河套盆地古气候演化与生物气勘探

河套盆地呼和坳陷第四系具有浅层生物气形成的基本地质条件,而更新统孢粉化石的研究在该区相对薄弱.根据该区和1井第四系更新统孢粉化石资料的分析,讨论了孢粉组合特征,建立了6个孢粉组合带,即松-藜-石松孢粉带、松-蒿-藜科孢粉带、松-藜科-云杉孢粉带、松-菊科-藜科孢粉带、松-菊科-香蒲孢粉带及松-云杉-木犀孢粉带.河套盆地早更新世气候从干冷-温干-略温干-偏凉湿变化,中更新世气候从偏凉湿-偏暖湿-干冷变化,晚更新世又从略暖向干冷变化,其气候演化特征为生物气藏的形成奠定了基本条件.     

陕西富平全新世古气候的初步研究

为了了解黄土高原中部全新世古气候演化特征,通过对陕西富平剖面的地质调查、密集采样和31个样品的孢粉分析,将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个带,分别代表早、中、晚3个时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为松-菊-香蒲组合带,以草本植物花粉占优势、针叶树植物花粉含量较高为特征;Ⅱ带为松-栎-蒿-环纹藻组合带,以乔木花粉增加、草本植物花粉减少为特征;Ⅲ带为栎-松-蒿组合带,以草本植物花粉增加、乔木花粉减少为特征.结果表明,早全新世植被为森林草原-干草原,气候干凉-干冷;中全新世植被为森林草原与针阔叶混交林草原,气候温暖半湿润;晚全新世植被为森林草原或疏林草原,气候干旱偏暖-温凉干旱.     

从孢粉、藻类化石组合看长江三角洲第一硬质粘土层的成因及其古环境意义

文章通过对长江三角洲南翼7个钻孔样品的孢粉、藻类分析,从晚第四纪第一硬质粘土层中提取出了种类和数量均较可观的孢粉、藻类化石,从而可以判别第一硬质粘土层形成时的沉积环境和植被类型,为长江三角洲地区硬质粘土层的成因研究提供了生物化石依据。研究结果表明,第一硬质粘土层中有多种孢粉、藻类化石组合。高含量淡水藻类的存在说明硬质粘土形成受到流水的作用,亦即硬粘土的形成环境可能为水域环境。化石组合中含量较低的海生沟鞭藻表明,长江三角洲地区在硬质粘土形成时曾受到海水影响。硬质粘土层中的禾本科-莎草科-落叶栎-松、禾本科-落叶栎-松-蒿和莎草科-落叶栎-香蒲孢粉组合指示研究区低地为平原区草甸,而周边的山地有针阔叶混交林分布,当时该地区属于温凉略湿的温带气候。     

从孢粉、藻类化石组合看长江三角洲第一硬质粘土层的成因及其古环境意义

文章通过对长江三角洲南翼7个钻孔样品的孢粉、藻类分析,从晚第四纪第一硬质粘土层中提取出了种类和数量均较可观的孢粉、藻类化石,从而可以判别第一硬质粘土层形成时的沉积环境和植被类型,为长江三角洲地区硬质粘土层的成因研究提供了生物化石依据。研究结果表明,第一硬质粘土层中有多种孢粉、藻类化石组合。高含量淡水藻类的存在说明硬质粘土形成受到流水的作用,亦即硬粘土的形成环境可能为水域环境。化石组合中含量较低的海生沟鞭藻表明,长江三角洲地区在硬质粘土形成时曾受到海水影响。硬质粘土层中的禾本科-莎草科-落叶栎-松、禾本科-落叶栎-松-蒿和莎草科-落叶栎-香蒲孢粉组合指示研究区低地为平原区草甸,而周边的山地有针阔叶混交林分布,当时该地区属于温凉略湿的温带气候。     

坝上草原相关花粉源范围与相对花粉产量估算

基于坝上草原地区30个采样点表土花粉分析和植被调查的研究结果显示,花粉组合以蒿属、藜科、禾本科、菊科和莎草科等草本植物为主,基本能够反映草原植被特征,但花粉百分比与其在植被中盖度差异明显.运用Extended R-Value(ERV)模型估算的坝上草原区相关花粉源范围大致为2100m,当风速大于3.5m/s时,基本稳定,受风速影响不大.估算的相对花粉产量结果显示,蒿属和藜科的相对花粉产量最高,为禾本科的20倍左右;其次为莎草科和菊科,为禾本科的7～9倍;百合科略高于禾本科;旋花科、豆科、唇形科及委陵菜属的相对花粉产量则明显低于禾本科.利用相对花粉产量对花粉与植被关系的校正结果表明:蒿属、藜科的校正效果明显,其相对花粉产量可以作为定量重建古植被的参考;莎草科、菊科、百合科和唇形科由于受植被和花粉数据梯度限制,其相对花粉产量能否用于植被与花粉关系的校正有待通过更多植被群落调查进一步证实;其他花粉类型由于在花粉组合中含量多低于5％,所以在校正花粉与植被关系时的作用不明显.     

宝清东升5000年以来花粉记录与气候波动的响应

根据宝清东升泥炭剖面的花粉记录及14C测年数据分析,划分出3个孢粉组合带.BQ-1组合(3 700 aB.P.以前)以耐干旱的蒿属、藜科花粉高含量和喜湿的莎草科低含量为特征,针叶植物很少,气候温暖干旱,沼泽尚未形成;BQ-2组合(大约在1 333～3 700 aB.P.时期)以喜湿的莎草科含量明显增加和耐干旱的蒿属、藜科花粉含量明显减少为特征,针叶松及云、冷杉急剧增加,气候温凉湿,沼泽发育繁盛;BQ-3组合(大约在1 333 aB.P.至现在)以喜湿的莎草科含量开始逐渐减少,耐干旱的蒿属花粉逐渐增加为特征,针叶松及云、冷杉继续增加,气候向冷干发展,沼泽逐渐萎缩.     

甘肃省临夏盆地更新世早期湖泊沉积孢粉记录的古气候演化

根据孢粉组合特征,将临夏盆地早更新统东山组(2.50-1.76Ma)的孢粉划分为3个孢粉带(含6个亚带),即3个植被、气候阶段,第一阶段(2.50-1.91Ma,带Ⅰ),植被类型是以柏科、榆属和禾本科为优势种的温带森林,气候表现为温凉稍干,并有逐渐干旱化的趋势.第二阶段(1.91-1.80Ma,带Ⅱ)是以云杉属、榆属和...     

上海东部地区全新世孢粉组合及古植被和古气候

通过对上海东部地区南汇鹤鸣Hm孔、东海Dh1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井全新世地层的孢粉研究,划分出5个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区古植被演替和古气候波动的5个阶段：第1阶段为针阔叶混交林-草地,反映气候温凉略湿（前北方期）;第2阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干（北方期）;第3阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿（大西洋期）;第4阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干（亚北方期）;第5阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林-草地,反映气候温暖湿润（亚大西洋期）。这为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据,为全新世古植被、古气候及古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

云南中部杞麓湖地区晚更新世——全新世植被研究

根据植被及C~14资料,本文将杞麓湖水下沉积物分为6个花粉带,其沉积年代及气候如下: 1.11.00--9.40m(水下沉积物深度,下同)松—油杉、冷杉、云杉、铁杉—栎针阔叶混交林带。气候冷湿。距今约3000—15000年,晚更新世(大理冰期最盛期)。 2.9.40—7.OOm 稀疏松-栎林带。气候干凉。距今约15000-12350年,晚更新世晚期(大理冰期冰后期)。 3.7.00-4.80m 松-油杉-栎、榆针阔叶林繁盛带。气候温暖。距今约12350-9500年,早全新世(前北方期-北方期)。 4.4.80-3.OOm 松-柏-栋、桦针阔叶林继续繁盛带。气候暖湿。距今约9500-5500年,中全新世(大西洋期-亚北方期) 5.3.00--0.84m 松-油杉-栎,以针叶树为主的针阔叶林带。气候温凉略干。距今约5000-1600年,晚全新世(亚大西洋期)。 6.0.84--O.OOm 稀疏松林。约1600年至今。本带森林面积迅速减小,可能由于人类的生产和生活活动所致,尚有待进一步研究。     

晚更新世末北黄海中部硬质粘土层的形成及其古环境意义

北黄海中部晚更新世末以来低海面时期发育的硬质粘土层是古环境变化信息的重要载体。文章运用沉积学、孢粉学和年代学等方法,从样品中提取出了可指示北黄海硬质粘土层成因的孢粉、藻类化石,并揭示了其记录的古环境和古气候特征。研究表明,该硬质粘土层的形成年龄介于12602~10357cal.a B.P.之间,年代上与发生在12.9~11.6ka期间的末次冰消新仙女木气候回冷事件相吻合,与不同沉积环境中形成的北黄海泥炭层为同一时期的沉积,可作为新仙女木事件在北黄海陆架响应的一个重要证据。高含量淡水藻类(环纹藻、盘星藻)与香蒲的存在表明北黄海硬质粘土层的形成环境主要为淡水水域,而硬质粘土层中藜科-蒿属的存在指示其形成期间间或受到海水的影响,其上下层段海生沟鞭藻含量的增加说明硬质粘土层沉积初期及形成后期海水作用的增强,淡水藻类与陆生植物孢粉此消彼长的变化规律反映了硬质粘土层形成的阶段性特征。硬质粘土层中蒿属-香蒲-松-禾本科-单缝孢和松-蒿属-禾本科-单缝孢-香蒲孢粉组合表明研究区当时处于寒冷而湿润的环境,低地为以河流湿地为主的平原草甸,周边山地有针阔叶混交林分布。北黄海晚更新世末期形成的硬质粘土层与长江三角洲地区同期形成的硬质粘土层孢粉藻类组合中均出现高含量的淡水藻类化石,而差异性体现在前者存在一定比例的蒿属藜科植物花粉,主要由两者所处的纬度不同所致。     

植硅体研究及其应用的讨论

植硅体是填充于高等植物细胞组织中的非晶质含水二氧化硅颗粒，记录了它所起源的植物细胞的特征，可以在土层或沉积物中很好地保存下来。通过植硅体的形态鉴定和确定组合带，可以恢复古植被、讨论植物群落演替，推断第四纪古气候环境及其变迁，指导地层划分对比。结合数学方法可以进一步计算出各种古环境气候的参数值，从而用以研究气候波动和发现气候事件，进行全球对比研究。在考古学、土壤学、农学和医学等领域，植硅体也得到了广泛的应用。     

An unusual manganese silicate occurrence at the Hoskins mine,Grenfell district,New South Wales

Stratiform manganese silicate rocks overlie jasper and metabasah in the ?Middle Silurian Hoskins Formation at the Hoskins manganese mine near Grenfell, NSW. Two dominant mineral assemblages occur in the Mn silicate rocks: (1) a “reduced’ assemblage, probably gradational into underlying jasper, containing abundant rhodonite and/or tephroite, plus subordinate carbonates, quartz, hausmannite, spessartine and Ba minerals, and (2) a well‐laminated ‘oxidized’ assemblage rich in red Mn‐rich alkali pyroxene and amphibole, braunite, manganoan pectolite and minor Mn‐rich mica, alkali feldspars, carbonates, quartz and barite. Several Mn silicates implicitly contain trivalent Mn. The Mn silicate rocks are rich in Mn, Ba and Sr, and also contain anomalously high Co, Cu, As and W; oxidized assemblages are alkali‐rich. Bulk compositions and geological setting suggest a submarine volcanic exhalative origin for the precursors of the Mn silicate rocks and jasper. Metamorphism has occurred at upper greenschist facies with original high oxygen fugacity conditions in the exhalative sediments being largely reflected in the resulting assemblages. Although analogues of the reduced Mn silicate rocks are widespread in metamorphosed Mn deposits, equivalents of the oxidized assemblages appear to be particularly uncommon.     

内蒙古的白垩系分布和恐龙类的发展演变

以内蒙古白垩系的分布为导向,重点剖析了白垩纪恐龙化石重要产地的古生态环境及恐龙种类的适应演化。依据燕山运动旋、岩相古地理、生物种群特征,从内蒙古南部到北部按地层年代划分出三个主要恐龙动物群。并进一步分析了食物能量流通、转化的循环系统,对恐龙动物群种类、数量的影响及其以适应环境为特征的繁衍、发展、分化过程,以及早期与晚期恐龙类的相互关系     

Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy of the West Midlands (UK) revised in the light of borehole geophysical logs and detrital compositional suites

The existing lithostratigraphic nomenclature of the late Carboniferous succession of Staffordshire and Shropshire is reviewed in the light of boreholes drilled since 1950. Four lithostratigrahic units are recognized on the basis of sandstone composition, assemblages of detrital clay minerals and geophysical log response. A regionally developed lithostratigraphic marker formed by a palustrine sequence with a distinctive gamma ray response is identified. Recognition of these features permits the identification of former incorrect correlations, and allows revisions to the lithostratigraphy to be proposed. A revision of the macroflora indicates a late Westphalian D to Cantabrian age for the higher part of the succession. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geology and inclusion studies on the genesis of the Baolun gold deposit in Hainan Province,South China

The late Triassic Baolun gold deposit hosted by Silurian phyllites is a large‐scale high‐grade gold deposit in Hainan Island, South China. The ores can be classified into quartz‐vein dominated type and less altered rock type. Three mineralization stages were recognized by mineral assemblages. The early stage, as the most important mineralization stage, is characterized by a quartz–native gold assemblage. The muscovite?quartz?pyrite?native gold assemblage is related to the intermedium mineralization stage. In late mineralization stage, native gold and Bi‐bearing minerals are paragenetic minerals. Microthermometry analyses show that the early mineralization stage is characterized by two types of fluid inclusions, including CO₂‐rich inclusions (C‐type) and aqueous inclusions (W‐type). C‐type inclusions homogenize at 276–335°C with an averaged value of 306°C and have salinities of 1.0–10.0 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 4.9 wt% NaCl equivalent). W‐type inclusions homogenize at 252–301°C (mean value of 278°C) with salinity of 4.0–9.7 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 7.4 wt% NaCl equivalent). In intermedium mineralization stage, C‐type and W‐type inclusions homogenize at 228–320°C (mean value of 283°C) and 178–296°C (mean value of 241°C), with salinities of 2.4–9.9 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 6.5 wt% NaCl equivalent) and 3.7–11.7 wt% NaCl equivalent (mean value of 7.7 wt% NaCl equivalent), respectively. No suitable mineral, such as quartz or calcite, was found for fluid inclusion study from late mineralization stage. In contrast, only aqueous inclusions were found from post‐ore barren veins, which yielded lower homogenization temperatures ranging from 168–241°C (mean value of 195°C) and similar salinities (2.6–12.6 wt% NaCl equivalent with averaged value of 7.2 wt% NaCl equivalent). The different homogenization temperatures and similar salinities of C‐type and W‐type from each mineralization stage indicate that fluid immiscibility and boiling occurred. The Baolun gold deposit was precipitated from a CO₂‐bearing mesothermal fluid, and formed at a syn‐collision environment following the closure of the Paleo‐Tethys.     

江苏南通市四甲镇全新世以来有孔虫动物群的发现及其地质意义

对江苏省南通市四甲镇CSJA6钻孔上部近43m的沉积物岩心进行了沉积学、年代学研究和有孔虫鉴定及组合划分,发现41属77种(含8个未定种)有孔虫。根据有孔虫动物群的垂直分布特征与AMS14C年龄,初步建立了时间被部分标定的全新世有孔虫化石组合,自上而下为Ammonia beccarii vars.-Cribrononion subincertum Asano组合、Ammonia beccarii vars.-Globigerinira glutinata组合和Ammonia beccarii vars.-Elphidium magellanicum组合。组合2、3带的时间界线约为8.1ka cal BP,组合3带的下界至少是10ka cal BP。这3个组合带的特征与以珠海、上海地区为代表的中国东部沿海平原全新世有孔虫组合相似。若将前人全新世海侵的14C年龄做进一步的校正,并结合本文钻孔研究成果可初步推测,在8.5~8ka cal BP时长江三角洲地区达到最大海侵,形成以镇江、扬州为顶点的长江巨大河口湾。     

胶辽地块古元古代沉积组合：年代与层序

根据变质岩石组合、成矿特征等方面对比研究，证明胶辽地块古元古代粉子山群、北部辽河群、老岭群可对比，荆山群和南部辽河群、集安群亦可以比，相应的北部和南部变质地层为同时异相。通过对各群同位素年代学资料的收集总结，表明它们沉积于2．5至1．9Ga期间，变质作用起始于2．2Ga，终止于正．6Ga。以辽河群为例，各岩组的原岩恢复及沉积环境讨论，表明整个裂陷带经历了从裂谷盆地向被动大陆边缘转化。最后于该活动带南缘转变为活动大陆边缘的，反映了该活动带完整的层序沉积环境变迁过程。     

青藏高原腹地温泉地区新生代生态环境演化与高原表面隆升过程分析

采自青藏高原腹地温泉地区新生代地层中的孢粉组合资料表明:从古新世到早中新世,古植被由早期的针阔叶混交林-森林草原植被向晚期的疏林草原植被演化,古气候也由亚热带暖湿气候向温凉气候演化;从上新世到早更新世,阔叶树种明显减少,而草本植物显著增多,反映气候开始向干冷方向演化;而中更新世晚期以来,出现稀疏草原植被向荒漠草原植被的演化,最终塑造了现代以藜、蒿为主的荒漠草原植被环境。高原腹地生态环境变化揭示了青藏高原自古新世以来至少经历了3次具有生态环境意义的表面隆升事件:古新世—早渐新世沱沱河组冲积扇砾岩沉积以及孢粉组合分析表明,青藏高原在白垩纪末—古新世初已隆升至1000～1500m,高原地形可能是高原(高山)与盆地相间的地貌格局;早中新世五道梁组植被中亚热带成分的显著增高,可能与高原表面隆升诱发高原季风而导致气候湿润有关,推测高原已隆升至2000～2500m;而中更新世晚期以草本植物为主,反映高原植被已经发生了转型,高原已隆升至3000m以上。     

Sediment records as archives of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene hydrological change in the alluvial Narmada River basin, western India

The rivers of western India are monsoon dominated and have been so throughout the late Quaternary. Sediment accumulation in these river basins has been controlled by climatic and tectonic changes over a time span from the Late Pleistocene to the recent. The lithofacies assemblages associated with the various sediment archives in the Narmada basin range from the boulders of the alluvial fans to overbank fines on the alluvial plains. Estimates, based on clast size, of stream power and competence, bed shear stress and discharge reveal that hydrological conditions during the Late Pleistocene (∼90 ka) were comparable to the present day. The size of the transported clasts and the thickness of the accumulated sediment indicate the influence of basin subsidence rather than an increase in discharge. Discharge estimates based on sedimentary structures preserved in the alluvial-plain facies suggest that the channel had a persistent flow, with a low width-depth ratio and large meander wavelength. The hydrological changes during the Holocene are more pronounced where the early Holocene is marked by a high-intensity hydrological regime that induced erosion and incision of the earlier sediments. The mid-Holocene stream channel was less sinuous and had a higher width-depth ratio and a higher meander amplitude in comparison with the present-day channel. Palaeo-fluvial reconstructions based on the sediment archives in the alluvial reach of the river basin are important tools in understanding the long-term hydrological changes and the intricate fluvial architecture preserved in the Narmada River basin ensures scope for detailed studies to identify phases of weak and enhanced hydrological regimes.