珠江三角洲中山横栏地区晚第四纪以来的沉积特征

中山横栏地区在珠江三角洲第四纪地层研究中具有代表性。本文通过对该地区第四纪Ⅳ01钻孔岩性、粒度及地球化学特征的综合研究,探讨珠江三角洲晚第四纪以来的沉积特征。结果表明,珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积物自下而上包含三次沉积旋回:一次晚更新世海侵旋回和两次全新世的海侵旋回,其形成的下粗上细正向序列在进积型三角洲中具有一定的特殊性;在沉积学分析的基础上,结合粒度和微量元素B、Ba、Sr的指相特征,探讨珠江三角洲晚第四纪以来的海侵-海退旋回,揭示在中全新世中晚期(约5~2.5 ka BP)发生了海退过程,进一步印证中山横栏地区晚第四纪以来存在三次海侵事件的认识。     

珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积特征

本文根据钻孔资料和沉积分析资料，研究和探讨了珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积特征及其沉积层的形成过程。结果表明，珠江三角洲晚第四纪具有两个陆相－海陆过渡相的沉积旋回；在两个沉积旋回之间，包含了一个海退过程。珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积层是由晚更新世和全新世两套海进河床充填层序和海退进积层序构成。     

渤海湾西岸现代岸线钻孔记录的全新世沉积环境与相对海面变化

以渤海湾西岸现代岸线附近的NP3、CH110和BT113三个钻孔全新世岩心为研究对象,采用沉积岩石学、AMS ¹⁴C(accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C,加速器质谱¹⁴C)测年、微体生物聚类分析等方法精细判别沉积相,重建渤海湾西岸全新世沉积演化历史,并利用微体生物组合分带对水深变化的指示,定量讨论全新世相对海面变化。结果表明:渤海湾西岸全新世受海陆交互作用影响,经历了沼泽-潮滩-浅海-前三角洲-三角洲前缘-三角洲平原环境的演化过程。全新世初始阶段,研究区中部和北部发育沼泽环境,南部未见沉积,与上更新统河流相沉积呈不整合接触。全新世早期,研究区潮滩环境发育。潮滩层厚度约1 m,历时数百至1千余年。至7000 cal BP前后水深增大,研究区进入浅海环境。约6000 cal BP,沿岸南北两端先后进入三角洲过渡环境,中部三角洲环境约开始于1500 cal BP。渤海湾西岸地区全新世的环境演化同时记录了该地区的相对海面变化:约10000 cal BP前后,渤海湾相对海平面已接近21.3~20.4 m。约8000 cal BP,相对海平面介于18.6~17.0 m。约6000 cal BP时相对海平面低于6.8 m,5000~1000 cal BP,相对海平面高于-2.5 m,1000~800 cal BP,相对海平面介于-1.3~-0.4 m。8000~5000 cal BP时,相对海面上升约15.0 m,上升速率达5 m/1 ka。     

珠江三角洲地区全新世以来的沉积速率与沉积环境分析

为了探讨全新世以来珠江三角洲沉积演变的时空变化特征,将全新世珠江三角洲划分为4个阶段、12个区域,并根据92个钻孔,分别统计计算了不同阶段和区域的沉积速率。研究表明:（1）珠江三角洲在全新世4个阶段中的平均沉积速率有较大变幅,其中在10.0~7.5 ka BP最小,仅为1.27 mm/a,在7.5~5.0 ka BP阶段最大,为2.34 mm/a。这主要受沉积基底地形、海平面上升所引起的沉积空间的差异性所导致;（2）距今2 500年以来虽然由于人类活动频繁使珠江来沙量增多,但由于河湾中河道的形成、束窄,沉积物被输运到外海的比例不断增加,使得该时期平均沉积速率并不是全新世各期中最大;（3）由于三角洲复杂边界对河流和海洋动力的改造和重塑,高海面期三角洲的沉积中心同时分布在中部不同区域。表明三角洲的进积模式不同于其它大型三角洲——三角洲的发育并非单一自河口向外海逐渐发展,而是不同区域的沉积体同时多向发育。     

河北唐山西部PZK14孔晚新生代沉积演化特征

为查明唐山西部平原区晚新生代以来松散堆积物的沉积演化特征,依托鸦鸿桥幅1∶5万区域地质调查工作,对唐山西部PZK14孔进行色度、粒度、视电阻率测井、自然伽马测井等研究,划分沉积相并计算各时段的沉积速率,结果表明: 该地区新生代晚期主要发育湖泊相、三角洲相和河流相。早更新世初始发育三角洲相,随着气候转暖,古滦河冲积扇退积,三角洲相转变为河流相; 早更新世中—晚期,发育3个湖泊-三角洲相沉积旋回; 中更新世发育一个湖泊-三角洲相沉积旋回; 晚更新世初沉积了巨厚的湖相层,随着气候转冷,渤海湾沿岸海侵结束,湖盆开始萎缩,转变为河流相; 全新世则以河间洼地沉积为主。沉积速率-年龄曲线表明: 第四纪以来构造作用对该地区沉积速率控制较弱,气候为影响沉积相发育的主要因素。第四纪各个时期的沉积速率均较快,奥杜威极性亚时(1.95~1.77 Ma)沉积速率最大,约为194.0 m/Ma; 2.52~1.95 Ma沉积速率最小,约为111.2 m/Ma。研究成果对恢复该区域古地理演化、水工环地质勘查等具有重要意义。     

珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积的OSL和14C年龄探讨

提要：珠江三角洲第四纪沉积的年代测定在三角洲的发育演化、古海平面变化以及断裂活动性研究等方面具有重要意义。对东江平原的7个钻孔岩心进行了14C和OSL测年以及孢粉和微体古生物分析。与前人主要根据14C年龄得到珠江三角洲沉积小于4万年的认识不同,OSL测年结果显示下部地层的年龄值为4.7~13.5万年。本文对年龄的信度以及晚第四纪两次海侵旋回的地层年代框架进行了初步分析,提出珠江三角洲地区第一次海侵旋回可能发生于距今4~10万年期间;在晚更新世与全新世两次海侵之间,三角洲地区长期暴露地表,出现较大跨度的地层缺失。     

长江三角洲北翼YBK1孔第四纪地层年代学研究

第四纪钻孔岩芯时间标尺的建立是分析平原覆盖区第四纪环境演变过程的重要基础。通过分析江苏扬州市施桥镇运河大桥东侧YBK1孔岩芯中总厚度95.50 m的第四纪沉积物的岩性、颜色、物质组成、沉积结构和接触界面形态等特征,并对地层进行详细分层基础上,综合采用AMS14C、光释光、宇生核素埋藏和古地磁等年代测试,建立了YBK1孔的第四纪地层年代标尺。结合地层的结构、构造、标志层等的标志,确定YBK1孔第四纪沉积物下覆地层为白垩系浦口组红色粉砂岩,第四纪地层自上而下可分为4套地层,从老到新分别为:中更新世晚期的启东组上段,发育时代为0.1~0.3 Ma,厚度30.20 m,以河床相砂砾层为主,成分较杂;晚更新世早期的昆山组下段,发育时代为0.1~0.045 Ma,厚度仅1.80 m,以残留的河床相砂砾为主;晚更新世晚期的滆湖组中段,发育时代为0.045~0.01 Ma,厚度仅3.40 m,以海滨形成的灰色粉细砂和灰黄色砂砾层为特征,晚更新世晚期的上段及下段均未见残留;全新世如东组沉积厚度较大,达55.10 m,可进一步分为上、中、下三段,分界年龄约为2.5 Ka和7.5 Ka。该区的全新世以滨海、河口、河漫滩沉积物为主,其厚度突然增大与全新世时期的河床改道密切相关。从YBK1孔的岩性特征分析,研究区域缺失早更新世及中更新世早期沉积物,中更新世晚期至晚更新世时期受河流侵蚀作用影响,以少量残留粗颗粒河床相沉积物为特征;全新世时期,因河流改道,地表水动力条件减弱,沉积了较厚的全新世沉积物。      

渤海湾西岸BT113孔35ka以来的沉积环境演化与海陆作用

根据渤海湾西岸有孔虫和介形虫与年代学(AMS14C和OSL测年)研究,将该段岩心自下而上划分为6个沉积单元(U1—U6),它们依次形成于晚更新世的河流及全新世的潮滩、浅海、前三角洲、三角洲前缘和三角洲平原沉积环境,结束于约35 ka的U1单元的陆相环境,证实晚更新世低海面时渤海湾西岸未受海水影响。U1和U2单元之间,存在历时约27 ka的沉积间断(35～8.5 ka cal BP),研究区因此缺失早全新世沉积。U2单元的潮滩环境指示全新世海侵于8.5 ka cal BP到达渤海湾西岸,当时相对海平面为-16.7 m。U3单元为浅海环境,约6 ka cal BP时相对海平面上升到-6.8～-1.8 m。8.5～6 ka cal BP期间的海面上升速率是0.4～0.6 cm/a,可能与MWP1C事件有关。U4—U5单元,转为三角洲环境,沉积速率增大,反映自3.7 ka cal BP河流输入影响加强,约1.3 ka cal BP时成陆,形成U6单元。晚更新世35 ka以来的陆海环境演化,总体上是对气候变化控制下的海面变化的响应。     

大凌河河口地区中更新世晚期以来沉积环境演化

大凌河河口地区LZK06孔40m以浅岩心的沉积学、古生物学和年代学等综合研究以及该地区LZK02- 04钻孔资料,揭示了研究区中更新世晚期以来经历了两次海侵- 海退旋回,依次形成了中更新世晚期湖相/河流相 SymbolnB@ 晚更新世海相- 湖相/河流相 SymbolnB@ 全新世海相- 河流相地层。全新世早中期由于物源供给很少,研究区处于长达约10ka的饥饿滞留相沉积环境,平均沉积速率仅约0. 02~0. 05cm/a。全新世晚期约1500a cal BP以来,由于人类活动导致水土流失,河流输砂量增加,研究区开始了快速加积过程,平均沉积速率约0. 9~1. 2cm/a,下辽河平原被快速充填,开始成陆。与全球海面变化时空分布特征的对比,推断辽东湾的第II海相层发育于MIS 5- MIS 3早期,第I海相层发育于MIS 1阶段高海面时期。晚更新世以来频繁的海面升降是辽东湾泥质海岸带地层和环境演化的主要控制因素。     

豫西下冶地区上、下石盒子组三角洲旋回沉积与演化特征

中二叠世至晚二叠世早期,豫西下冶地区发育了多旋回海退型河控为主的三角洲沉积体系,根据纵向上沉积特征的变化规律和从建设相开始到破坏相结束的识别标志以及旋回沉积规模,可将本区的三角洲旋回沉积划分为2个大旋回和8个中型旋回。纵向上旋回沉积的变化规律显示,该地区中二叠世至晚二叠世的沉积环境演化经历了三角洲平原—三角洲前缘—三角洲平原—三角洲前缘—前三角洲—三角洲平原的发展过程。在豫西下冶地区的三角洲旋回沉积中,厚煤层不发育,在各个煤段仅可见少量的薄煤层或煤线,这与本区在中二叠世至晚二叠世的古地理面貌(中条山和岱嵋寨隆起)及周期性分流河道的迂回变迁而造成较强的河流冲刷作用有关。     

全新世长江泥沙堆积的时空分布及通量估算

利用长江中下游、河口及口外、浙-闽沿岸陆架6个主要沉积盆地的40个晚第四纪钻孔及其年代学数据和长江口外、陆架的浅地层剖面,计算了全新世不同阶段各沉积盆地的沉积速率,并进行了近7 000年来泥沙堆积通量的估算。研究发现全新世早期距今10 000年至8 000年间长江口下切古河谷是长江泥沙的主要堆积中心,沉积速率可高达15m/ka。随着海平面上升,全新世中期长江中下游也成为长江泥沙的重要沉积盆地,其中江汉盆地的沉积速率可达10m/ka。近2 000年来,口外、陆架的堆积呈明显增加趋势,反映长江中下游盆地和河口可容空间日益减小。根据沉积速率估算,距今7 000年来长江中下游堆积泥沙约13 074×108 t,同期水下三角洲和陆架的泥沙堆积量约为9 470×108 t。研究还发现全新世以来有两个异常低沉积速率时期：距今8000-7 000年期间上述各沉积盆地沉积速率均显著低,未见长江泥沙的沉积中心; 距今4 000-2 000 年期间长江口呈现低沉积速率。 这两次异常的原因推测与海平面、气候波动事件密切相关。     

渤海湾西岸全新世沉积速率对河流供给的响应

渤海湾西岸由北向南获取了3个钻孔,以全新世海相岩心为研究对象,采用AMS14C(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry14C,加速器质谱14C)测年方法建立年代框架并计算平均沉积速率,结合沉积物粒度组成及沿岸古河流三角洲发育历史,探讨了沉积速率对沿岸河流供给变化的时空响应。结果表明,早全新世—中全新世初期(11~6ka),渤海湾西岸整体沉积速率偏低,仅0.03~0.07cm/a,沉积物粒度较粗;中全新世6.43~4.97ka cal BP期间,NP3孔平均沉积速率为0.60~0.93cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的CH110孔和BT113孔。沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量低,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西北岸对潮白河、永定河及滦河沉积物供给的响应;中全新世晚期3.68~2.67ka cal BP期间,BT113孔沉积速率为0.27~1.4cm/a,高于同期沿岸北部CH110孔和NP3孔,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量较NP3孔高,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西岸南部对黄河沉积物供给的响应;晚全新世2.29~0.24ka cal BP期间,沿岸中部CH110孔沉积速率为0.55~0.91cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的BT113孔和北部的NP3孔,该高沉积速率为渤海湾西岸中部对黄河和海河供给沉积的先后响应。     

渤海湾西南部平原DC01孔晚更新世以来的地质环境变化

通过对渤海湾西南部平原DC01孔的岩石地层学、生物地层学及年代地层学和地球化学研究,重建了该地区自晚更新世以来的地质环境演化过程。全新世之前,研究区经历了由河流-盐沼-潮间带上部/低盐沼-河口湾-泻湖-淡化泻湖的环境转化过程;进入全新世之后,该区经历了由湖沼到河流的环境转化过程。埋深22.4~12.7m发育近10m厚的弱海相沉积,AMS~(14)C年龄表明,该层沉积形成时间早于4.35ka cal BP,可能属于MIS 3早期(6.0~5.5ka cal BP)或更早的MIS 5期(12~8ka cal BP)。恢复了该时期的相对古海面,最高可达-13.31m。DC01孔缺失MIS 4~2或MIS 2时期的沉积。     

High-arctic fan delta recording deglaciation and environment disequilibrium

Study of a Holocene fan delta in Adventfjorden, Spitsbergen, provides new insight into the nature of high‐arctic coastal sedimentation and deglaciation dynamics. The fjord‐side, gravelly Gilbert‐type fan delta began to form at the local marine limit c. 10 ka BP, supplied seasonally with sediment by meltwater from a cirque glacier left behind by the retreating Late Weichselian ice sheet. Relative sea level had fallen by 63 m, and the fan delta reached a radius of c. 1 km by 6 ka BP, when the relic glacier eventually melted down and fluvial activity declined. A strong influence of marine processes is recorded by the fan‐delta foreset facies, overlain by alluvium. Supplied with sediment by longshore drift, the fan‐delta front continued to advance at a lower rate, while relative sea level fell further by 5 m and ceased to fall around 5·4 ka BP. The following transgression was countered by longshore sediment supply until 4·7 ka BP, when the delta‐front beach aggraded and a spit platform began to climb onto the delta plain, recording a relative sea‐level rise of 4 m. The subsequent regression was initially non‐depositional, with the relative sea level falling by > 4 m in 200 years, outpacing fluvial supply, and the re‐emerging fan delta being swept by longshore currents. A regressive beach began to form c. 4·3 ka BP, while relative sea level gradually reached its present‐day position. The feeder braided stream was wandering across the delta plain during this time, but incised once the fan‐delta shoreline began to retreat by wave erosion and turned into a receding modern escarpment. The stream has since been adjusting its profile by gradually eroding the pre‐existing alluvium and distributing the coarse sediment supplied from catchment slopes by debrisflows and snow avalanches. Modern snowflows have also spread debris onto the abandoned fan surface. The erosional retreat of the fan delta has been accompanied by lateral shoreline accretion on both its sides. The study has important regional implications and demonstrates that Holocene fan deltas can provide a valuable record of the deglaciation history in high‐arctic terrains, where glacial deposits are scarcely preserved on land.     

Lithological and palynological evidence of late Quaternary depositional environments in the subaqueous Yangtze delta, China

AMS ¹⁴C ages of post-glacial core sediments from the subaqueous Yangtze delta, along with sedimentary structures and distributions of grain size, pollen spores, and dinoflagellate cysts, show an estuarine depositional system from 13 to 8.4 cal ka BP and a deltaic system from 5.9 cal ka BP to the present. The estuarine system consists of intertidal to subtidal flat, estuarine, and estuarine-front facies, characterized by sand–mud couplets and a high sedimentation rate. The deltaic system includes nearshore shelf and prodelta mud featured by lower sedimentation rate, markedly fewer coastal wetland herbaceous pollens, and more dinoflagellate cysts. We explain the extremely high sedimentation rate during 9.2–8.4 cal ka BP at the study site as a result of rapid sea-level rise, high sediment load due to the unstable monsoonal climate, and subaqueous decrease of elevation from inner to outer estuary. A depositional hiatus occurred during 8.2–5.9 cal ka BP, the transition from estuarine to deltaic system, caused possibly by a shortage of sediment supply resulting from delta initiation in paleo-incised Yangtze valley and strong tidal or storm-related reworking in offshore areas. The subsequent development of deltaic system at the study site indicates accelerated progradation of Yangtze delta post-5.9 cal ka BP.     

珠江三角洲中部晚更新世以来的有孔虫记录与古环境演化*

珠江三角洲中部钻孔PRD20和PRD17晚第四纪以来的沉积记录较为完整,尤其是晚更新世海侵记录良好。以其为研究对象,对两孔的有孔虫微体动物群记录和沉积特征进行了分析和对比,并结合前人研究成果,重建珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的古环境演变,并着重分析了晚更新世海侵事件。约44500 cal a BP以前,研究区为河流环境,发育河道砂砾沉积。约44500—21300 cal a BP,发生晚更新世海侵,形成溺谷型河口湾,两孔沉积物中有孔虫的垂直分布记录了水体条件发生的多次变化,可辨识出2次海侵海退次级旋回;其中PRD20孔中有孔虫以滨岸广盐型占绝对优势,PRD17孔中以滨岸广盐型为主、海相—半咸水型有孔虫占有一定比例,表明研究区位于溺谷湾中径流与潮流共同作用的区域,且PRD20孔受径流影响更大。约21300 cal a BP后,受末次冰盛期海退影响,研究区暴露于地表遭受风化剥蚀,风化产物在PRD20孔表现为1层褐红色砂砾,在PRD17孔表现为1层花斑黏土。约8000 cal a BP,海平面回升导致河水滞留形成沼泽环境,PRD20孔发育1层泥炭层。约8000—5500 cal a BP,PRD20孔发育受径流影响较大的河口湾湾头沉积,仅在全新世海侵最盛时含有少量有孔虫记录。约5500 cal a BP后,研究区发育三角洲平原沉积。受构造抬升影响,PRD17孔地势较高,于约4700 cal a BP才开始重新接受沉积,零星出现潮水搬运而来的有孔虫。     

The upper Hawkesbury River, New South Wales, Australia: a Holocene example of an estuarine bayhead delta

Holocene deposits of the Hawkesbury River estuary, located immediately north of Sydney on the New South Wales coast, record the complex interplay between sediment supply and relative sea-level rise within a deeply incised bedrock-confined valley system. The present day Hawkesbury River is interpreted as a wave-dominated estuarine complex, divisible into two broad facies zones: (i) an outer marine-dominated zone extending 6 km upstream from the estuary mouth that is characterized by a large, subtidal sandy flood-tidal delta. Ocean wave energy is partially dissipated by this flood-tidal delta, so that tidal level fluctuations are the predominant marine mechanism operating further landward; (ii) a river-dominated zone that is 103 km long and characterized by a well developed progradational bayhead delta that includes distributary channels, levees, and overbank deposits. This reach of the Hawkesbury River undergoes minor tidal level fluctuations and low fluvial runoff during baseflow conditions, but experiences strong flood flows during major runoff events. Fluvial deposits of the Hawkesbury River occur upstream of this zone. The focus of this paper is the Hawkesbury River bayhead delta. History of deposition within this delta over the last c. 12 ka is interpreted from six continuous cores located along the upper reaches of the Hawkesbury River. Detailed sedimentological analysis of facies, whole-core X-ray analysis of burrow traces and a chronostratigraphic framework derived from 10 C-14 dates reveal four stages of incised-valley infilling in the study area: (1) before 17 ka BP, a 0–1 m thick deposit of coarse-grained fluvial sand and silt was laid down under falling-to-lowstand sea level conditions; (2) from 17 to 6·5 ka BP, a 5–10 m thick deposit composed of fine-grained fluvial sand and silt, muddy bayhead delta and muddy central-basin deposits developed as the incised valley was flooded during eustatic sea-level rise; (3) during early highstand, between 6·5 and 3 ka BP, a 3–8 m thick bed of interbedded muddy central-basin deposits and sandy river flood deposits, formed in association with maximum flooding and progradation of sandy distributary mouth-bar deposits commenced; (4) since 3 ka BP, fluvial deposits have prograded toward the estuary mouth in distributary mouth-bar, interdistributary-bay and bayhead-delta plain environments to produce a 5–15 m thick progradational to aggradational bayhead-delta deposit. At the mouth of the Hawkesbury estuary subaqueous fluvial sands interfinger with and overlie marine sands. The Hawkesbury River bayhead-delta depositional succession provides an example of the potential for significant variation of facies within the estuarine to fluvial segment of incised-valley systems.