Petrographic and structural analysis of the Precambrian rocks in the Zalbi Sector,northwest Léré, Chad

The northwestern part of southwest Chad is one of the best regions to find exposed Precambrian terrains and their Phanerozoic cover. In this area, it is easy to establish the lithostratigraphic and structural relationships between sedimentary and granitic rocks, greenstone belts and dolerite dykes. Based on petrographic and structural studies, we distinguished the greenstone belts that belong to the Neoproterozoic Zalbi Series. The Neoproterozoic greenstone belts that are intruded by three generations of Pan-African granitoids (gabbro-diorite, biotite monzogranite and leucogranite) host the mineral resources in the region. The Precambrian rocks are covered by Cretaceous shale, sandstone and microconglomerate in the Kebbi Basin, and intruded by dolerite dykes. These late dolerite dykes, have a continental tholeiitic composition, which is supported by the presence of orthopyroxene in the mineralogical assemblage. Structurally, two major deformation events are present in the Zalbi Series. The earliest D₁ event is the most intensive and is associated with vertical to subvertical north-trending S₁ foliation, a vertical L₁ lineation and P₁ folds; the metamorphism associated with this phase is equilibrated in greenschist facies conditions. The second D₂ event is discrete and is characterised by large-amplitude folds and fractures.     

Contact zone permeability at intrusion boundaries: new results from hydraulic testing and geophysical logging in the Newark Rift Basin, New York, USA

Hydraulic tests and geophysical logging performed in the Palisades sill and the underlying sedimentary rocks in the NE part of the Newark Rift Basin, New York, USA, confirm that the particular transmissive zones are localized within the dolerite-sedimentary rock contact zone and within a narrow interval below this contact zone that is characterized by the occurrence of small layers of chilled dolerite. Transmissivity values determined from fluid injection, aquifer testing, and flowmeter measurements generally fall in the range of 8.1E-08 to 9.95E-06 m²/s and correspond to various scales of investigation. The analysis of acoustic and optical BHTV images reveals two primary fracture sets within the dolerite and the sedimentary rocks—subhorizontal fractures, intersected by subvertical ones. Despite being highly fractured either with subhorizontal, subvertical or both fracture populations, the dolerite above and the sedimentary rocks below the contact zone and the zone with the layers of chilled dolerite are significantly less conductive. The distribution of the particular conductive intervals is not a function of the two dominant fracture populations or their density but rather of the intrusion path of the sill. The intrusion caused thermal fracturing and cracking of both formations, resulting in higher permeability along the contact zone.     

Petrology of Igneous Rocks in Northern Golpayegan, Iran

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Dolerite intrusion morphology at Majuba Colliery, northeast Karoo Basin, Republic of South Africa

Dolerite sills, at times transgressive, and dykes are common at Majuba Colliery. Their behaviour within the Karoo stratigraphic pile limits and controls the effectiveness of extracting the deep-seated Gus coal seam. Due to the intrusion of dolerites, the coal seam elevation can vary by as much as 70 m. Data from 452 boreholes, 88 of which were drilled to granitic gneiss basement and data from the underground development were used to construct cross-sections through the colliery. Based on texture, geochemistry and mode of emplacement, there exist four different dolerite types (T1 to T4) at Majuba. These are intruded into sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup although one, the T3 dolerite, has been found intruded into basement gneiss. In the east, an ultramafic intrusion of pre-Karoo Supergroup age created a basement high. By far, the greatest number of dolerite sills intruded within a sandstone unit, and have identical sandstones in the footwall and hangingwall, rather than intruding along lithological boundaries.     

沉积岩的一种各向异性模型

给出了沉积岩的一种各向异性模型。用一个各向异性参数描述这类材料的固有各向异性，各向异性参数和单轴抗压强度是一个分布函数，其分布用一个微结构张量和加载方向表示。建立了一个描述各向异性沉积岩变形过程的全塑性模型。用该模型对这一些三轴试验进行了模拟，结果表明该模型能有效地描述沉积岩的固有各向异性。     

Hydrothermal Cu-Ni-Au-Ag mineralization in a granodiorite sill north of Cradock, Republic of South Africa

An undulating sheet-like granodiorite body is intrusive into sedimentary rocks and dolerite of the Karoo Supergroup north of Cradock. The top of this sheet, where in contact with dolerite, is characterised by the presence of graphite containing nodules of sedimentary origin, and by sulphide-arsenide mineralization. REE and other geochemical evidence indicate that the granodiorite and the ore-bearing horizon are genetically related, but the latter is more altered by hydrothermal fluids. Similarities in REE distribution patterns also imply very little assimilation of sedimentary material. The granodiorite displays plume-like features signifying that the material was plastic or semi-molten when segregation of the plume-like features took place. The Ni-mineralisation in the ore-bearing horizon is not linked to the MgO or Fe₂O₃ of the granodiorite or of the ore-bearing zone, and is regarded as a separate event of hydrothermal origin. Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 17 March 1997     

Petrology and Geochemistry of Dolerite Dykes, West Gar0 Hills, Meghalaya: A Preliminary Study

The Precambrian gneissic basement of West Gar0 hills, Meghalaya has been traversed by dolerite, metadolerite and basaltic rocks. The dolerite and basaltic rocks are tholeiites and show basic to intermediate composition with Mid- Oceanic Ridge Basalt (MORB) chemical affinity. These dolerite dykes are slightly older than the Sylhet traps and do not indicate genetic relationship with the latter. Relative age relationships suggest that the dykes are Jurassic in age and different from the dykes related to Sylhet volcanism and other ultrabasic and basic dykes in the area. Geochemical data suggest that these dykes have formed from a differentiated product of primary picritic magma of upper mantle source. This dyke activity may be related to the extensional tectonism during the Jurassic period due to the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent.     

西成矿化集中区热水沉积岩物质来源的同位素示踪及其意义

利用硅同位素、锶同位素和碳氧同位素,对西成矿化集中区与矿体紧密伴生的热水沉积岩的物质来源进行了探讨。硅质岩的硅同位素δ3 0 SiNBS -2 8=- 0.6‰～ - 0.1‰,硅主要来源于下伏沉积岩;热水沉积岩的锶同位素比值87Sr/ 86Sr变化于 0.70 938～ 0.72 812之间,位于海洋锶和陆壳锶之间,为混合锶,其锶主要来源于下伏沉积地层柱;碳同位素组成略低于正常沉积碳酸盐岩,碳主要来源于下伏沉积地层柱在循环碳,同时又受其它来源碳的影响。同位素研究结果表明,热水沉积岩的组成物质主要来源于下伏沉积地层柱 (地壳内部 ),形成方式主要是外生沉积作用,即热水沉积岩是内生作用与外生作用共同作用的结果,是内外生矛盾的统一体。     

吐哈盆地大河沿地区塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩特征

通过野外露头详细观察、薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析、微量元素分析等技术,对大河沿地区塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩矿物成分、沉积构造、岩性岩相类型及沉积环境进行研究。结果表明:塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩矿物成分以石英和方解石为主,含少量长石及黏土矿物;沉积构造类型包括较强水动力下的粒序层理、小型交错层理、脉状层理以及静水环境下的纹层状构造;以颜色、矿物成分、沉积构造等因素为依据将细粒沉积岩划分为5种岩相,包括灰黑色薄层状混合细粒岩相、深黑色页状黏土岩相、灰黑色纹层状混合细粒岩相、灰色薄层状粉砂岩相、灰白色页状灰岩相;岩石类型包括碳酸盐岩类、细粒长英沉积岩类、细粒混合沉积岩类3种岩石类型。塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩沉积期温暖湿润,整体上属于还原的半咸水-咸水湖盆的产物。     

山东东营凹陷古近系沙河街组湖盆演化及烃源岩赋存相带

确定烃源岩在盆地范围内的纵向变化规律及横向分布特征,建立有效烃源岩和油气藏的时空组合关系,正在成为高勘探程度地区继续寻找隐蔽油气藏的一种新的研究方向。东营凹陷沙河街组四段至沙河街组二段下部沉积时期,主要发育湖泊-三角洲沉积体系,通过对近百口钻井的地球化学、沉积学、古生态学等资料的分析,认为该沉积时期古湖盆演化可以划分为五个阶段,即沙四早中期裂陷初始阶段过补偿间歇湖、沙四晚期裂陷加速阶段欠补偿闭流湖、沙三早期裂陷鼎盛阶段欠补偿闭流湖-敞流湖、沙三中期裂陷稳定阶段均衡补偿深水敞流湖以及沙三晚期至沙二早期裂陷衰退阶段过补偿浅水敞流湖。在湖盆特定演化阶段的特定位置,往往出现独特的沉积环境和水面波动规律,从而形成了具有独特有机地球化学特征的烃源岩赋存相带。其中,沙四晚期闭流湖中可以划分出6种,沙三早期闭流湖－敞流湖中可以划分出4种,沙三中期至沙二早期敞流湖中可以划分出6种各具特色的烃源岩赋存相带,主要反映在有机质丰度和有机质类型方面,从而决定了其中烃源岩的生烃特点及生烃潜力。通过对烃源岩赋存相带的沉积环境与烃源岩特征的对比发现,东营凹陷沙四段至沙二段下部烃源岩生烃潜力以及有机地球化学特征,主要受到古湖盆类型、水深以及物源供应三大因素的控制。     

潜江凹陷潜江组盐间细粒岩沉积特征及其对页岩含油性的控制

江汉盆地是我国典型的内陆盐湖盆地,位于其中部的潜江凹陷发育盐间细粒沉积,近期油气勘探取得突破。为研究其沉积特征及其对页岩含油性的控制,本文基于岩心和多种测试方法将盐间细粒沉积划分出8种岩相,分别是含灰泥质云岩、云质混合细粒岩、泥质混合细粒岩、灰质混合细粒岩、灰质泥岩/泥岩、云质泥岩、硫酸盐质混合细粒岩和云质/泥质钙芒硝岩。岩相组合有A和B两种:A类岩相组合为含灰泥质云岩、云质混合细粒岩和泥质混合细粒岩,夹少量灰质混合细粒岩、云质泥岩、硫酸盐质混合细粒岩和云质/泥质钙芒硝岩;B类岩相组合为云质泥岩、硫酸盐质混合细粒岩、云质/泥质钙芒硝岩,夹少量灰质泥岩/泥岩和泥质混合细粒岩。A类岩相组合富集碳酸盐质矿物且有机质含量高,岩心上表现为灰黑色泥质岩(泥质混合细粒岩和灰质混合细粒岩)与黄褐色云质岩(含灰泥质云岩和云质混合细粒岩)频繁更替,其中夹有白色硫酸盐质岩,呈透镜体状或层状产出,说明当时环境的盐度较低,镜下纹层大部分呈较为连续的微波状或水平状。其沉积特征反映了A类岩相组合的形成环境为还原性较好、盐度较低的深水区。B类岩相组合硫酸盐矿物含量和有机质含量较低,岩心上表现为白色高硫酸盐质岩夹有黑色泥质层或黄褐色云质层,镜下观察为呈菱形片状钙芒硝,常见穿插双晶,可见明显的粒序变化,云质含量高的薄片镜下为无纹层特征。其沉积特征反映了B类岩相组合形成环境为还原性较弱、盐度较高的较浅水域。本研究将V/(V+Ni)、(S₁+S₂)/TOC、Sr/Ba和Ga/C₃₁H指数等地化参数与岩相特征相结合,进一步佐证了上述观点,并且补充说明了A类岩相组合形成于气候湿润的环境,而B类岩相组合形成环境较为干旱,且将盐间沉积划分为B、A、B三个阶段,对其进行了沉积模式的研究。结果表明:第一、三阶段气候干旱且水深较浅,湖水析出大量盐类,主要发育B类岩相组合,且硫酸盐矿物的增加使硫酸盐还原菌氧化有机质,不利于有机质富集;第二阶段降雨增加,大量淡水注入致使水体淡化且深度变深,这时水体分层性较好,还原性较强,发育A类岩相组合,有机质的保存条件好。由此可见,矿物组分上为灰泥质或云质含量高且岩心具有水平层理、镜下纹层特征明显的岩相,以及湿润气候下的还原性较强、盐度适宜且水体分层性好的深水环境等沉积特征,有助于形成含油性较好的页岩。因此,低TOC含量的B类岩相组合不是油气富集的主要岩相,富集的硫酸盐矿物会稀释有机质浓度,岩相所处的高盐度环境也会减缓微生物活动;而高TOC含量的A类岩相组合为油气富集的主要岩相,频繁的降雨稀释水体盐度,为可以产生有机质的浮游微生物创造了良好的环境,且所含云质纹层矿物间孔隙发育,有利于烃类的存储,所以成为该区内的优质烃源岩,是油气勘探开发的有利岩相。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系细粒沉积岩特征及沉积环境

随着泥页岩油气勘探的深入,详细解剖细粒沉积岩的岩石类型和组成,对后续储集层研究中优势岩石组合的确立有重要意义。通过岩心观察、全岩X射线衍射等分析手段,以矿物含量和沉积构造作为主要依据,将渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙三下沙四上亚段细粒沉积岩划分为9种岩石类型,其以纹层状混合细粒沉积岩、块状混合细粒沉积岩、纹层状灰岩、纹层状粉砂质灰岩、纹层状黏土质粉砂岩为主。由特征元素比值Ca/Mg、Na/Al、Fe/Mn、Sr/Ba、V/(V+Ni)值及Ti、Al含量的垂向变化,可知东营凹陷细粒沉积岩在古气候、古水深、古盐度及水体氧化还原性、陆源输入程度等方面的演化具有明显阶段性,其气候在沙四上亚段沉积时期表现为由干冷变暖湿,在沙三下亚段沉积时期呈现暖湿相对湿冷暖湿相对湿热的演化;且在不同的演化阶段,岩石组合及特征均有差异。因此,温暖湿润的气候和陆源输入量的增加有助于纹层状混合细粒沉积岩大量沉积,而较为寒冷干燥的气候和相对低的陆源输入易于沉积纹层状粉砂质灰岩。这一结论有利于深化断陷湖盆细粒沉积岩岩石学的基础研究,可为后续油气勘探开发奠定坚实的基础。     

Elemental and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemistry on detrital sedimentary rocks in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains

Systematic results of major and trace element geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemistry on detrital sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Triassic in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains are presented. The rocks are classified into greywackes or feldspar sandstones, grains of which are the mixtures of mafic rocks, felsic rocks, and quartz+calcite. Total rare earth elements (REE) contents of the rocks increase gradually and negative Eu anomalies become more obvious from Precambrian to Triassic, which may indicate intensifying crustal anatexis. Tectonic setting was stable during the Late Paleozoic, therefore there are obvious negative Ce anomalies. Nd model ages are between 1.6 Ga and 2.4 Ga, which are very similar to those of the Yangtze craton, South Qinling and North Qinling belts and quite different from those of the North China craton. Therefore, provenance of the sedimentary rocks in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains was the Yangtze craton and/or the Qinling orogen, which evolved on the basis of the Yangtze craton. The correlation between provenances and tectonostratigraphic strata of the western Yangtze craton shows that the source materials should be primarily from Neoproterozoic. Secondary sources were Archean and Paleoproterozoic strata. Triassic clastic sedimentary rocks contain Late Paleozoic mantle-derived materials, represented by the Emeishan Permian flood basalts. Spatial distribution of initial Nd isotopic compositions indicates that denudating areas were in the east and the north and depositing areas of deep water were in the west and the south for the Ganzi-Songpan basin during Triassic. Translated from Geology in China, 2006, 33(1): 109–118 [译自: 中国地质]     

皖南浅变质岩和沉积岩的钕同位素特点及其大地构造意义

根据Nd同位素模式年龄通常保留源区大陆地块的平均年龄的原理,作者研究了皖南上溪群千枚岩和震旦系到二叠系沉积岩的Nd同位素组成和模式年龄。发现千枚岩和沉积岩具有不同的Nd同位素组成和模式年龄,它们明显地分成二组。千枚岩的~(147)Sm/~(144)Nd=0.1220~0.1290,T_(DM)~(Nd)＝1.63~1.69Ga;沉积岩的~(147)Sm/~144Nd＝0.1100~0.1182,T_(DM)~(Nd)=1.92~2.14Ga。这表明,它们来自不同的物源区:上溪群可能来自附近的古岛弧双桥山群;沉积岩可能来自大别古陆和华北地台。     

沧东凹陷始新统孔店组二段深水细粒沉积岩中的软沉积物变形构造*

湖相深水细粒沉积岩中的软沉积物变形构造主要发育在泥岩和泥晶碳酸盐岩为主的地层中,大部分因为发育规模小(镜下尺度),在岩心观察中很容易被忽略掉。本文以沧东凹陷G108-8井孔店组二段(孔二段)细粒沉积岩为研究对象,通过密集的镜下观察和精细岩心描述,识别出同沉积微断裂、液化岩脉、微褶皱变形、微重荷变形和杂乱变形等多种类型的软沉积物变形构造。研究区深水细粒沉积岩中的软沉积物变形构造总体表现为规模小、垂向无明显重力流砂体伴生、原地成因、沉积纹层发育等特点。从应力调节方式的角度考虑,可以将软沉积物变形构造的形成机制划分为上覆应力卸载、侧向应力挤压和层内应力释放等3种类型,不同的形成机制分别是对不同沉积环境变化的响应。通过湖相深水细粒沉积岩软沉积物变形构造的研究,可以恢复古沉积环境变化、预测重力流方位,对深水细粒沉积岩的油气勘探也具有一定的指导意义。     

中国西秦岭碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

西秦岭是北接华北克拉通、西接祁连与柴达木、南接松潘—甘孜地块的东秦岭造山带的西延。文中研究了该区从前寒武纪到三叠纪的碎屑沉积岩。这些碎屑沉积岩中分离出的锆石由LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)进行了U-Pb定年。全岩Nd亏损地幔模式年龄类似于扬子克拉通年龄,主要分布于1.55~1.98Ga,峰值为1.81Ga,而与华北克拉通主要为古元古代与太古宙的模式年龄形成明显的对比。泥盆系中的碎屑锆石930~730Ma的U-Pb年龄指示其与扬子克拉通具亲缘性。930~730Ma是源区地壳的强烈增长阶段。二叠系—三叠系的碎屑沉积岩主体以含老于1600Ma的碎屑锆石为特征。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄与Sm-Nd同位素组成指示此时华北克拉通南缘的基底岩石成为二叠系—三叠系碎屑沉积岩的重要物源。扬子克拉通在三叠纪时与华北克拉通拼接。西秦岭二叠系—三叠系碎屑沉积岩含有高达50%的华北克拉通南缘的基底岩石。     

中国北方元古宙沉积岩中自生稀土矿物特征及其意义--以北京、大连地区为例

大连震旦系十三里台组首次发现自生稀土元素矿物独居石后 ,在北京十三陵中元古代长城系常州沟组、串岭沟组和大红峪组又发现了自生的独居石以及其他磷酸盐和硅酸盐稀土矿物。自生稀土矿物的形成和岩石中稀土元素含量较高有关 ;电子探针背散射图像和 P、Th、L a、Ce、Nd、Y等元素面分布图像研究表明 ,沉积岩中的自生稀土矿物与岩浆岩、变质岩和碎屑成因的截然不同。本文首次报道了元古宙长城系常州沟组沉积岩中碎屑锆石边部成岩过程中形成的自生磷钇矿。中国北方元古宙泥砂质碎屑沉积岩普遍具有高稀土组合 ,许多地区都可能存在独居石等自生稀土矿物 ,如天津蓟县、辽西、辽南和宣化等地 ,为利用离子探针 (SHRIMP)确定其同位素地质年代提供了可能。此外 ,本文对比了大连震旦系自生独居石和内蒙白云鄂博矿区东矿的独居石晶形和化学成分的相似性 ,再一次提出中国北方元古宙富稀土地层可能是内蒙古白云鄂博巨型稀土元素矿床的矿源层问题。     

西天山元古界的热液沉积岩及其与成矿的关系

在西天山中元古界蓟县系首次发现硅质岩、钾长岩和透辉岩等热液沉积岩,其中钾长岩和透辉岩在国内外极为少见。通过对这些热液沉积岩的地球化学特征的综合研究,确定这些热液沉积岩为海底喷气—沉积成因。最后,表文还分析了该热液沉积岩形成的构造背景和沉积环境以及与铜矿化的成因联系。根据金属硫化物的硫同位素组成和微量元素组成特征进一步说明热液沉积岩和金属硫化物的主要物质来自深部地层中循环的同生热液。     

塔里木盆地西北缘玉尔吐斯组硅质岩成因及石油地质意义

塔里木盆地下寒武统玉尔吐斯组是一套岩性复杂的烃源岩,该组中出现了广泛分布的层状硅质岩。层状硅质岩的形成环境较为特殊,对层状硅质岩的成因研究有助于还原玉尔吐斯组沉积时期的沉积背景,从而预测优质烃源岩的分布。利用不同露头剖面的硅质岩样品,通过薄片鉴定、SEM观察、能谱探针、有机碳含量测定等无机-有机岩石学分析认为,玉尔吐斯组硅质岩形成于裂谷背景下的高盐度、碱性封闭水体中,沉积水体的水动力变化使硅质岩具有层状构造和碎屑结构。陆源碎屑、生物以及与裂谷作用同时发生的火山活动为水体提供了硅质来源,热液为封闭水体带来了营养物质,使藻类、小壳类生物在裂谷中生长繁盛;生物的生长富集和特殊水体的良好保存条件,使玉尔吐斯组发育了良好的烃源岩层。硅质岩的岩石学、地球化学特征显示,早寒武世拉张应力条件下的大规模裂谷作用,形成了大范围展布的台内裂陷,台内裂陷环境有利于优质烃源岩的发育,研究区早古生代-新元古代地层有良好的勘探潜力。     

Phreatomagmatic boulder conglomerates at the tip of the ca 2772 Ma Black Range dolerite dyke,Pilbara Craton,Western Australia

Unusual volcanic conglomerates with a mixture of well-rounded granitic boulders (to 1.2 m diameter) derived from adjacent basement rocks, and smaller (1 – 10 cm) subspherical basaltic droplets with chilled margins occupy a linear zone along strike of the northern end of the Late Archaean Black Range dolerite dyke in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. The matrix of the volcanic conglomerates becomes more angular with decreasing grainsize and grades to rock flour, a trend opposite to that in sedimentary conglomerates. In other places, the matrix consists of chlorite that cuts through, and resorbs, granitic clasts, indicating an origin as volcanic melt. The volcanic conglomerates have peperitic contacts with immediately adjacent flows of the Mt Roe Basalt of the Fortescue Group. A welded volcanic tuff at the peperitic contact is dated at 2767 ± 3 Ma, within error of the 2772 ± 2 Ma Black Range dolerite dyke and the Mt Roe Basalt (2775 ± 10 Ma), confirming the contemporaneity of formation of these geological elements. Subsequent normal faulting has juxtaposed the higher level conglomerates down into their present exposure level along strike of the Black Range dolerite dyke. The linear zone of volcanic conglomerates is interpreted to represent a phreatomagmatic pebble dyke that formed immediately above, and as a result of intrusion of, the Black Range dolerite dyke. Interaction of magma with groundwater caused phreatomagmatic brecciation of the country rock, in situ milling of granitic boulders, incorporation of basaltic melt droplets, and the formation of a mixed matrix of devitrified volcanic glass and granitic material. This process was accompanied by along-strike epithermal Cu – Hg – Au mineralisation.