北京郊区地表水中有机氯农药残留水平及特征

有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDT)、六六六(HCH)等化学性质非常稳定,很难生物降解,对环境及人类健康构成了严重威胁。尽管我国从1983年起已禁止使用,但现在的土壤、水等环境样品中仍有不同程度的检出。水资源是自然环境的主要组成要素,又是农业生产的重要自然资源。以往已有学者对北京部分河流地表水中有机氯农药残留进行过研究,发现存在不同程度水体污染。近年来,经过各方大力控制水体污染和环境治理,北京地区地表水中仍有有机氯农药残留,其残留现状是人们十分关心的重要问题。因此本文选择北京郊区为研究区域,采集了温榆河、北运河、延庆、房山、昌平、顺义等地区地表水,分析了水体中DDTs和HCHs污染物的含量以及分布情况,结果表明DDTs、HCHs在北京郊区地表水中均有不同程度的检出,DDTs含量为ND~1398 ng/L,HCHs含量为387~14642 ng/L。本文同时研究了DDT与其代谢产物DDE、DDD的组成比例以及HCH同分异构体的组成特征,对北京郊区地表水中DDTs和HCHs的污染来源进行了简要分析。     

Geophysical and tracer studies to detect subsurface chromium contamination and suitable site for waste disposal in Ranipet,Vellore district,Tamil Nadu,India

A chemical factory near Ranipet town in Vellore district, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India produced chromium-based inorganic chemicals. The factory area in granite gnessic terrain receives an average annual rainfall of 1,000 mm. About 1.5 lakh tons of solid wastes rich in hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺), spreading over an area of 14,000 m² (about 3.5 acres), having about 4 m thickness, is accumulated in an open yard within the factory premises. The soil and groundwater in and around the factory area are contaminated with Cr⁶⁺ leached from dump site. Cr⁶⁺ is carcinogenic in nature and when leached in water can lead to respiratory disorders. Resistivity surveys comprising vertical electrical sounding, multielectrode resistivity imaging, drilling of bore wells, chemical analysis of soil, formation and groundwater samples and bore hole tracer studies were carried out within the factory and adjoining areas to decipher subsurface geology, hydraulic behavior of dyke as natural barrier and lateral and vertical extent of pollution zone in and around the chromium dump site. The data obtained were integrated and interpreted for understanding the pollution migration and its impact on environment. Remedial measures are suggested for containing the contamination.     

Geochemical Baseline and Trace Metal Pollution of Soil in Panzhihua Mining Area

A total of 31 topsoil samples were systematically collected from the Panzhihuaminingarea including steel smelting,coal mining ,urban and rural districts.A normalization procedure was adopted to establish the environmental geochemical baseline models for this area.By using the above baseline models,the regional geochemical baseline values of As,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn were determined.On the basis of the baselines,the enrichment factors were used to analyze the mechanism of trace metal pollution in topsoil from anthropogenic sources,and the results showed that the serious trace metal pollution is caused by human activities in coal mine,iron mine,smelting factory,tailing dam and other industrial districts in the Panzhihua area.     

Trace element concentrations of soils, plants and waters caused by a copper smelting plant and other industries, Northeast Turkey

The study area is situated in a large agricultural field which produces tobacco, maize, and other yearly cultivated vegetables in Tekkeköy, Samsun (NE-Turkey). In addition, a significant part of this area to the north along the Black Sea coast is occupied by several industrial plants such as a copper smelting plant (KB?), a fertilizer plant (Tügsa?) and industrial park facilities (IPF). In order to reveal their environmental impacts, heavy metal analyses were conducted on soil, plant leaves and water samples collected within an area of approximately 30 km² around these plants. Soil samples within an area of 10 km² around these facilities are found to be highly polluted with Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn. Pollution occurs at surface and sharply dies out at 20 cm downwards in soil profile. Since the region is polluted mostly with base metals, the copper smelting factory appears to be the main source of pollution as it processes the massive sulfidic ores of the Black Sea area. Plants show Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe pollution around KB? and Tügsa? and Cu and Pb around IPF. Pollutants observed in tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) are Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and S; in maize (Zea mays) Cu, Zn and Fe; and in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Cu, Pb, Fe and S. The analyses of water samples collected from the study area reveal that Pb and, to a lesser degree, Cu and Fe pollution stem from KB?; Cu, Fe and Mn pollution from Tügsa?; Pb and minor amounts of Fe and Mn pollution from IPF. Factor analyses from analyzed metals and anionic complexes in water show three distinct groups: (a) an association of heavy metals with Na, K and Mg referring to pollution and acid leaching of soil, (b) an association of NH4, Fe, SO₄, Cl and Br indicating agricultural pollution and sea-water invasion in land near the shore line, and (c) HCO₃ behaving in a different manner in heavy metal precipitation.     

Isolation and degradation ability of the DDT-degrading bacterial strain KK

A 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)-degrading bacterium was isolated from soil samples that had been enriched with DDT over a prolonged period of time; these samples were collected from the sewer sludge of a pesticide factory and from DDT-contaminated fields. This consortium was acclimated by repeated passage through a mineral salt medium containing increasing concentrations of DDT. We examined the effects of various factors such as the pH, temperature, concentration of DDT, and the presence of an additional carbon source on the degradation rate of DDT. Based on the analysis of the phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA, the strain KK was identified to belong to the bacteria Alcaligenes. The results showed that at the end of 10 days, the rate of degradation of DDT by the strain KK was 66.5%. When the additional carbon source concentration, pH, concentration of DDT, and cultivation temperature is 0.5%, 6, 10 mg l⁻¹, and 30°C, respectively, the biodegradation rate peaks. The results also suggested that (1) bacterial growth increases positively with an increase in the carbon source concentration; (2) the appropriate pH is between 8.0 and 10.0; and (3) the optimal temperature and DDT concentration are 30°C and 10 mg l⁻¹, respectively.     

Groundwater investigation in Kuala Selangor using vertical electrical sounding (VES) surveys

Integrated geoelectrical and hydrochemical surveys were used to investigate and delineate different types of groundwater in the Kuala Selangor alluvial aquifer. Previous hydrogeological borehole investigation showed that this aquifer contains several types of groundwater in relation to its salinity. The high salinity of the groundwater in some areas is believed to be due to either saltwater intrusion from the nearby sea or river infiltration during high tide season. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) method was employed to study and map the subsurface variation of resistivity in the area. For each sounding measurement, a total spread length of 300 m was obtained with a vertical depth penetration of about 60 to 75 m. Chemical analysis of the groundwater samples taken from both shallow and deep boreholes was carried out for the water quality determination. A total of 45 VES stations were succesfully established along three parallel roads with a direction almost perpendicular to the coastal line. The distance between stations varies from 1 to 2 km with a maximum length of about 60 km surveyed line. Results of the vertical electrical soundings as well as the hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples show that the soil and groundwater in the study area can be grouped into fresh and brackish water zones. The subsurface resisitivity sections derived from the VES study suggest that the area is dominated by brackish soil and groundwater zones, especially in the area towards the coast. This result appears to agree well with the groundwater pumped from boreholes scattered around in the area. Water drawn from boreholes near the coast showed higher salinity compared to the water pumped from inland boreholes. Chloride values greater than 250 mg/L are considered to represent the brackish zones whilst values less than 250 mg/L represents zones of fresh soil and groundwater.     

陕西省府谷哈镇水环境及土壤环境现状研究

在进行"陕西省陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田府谷矿区马家梁-房子坪勘查区普查"项目的地质及水工环1:2. 5万地质填图中,对府谷哈镇周围部分井、泉、水库及土壤进行了采样分析,采集水样共10件,其中水质简分析4件、水质环境分析4件、水质全分析2件,采集土壤样品4件。分析结果发现该区水质多属CO32-·HCO3-·SO42--Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+型,又根据Cl-、SO42-、Mg2+、Na+之间的关系计算得出,主要为重碳酸钠型和硫酸钠型水,矿化度介于138～1145 mg/L之间,平均约580. 43 mg/L,水质中重金属铅、镉及挥发酚、pH超标。土壤分析结果显示区内的汞含量基本都超标;土污染1、4的镉元素含量超标;土污染1的镉、汞、砷、铅、锌值与其他样品相比,都表现为高值超出标准值,说明贺家梁-范家梁一带土污染较为严重。     

徐州市区多环芳烃的环境地球化学特征

选择江苏徐州城市生态系统中水、土、植物等不同环境介质进行多环芳烃的定量分析,研究并探讨了多环芳烃在城市环境中的地球化学特征。研究结果显示:多环芳烃在徐州土壤、地表水、地下水以及生长作物中均广泛存在,主要集中在以钢铁厂为中心的城区约20 km2范围内。由此提示人们:由大量工业活动等人为因素造成的徐州城市环境有机污染不容忽视。     

Assessing cadmium risk in wheat grain using soil threshold values

At present, the prior-established threshold values are widely used to classify contaminated agricultural soils with heavy metals under the cultivation of a variety of crops, without considering the different sensitivity of plants to heavy metals. Evaluation of the characteristics of cadmium transfer from a polluted calcareous soil to cultivated wheat crop and assessment of the efficiency of using the threshold values to reflect the soil pollution risk by cadmium in Zanjan Zinc Town area at the northwest of Iran were the goals of this study. Totally, 65 topsoil (0–20 cm) and corresponding wheat samples of an agricultural region in the proximity of a metallurgical factory were collected and analyzed for cadmium concentration. The results revealed that industrial activities strongly control cadmium distribution in the studied soils. Relatively high bioavailable cadmium contents (mean 0.77 mg kg^?1) were found in the soils, notwithstanding their alkalinity. It was observed that just 22.5% of the studied area around the Zinc Town is covered by polluted soils with the cadmium concentration exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of 5 mg kg^?1, whereas cadmium concentration in wheat grains of 19 sampled plants is higher than the threshold value of 0.2 mg kg^?1. Among these polluted plants, a total of eight samples were grown in areas classified as unpolluted soils with cadmium, based on the soil threshold value. It seems that this misclassification of polluted soils is mainly related to the crop sensitivity to heavy metals uptake from the soil which should be considered.     

Environmental study for pollution in the area of Megalopolis power plant (Peloponnesos,Greece)

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the suitability of magnetic properties in correlation to geochemical measurements as a pollution-monitoring tool and study the metal transmission factors in an area around a major local source, namely a lignite-burning power plant. Surface soil samples were collected in the wide area of the power plant of Megalopolis (Peloponnesos, Greece). The magnetic susceptibility and other magnetic properties of the surface soils were originally measured and mapped. Loci of high values of magnetic susceptibility within the study area gave rise to further analyze the soil samples for metal concentrations. GIS techniques were used for mapping all the chemical constituent concentrations and the magnetic measurements on the various topographic and geological features of the area. Maps were created through interpolation algorithms indicating the spatial distribution of the above measurements. Spatial tools and statistical analysis through the calculation of Pearson’s coefficients proved the correlation between magnetic properties, metal concentrations and the terrain attributes (especially the geological structure and the wind currents) of the region.     

珠江三角洲经济区农业地质与生态地球化学调查成果综述

2005年中国地质调查局与广东省人民政府联合开展珠江三角洲经济区农业地质与生态地球化学调查项目。通过开展多目标区域地球化学调查、区域生态地球化学评价、局部生态地球化学评价和总体综合评价,系统完成了珠江三角洲经济区47 954 km²(包括10 m水深以浅的近岸海域)的生态地球化学调查与评价。按照双层网格化方法系统采集了陆域土壤、近岸海域和珠江水系主要河流沉积物表层和深层样品,测试了71项元素和指标,建立了珠江三角洲经济区土壤、沉积物地球化学背景值和基准值,全面查明了珠江三角洲经济区土壤环境质量状况。定量计算了镉、铅、汞等主要异常元素经河流、成土过程等自然来源和大气干湿沉降、施肥、灌溉、使用农药等人为来源贡献量,阐明了其迁移转化途径及生态安全性。项目紧密结合本地区特点,在国内首次开展了三角洲形成演化过程地球化学研究、区域辐射环境质量评价、酸雨对土壤质量影响的模拟实验、土壤环境质量地方标准研究与制订等工作。     

珠江三角洲经济区生态地球化学评价

土壤重金属污染是珠江三角洲地区主要的生态环境问题之一,直接影响到区域生态系统的稳定和食品安全。通过开展多目标区域地球化学调查、区域生态地球化学评价、局部生态地球化学评价和总体综合评价,系统完成了珠江三角洲经济区47954 km²(包括10 m水深以浅的近岸海域)的生态地球化学调查与评价。按照双层网格化方法系统采集了陆域土壤、近岸海域和珠江水系的主要河流沉积物表层和深层样品,测试了71项元素和指标,建立了珠江三角洲经济区土壤、沉积物地球化学背景值和基准值,首次对珠江三角洲地区区域地球化学特征进行了系统全面的调查,全面查明了珠江三角洲经济区土壤环境质量状况,区内一级和二级土壤分别占总面积的19.9%和57.3%,三级和三级以上土壤占22.8%。定量计算了镉、铅、汞等主要异常元素经河流、成土过程等自然来源和大气干湿沉降、施肥、灌溉、使用农药等人为来源贡献量,阐明了其迁移转化途径及生态安全性。结合研究区特点,系统开展了三角洲形成演化过程的地球化学研究,并在国内首次制定了符合地区特点的珠江三角洲经济区土壤环境质量地方标准。     

Analysis of the effect of geology, soil properties, and land use on groundwater quality using multivariate statistical and GIS methods

The regional survey of groundwater used as a small water supply system was performed to know the effect of geology, soil properties and land use on groundwater quality at Nonsan City, Korea. A total of 126 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at the study area. The multivariate statistical methods, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis, and GIS technique were used for the quantitative interpretation of groundwater quality. The study area is mainly composed of Precambrian gneiss, Jurassic granite, and Cretaceous volcanics, and metasedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon zone. The land use was grouped as paddy, upland, grassland, resident, point source, industrial area, and water system. The soil properties were classified as 4 major groups, Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols, by the degree of development, and reclassified as 11 subgroups. The modified and simplified geologic map, soil map, and land use map were made by using ARCGIS soft-ware. The area of geology, soil property, and land use affecting the groundwater quality for each well were also calculated by ARCGIS soft-ware to acquire the quantitative parameters for multivariate statistical analysis. The monitoring results of groundwater in the study area showed that 13%-21% of the groundwater samples exceeded the portable water guideline and the main causes were turbidity, bacteria, arsenic and nitrate-N. The spatial distribution of each component showed the close relationship between groundwater quality and geology reflecting the topography, land use.     

Soil and groundwater quality with reference to nitrate in a semiarid agricultural region

Nitrate is a common pollutant in surface water and groundwater of agricultural areas. It is essential to monitor this pollutant in groundwater, especially when it is used for drinking purposes without treatment. The present study was carried out in an intensively irrigated area which forms a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India where groundwater meets all the water needs of the rural population living in this area. The objective was to assess the spatiotemporal variation in the concentration of nitrate in groundwater and soil. Based on the analysis of 496 groundwater samples collected from 45 wells over a period of 2 years from March 2008 to January 2010 by sampling every 2 months, it was observed that groundwater in 242 km² of the total 724 km² area had nitrate above the maximum permissible limit of 45 mg/l for drinking purposes. Nitrate concentration in groundwater showed a positive relation with potassium, chloride, and sulfate, indicating their source from fertilizers. Reasons for the high concentration of nitrate in domestic areas were the dumping of animal wastes and leakage from septic tanks. The pH of the soil samples showed that most of the area had basic soil. Apart from pH, organic carbon, available phosphorous, available potassium, ammoniacal nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen were also analyzed in the 97 soil samples.     

内蒙古废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染生态环境评价及成因分析

为研究内蒙古赤峰市废弃钨钼矿区周围土壤重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及成因分析，共采集83份表层土壤样品和6个土壤钻孔。采用ArcGIS空间插值分析方法研究As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Mo和Zn的空间分布，构建重金属扰动指数函数研究重金属受人类活动的污染程度，利用地累积指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度，通过相关性分析判断重金属来源并讨论污染成因。结果表明：矿区周围土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mo平均含量明显高于矿区周边背景值，高含量主要分布尾矿库周围，主要来源为矿山采选活动；Cr和Ni基本无污染，主要来源为母岩风化。通过重金属扰动指数函数计算发现：采用区域背景值对矿区周围进行重金属污染评价夸大了矿山采选活动对矿区周围土壤重金属的污染，矿区周围土壤重金属污染是由于天然重金属富集和采矿活动共同作用下的“双驱动模式”导致，尾矿库周围土壤重金属污染程度随着与尾矿库水平距离的增加和深度的加大而逐渐降低。降水量丰富程度是影响重金属迁移能力的关键因素，该矿处于降水量匮乏地区，尾矿库对周围土壤重金属污染范围有限，对生态环境影响轻微。     

北京市有机氯农药填图与风险评价

采用1个样/km2的密度、1个分析组合样/16km2的方法,对北京市784km2范围内的土壤、大气干湿沉降物、大气颗粒物中HCH、DDT的含量和空间分布特征进行有机氯农药填图.查明2000年北京市地表土壤HCH和DDT的平均含量分别为8.80±11.83ng/g、108.99±301.90ng/g.2006年大气干湿沉降物中HCH和DDT平均含量分别为10.09±9.60ng/g、12.99±13.51ng/g,HCH和DDT的年沉降通量分别为996.57±939.96g/a·km2、1291.53±1342.28g/a·km2.2006年大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中的HCH含量分别为0.294±0.205ng/m3和0.217±0.137ng/m3,DDT的平均含量分别为1.037±1.301ng/m3和0.522±0.773ng/m3,显著高于2002-2003年度大气颗粒物中HCH(PM100.01786ng/m3,PM250.01731ng/m3)和DDT(PM100.01672ng/m3,PM2.50.02353ng/m3)的含量,表明北京市或周边地区仍在使用含HCH和DDT化学成分的农药.以2000年北京地表土壤和2006年大气干湿沉降物中HCH和DDT的含量为基础,对2020年土壤中HCH和DDT的时空演变的预测显示,即使干湿沉降物中HCH和DDT的沉降通量每年以5%的速率递减,到2020年土壤中HCH和DDT的环境质量仍不能显著改善,而控制和削减北京及周边地区含HCH和DDT成分农药的使用将是改善北京地表土壤环境质量的关键措施.     

Using robust kriging and sequential Gaussian simulation to delineate the copper- and lead-contaminated areas of a rapidly industrialized city in Yangtze River Delta,China

A total of 540 topsoil samples (0–15 cm), 188 subsoil samples (20–40 cm), and four individual soil profiles were collected in this study for mapping the Cu- and Pb-contaminated areas in soils of Zhangjiagang city, an industrialized city in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Robust geostatistical methods were applied for identifying possible spatial outliers of Cu and Pb data, and then a sequential Gaussian simulation was employed for delineating the potential areas where Cu or Pb concentration was affected by diffuse pollution. The results showed that the spatial outliers of Cu and Pb were strongly associated with various types of factories. The anthropogenic input of Cu to soils at local hotspots was closely related to emissions of printing and dyeing, metallurgical, and chemical factories, whereas a lead oxide factory and a chemical factory resulted in a considerable increase of Pb in the topsoil of the study area. Approximately 30% of the total land area of the study was at potential risk from the Cu or Pb diffuse pollution resulting from rapid industrialization of the area over the past 20 years.     

某化工厂周边不同介质中铬含量及形态特征

为了解某化工厂附近土壤铬污染状况及其生物有效性,研究了该化工厂周边的土壤、粉尘、排污底泥、工业废渣和水等不同介质中重金属含量及Cr的化学形态特征。结果显示,该区域土壤出现以化工厂为中心的大面积Cr异常;废渣和部分底泥中Cr的含量是土壤背景值的近100倍乃至上万倍;表层土壤和粉尘中Cr元素含量与化工厂距离变化曲线的一致性,表明化工厂粉尘是引起大面积Cr异常的主要污染源;不同介质中Cr元素主要以残渣态(生物不可利用态)存在,但底泥中Cr的潜在可利用态、废渣中Cr的可利用态存在一定的比例,会对当地的动植物和人体产生负面的生态效应,应重视其可能引起的生态后果。     

A soil geochemistry orientation survey for uranium at Koongarra, Northern Territory

A soil geochemistry orientation survey for U at Koongarra was designed to determine optimum conditions for future U exploration in the area. Soil samples were collected at various depths from auger holes drilled along two traverses over the Koongarra No. 1 orebody, along a single traverse over suspected mineralization at nearby Anomaly A, and at three background localities. Rock samples collected from surface outcrop, costeans, and drill core were used to investigate any elemental associations with the ore or primary dispersion which could then be traced in the overlying soils.The results showed that Cu and Pb are potentially suitable pathfinder elements, where U data are not definitive, while Co, Ni and Be also provide significant information. The optimum sample depth was 1.2 m. For a Koongarra-sized target the maximum sample spacing should be 30 m on lines 200 m apart, provided every anomalous sample is followed up with closer spaced sampling around it. Anomalies detected in alluvial soil deeper than 1.2 m were due to hydromorphic dispersion. Some of the general distribution patterns for individual elements may be related to soil-type variations.     

Assessment of cement’s dust impact on the soil using principal component analysis and GIS

To evaluate the impact of the cement’s dust emitted by the eastern Moroccan cement factory (Oujda Holcim) and deposited on the soil of the Ain Lahjar commune, 58 samples of soil were collected around the factory on a radius of 3 km approximately. The physicochemical analyses of the upper 3 cm of the soil surface samples correspond to the pH, electrical conductivity, the chlorides and the oxides of Ca, Al, Fe, K, Mn, S and Si which were analyzed by the fluorescence of X-rays. The preliminary results demonstrate that this dust are especially basic and contain a high free lime (43% CaO). The principal component analysis (applied on the 58 samples of soil) allows deducting that the free lime and the sulfur oxide are the tracer elements of this form of pollution. Furthermore, the spatial projection of the factor scores of the principal component analysis using the geographical information system permits to determine the spatial distribution of more polluted areas of soils as well as to estimate their surface (63.3% of the survey zone).