative correlation between leaf δ¹³C and SD over altitudes was also found in the present study, indicating that increases in SD with altitude would reduce, rather than enhance plant δ¹³C values.     

“新北京·新奥运地图集”即将问世

为喜迎奥运,北京市城市规划与勘测研究院设计编印的“新北京.新奥运地图集”即将问世。这是一部创意新颖、印制精湛、图文并茂、中英对照、雅俗共赏、信息丰富、内容详实、科学性与艺术性都很高的成功新作。该图集已完成打样,2008年6月即将付印出版。图集的城区分幅图的总体设计非常成功。     

初论“数字国土”

论文讨论了数字国土的主要内容、技术路线、基础研究和基础工作 ,提出国土动态监测系统和国土资源管理信息系统的总体方案。     

“数字城市”与时俱进

承继成、李琦、林珲教授和黄宝青、夏曙东博士合著的“数字城市--理论、方法和应用”的问世 ,对“数字城市”的发展趋势、概念和内涵 ,特别是对“数字城市”与各行业管理信息系统的密切关系 ,“数字鸿沟”、“数字分化”与“边缘化”的危机 ,从理论上进行了精辟的剖析 ,从案例中总结了实践的经验。全书高屋建瓴、统览宏观大局 ;纲举目张 ,细查关键技术。有幸先睹为快 ,谨记浅薄学习心得 ,欣然命笔 ,为青年学子导读 ,向从事“数字城市”建设的专家学者们郑重推荐。我国有 6 6 8个大中城市 ,大约有 3 0 0 0 0个小城镇。城市的数字化 ,只是迈向信息化和现代化的第一步 ,来日方长 ,任重道远。     

“数字福建”及“数字闽东南”的构建与应用

本文介绍“数字福建”建设发展状况及实施目标和任务,结合闽东南地区数字化、网络化、可视化和智能化问题,提出闽东南可持续发展的几点建议。建设“数字闽东南”就是要实现闽东南区域网络平台集成、应用系统集成和信息资源集成的电子化、数字化和智能化。     

“数字地球”科学工程

“数字地球”是集科学、技术和工程于一体的一项宏伟的科学体系。“数字地球”由基础研究、技术支撑和科学工程三部分组成,其中科学工程是“数字地球”的核心和目标。文章在我国“数字地球”科学工程现状分析的基础上,结合国情,对我国“数字地球”科学工程的发展提出了建议。