基于谱反演的谱蓝化拓频方法研究及应用

基于谱反演的谱蓝化拓频方法在稀疏约束下充分压缩子波影响,拓宽地震的低频和高频信息,利用井上反射系数的有色项,提高地震资料的分辨力.以渤海莱州湾地区新近系为例,基于反射系数模型和单道褶积模型试验,分析谱蓝化的应用基础,基于谱反演的谱蓝化拓频方法提高薄层地震响应的效果.结果表明:反射系数模型试验时,地层薄层、反射序列时间相关关系共同主导蓝谱形态;单道褶积模型试验时,能显著拓宽地震的绝对频宽,且能突出薄层和弱反射的地震响应.基于谱反演的谱蓝化拓频方法结合谱反演和谱蓝化的优点,引入井上先验认识,提高地震资料对薄层或相邻期次砂体的可描述性,且不容易产生解释假象.实钻井证实该方法能改善砂体的叠置关系,提高井上标定的相关因数.     

基于地震多属性融合与地质统计学反演的薄层砂岩预测

阐述了塔里木盆地塔北隆起带南缘英买力YM1 2地区舒善河组薄层砂岩勘探的难点与研究意义,提出了针对YM1 2地区舒善河组薄层砂岩预测的技术方法。平面上利用地震资料横向密集性采用地震多属性融合分析方法,通过薄层砂岩的属性优选与提取,计算钻井厚度与属性的相关关系,提取与薄层砂岩厚度相关度大的属性,多属性统计融合预测了薄层砂岩平面分布;垂向上采用地质统计学反演方法,在测井曲线标准化处理、反演低频模型建立的基础下,对钻井进行岩性估算、概率密度函数和变差函数分析,利用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛模拟反演,预测了YM1 2地区舒善河组薄层砂岩2套砂体的有利圈闭发育区。研究发现,薄层砂岩主要分布于YM1～YM2鼻状构造带上,整体呈北东-南西向条带状展布,平面上呈现多个砂体由南东-北西向叠置前积。舒善河组薄层砂岩的预测厚度与钻遇厚度高度一致,符合率高达90%以上。      

基于细化分层法探讨面波频散曲线反演参数的简化

常规频散曲线反演过程中需要不停地改变分层数、层厚度和层速度等参数,实现过程相对繁琐,而采用细化分层法对反演参数进行简化则避免了上述缺点。具体思路为:根据目的层探测深度(如20m)将地下介质分为若干个(20个)厚度为1m的薄层和1个均匀半空间层(共21层),这样在反演中分层数和层厚度均为已知参量,反演过程只需修改速度参数即可,避免了改变分层数和层厚度等参数,显著简化了反演计算过程。正演计算和反演结果均表明:细化分层与实际分层计算出的频散曲线是等效的,细化分层反演结果的总体效果与真实模型非常接近,这说明细化分层方法用于频散曲线反演是切实可行且有效的;将地下介质划分为1m厚的薄层,反演后每层均可得到1个横波速度,能满足反演分辨率的要求;由于实际地下介质的速度是随深度渐变的,细化分层后比按频散曲线拐点分层(每分层的厚度可能是几米或几十米,同一分层内介质的横波速度相等)更接近实际情况。     

基于压缩感知原理的L1范数AVO反演算法

基于压缩感知稀疏信号采样与重构理论,利用AVO反演方法将传统的L2范数改变为L1范数,反演地下地层在L1范数下的稀疏脉冲反射系数。反演得到的稀疏尖峰将局部地下结构通过有限数量的层状结构的叠加来表示,能够提高纵向精度,与传统的AVO反演算法相比提高了薄层的反演效果且具有一定的抗噪性。数值模型及实际数据的结果表明,基于压缩感知原理的L1范数AVO反演方法更加准确、分辨率更高。     

基于波动方程正演模拟分析薄砂层含不同流体的AVO特征

塔河油田碎屑岩储层厚度较小,薄层AVO 特征受薄层内多次波反射以及薄层调谐效应和频率滤波效应影响,导致薄层
AVO 特征与厚层AVO 特征差异较大。为此,笔者设计了不同含油气性薄层砂体模型来进行波动方程正演模拟,得到了CRP道集记
录,提取了目的层反射振幅,基于入射波振幅计算了反射系数,从而获得了薄层地震正演AVO 曲线,分析了塔河油田碎屑岩储层含不
同流体时的AVO 特征,找出了实际地质条件下的含油气性与AVO 属性特征的对应关系,以指导地震剖面上的含流体预测工作。      

断层三维滑动速率反演的算法对比

将微粒群优化算法与位错理论模型相结合,采用模拟重力测量数据反演断层三维滑动速率,并比较了该算法与蒙特卡洛法和蚁群算法的反演结果。利用河西地区2001~2004年的GPS数据,对祁连山断层的三维滑动速率进行反演,并与蚁群算法进行比较。结果表明,微粒群优化算法可有效求解断层的三维滑动速率,收敛快、精度高。     

双感应测井资料自适应正则化反演

为了准确获得地层真电阻率,确定地层侵入关系,将非线性反演理论与Morozov偏差原理结合,建立双感应测井(Dual-Induction Log)资料的自适应正则化全参数反演算法。首先根据Tikhonov正则化反演理论,将双感应测井资料反演问题变为含稳定泛函非线性目标函数极小化问题;再利用Gauss-Newton算法确定极小化解。在测井资料的最佳拟合迭代过程中,将Morozov偏差原理及Cholesky分解技术结合,建立一套自适应选择正则化因子方法;最后对大庆油田的实际测井资料进行反演处理。反演结论与试油结果表明,该算法在处理薄层、薄互层时能够取得更为满意的效果。     

用线性规划法求解瞬变电磁场反射系数

讨论了在水平层状介质中的反射系数的物理意义 ,推出时间域含有以反射系数序列为未知项的欠定方程组 ,提出用线性规划法求解瞬变电磁场反射系数序列 ,并给出求解思路和程序框图。对两个理论模型进行了处理 ,计算出了其反射系数。算例分析结果表明 ,算法可靠 ,程序可行。这一方法可用于瞬变电磁成像数值计算中。     

基于地质统计学反演和储层分类的相控储层建模方法研究及应用

南苏丹Melut盆地T-M油田主力油层古近系Yabus组属于断层复杂化的河流相沉积,砂体厚度薄且横向分布不穏定,主力油层分布规律不清,传统的储层建模方法无法满足薄层储层建模的需求。为此,通过合理定义相类型,并采用地质统计学反演为约束,构造高分辨率相模型,进而应用相控序贯高斯模拟、岩心数据拟合和J函数方法分別实现预测不同储层类型的薄层储层物性及含油性的空间分布。实践证明,利用该方法所建立的模型有效地解决了T-M油田的薄层和薄互层储层物性和含油性预测的难题,提高了储层物性和含油性预测的分辨率和精度。      

基于压缩感知技术的储层描述研究及应用

受主频与频宽限制,地震资料垂向分辨率一般较低。压缩感知技术使用较少的信号重构原始信号,突破香农采样定律限制,从有限频带地震信号重构反射系数。基于一维、二维模型试验,分析压缩感知技术在薄层与岩性边界中的识别效果。结果表明:一维模型试验时,压缩感知技术有效提高地震资料分辨率,结果精确,有一定抗噪能力;二维模型试验时,压缩感知技术不仅能准确反映地层尖灭位置、薄层及超薄层地层接触关系,还能准确反映地层横向连续性特征。压缩感知重构剖面分辨率远高于地震剖面与反演地震剖面分辨率,能对低于地震资料分辨率的储层进行细致描述。实钻井眼证实压缩感知重构数据的准确性,压缩感知技术能有效重构反射系数,提高地震资料对薄储层的精细描述。     

Analysis of Oblique Wave Interaction with a Comb-Type Caisson Breakwater

This study develops an analytical solution for oblique wave interaction with a comb-type caisson breakwater based on linear potential theory. The fluid domain is divided into inner and outer regions according to the geometrical shape of breakwater. By using periodic boundary condition and separation of variables, series solutions of velocity potentials in inner and outer regions are developed. Unknown expansion coefficients in series solutions are determined by matching velocity and pressure of continuous conditions on the interface between two regions. Then, hydrodynamic quantities involving reflection coefficients and wave forces acting on breakwater are estimated. Analytical solution is validated by a multi-domain boundary element method solution for the present problem. Diffusion reflection due to periodic variations in breakwater shape and corresponding surface elevations around the breakwater are analyzed. Numerical examples are also presented to examine effects of caisson parameters on total wave forces acting on caissons and total wave forces acting on side plates. Compared with a traditional vertical wall breakwater, the wave force acting on a suitably designed comb-type caisson breakwater can be significantly reduced. This study can give a better understanding of the hydrodynamic performance of comb-type caisson breakwaters.     

Wave interaction with a partially reflecting vertical wall protected by a submerged porous bar

This study gives an analytical solution for wave interaction with a partially reflecting vertical wall protected by a submerged porous bar based on linear potential theory. The whole study domain is divided into multiple sub-regions in relation to the structures. The velocity potential in each sub-region is written as a series solution by the separation of variables. A partially reflecting boundary condition is used to describe the partial reflection of a vertical wall. Unknown expansion coefficients in the series solutions are determined by matching velocity potentials among different sub-regions. The analytical solution is verified by an independently developed multi-domain boundary element method(BEM) solution and experimental data. The wave run-up and wave force on the partially reflecting vertical wall are estimated and examined, which can be effectively reduced by the submerged porous bar. The horizontal space between the vertical wall and the submerged porous bar is a key factor, which affects the sheltering function of the porous bar. The wave resonance between the porous bar and the vertical wall may disappear when the vertical wall has a low reflection coefficient. The present analytical solution may be used to determine the optimum parameters of structures at a preliminary engineering design stage.     

Time domain Rankine-Green panel method for offshore structures

To solve the numerical divergence problem of the direct time domain Green function method for the motion simulation of floating bodies with large flare, a time domain hybrid Rankine-Green boundary element method is proposed. In this numerical method, the fluid domain is decomposed by an imaginary control surface, at which the continuous condition should be satisfied. Then the Rankine Green function is adopted in the inner domain. The transient free surface Green function is applied in the outer domain, which is used to find the relationship between the velocity potential and its normal derivative for the inner domain. Besides, the velocity potential at the mean free surface between body surface and control surface is directly solved by the integration scheme. The wave exciting force is computed through the convolution integration with wave elevation, by introducing the impulse response function. Additionally, the nonlinear Froude-Krylov force and hydrostatic force, which is computed under the instantaneous incident wave free surface, are taken into account by the direct pressure integration scheme. The corresponding numerical computer code is developed and first used to compute the hydrodynamic coefficients of the hemisphere, as well as the time history of a ship with large flare; good agreement is obtained with the analytical solutions as well as the available numerical results. Then the hydrodynamic properties of a FPSO are studied. The hydrodynamic coefficients agree well with the results computed by the frequency method; the influence of the time interval and the truncated time is investigated in detail.     

Numerical simulation and validation of ocean waves measured by an Along-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

A new nonlinear integral transform of ocean wave spectra into Along-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar （ATI-SAR） image spectra is described. ATI-SAR phase image spectra are calculated for various sea states and radar configurations based on the nonlinear integral transform. The numerical simulations show that the slant range to velocity ratio （R/V）, significant wave height to ocean wavelength ratio （Hi2）, the baseline （2B） and incident angle （0） affect ATI-SAR imaging. The ATI-SAR imaging theory is validated by means of Two X-band, HH-polarized ATI-SAR phase images of ocean waves and eight C-band, HH-polarized ATI-SAR phase image spectra of ocean waves. It is shown that ATI-SAR phase image spectra are in agreement with those calculated by forward mapping in situ directional wave spectra collected simultaneously with available ATI-SAR observations. ATI-SAR spectral correlation coefficients between observed and simulated are greater than 0.6 and are not sensitive to the degree of nonlinearity. However, the ATI-SARoPhase image spectral turns towards the range direction, even if the real ocean wave direction is 30. It is also shown that the ATI-SAR imaging mechanism is significantly affected by the degree of velocity bunching nonlinearity, especially for high values of R/V and H/2.     

FAST APPROXIMATE INVERSION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC(FAIMT) DATA FOR A HORIZONTALLY LAYERED EARTH WITH NEAR-SURFACE INHOMOGENEITIES

IwrRODUcrIONNearsurface2-Dand3-DinhomogeneousdistortionsinMTdatamakeitdimculttointerpretMTdataevenwhentheregionalorbasinstruCturescanbetreatalas1-dfornsionalnyohmann,l975,Weide1t,l975,Wannamakeretal.,l984,LaTormcaetal.,l986,Zhang,l987,TorresWhrdinetal.,l992).Inthelasttwentyyears,2-Dand3-DmodelinghavebeenaanmPlishedbyusingnumricalmethods.Afteranalyringthesefor-wardmodelingresultS,wenowdeariyunderstandthemaorphySica1meCanisrnsasultingfromthesedistortionsofnear6urfaceinhomogeneities(Pa…     

Effect of the drag coefficient on a typhoon wave model

The effect of the drag coefficient on a typhoon wave model is investigated. Drag coefficients for Pingtan Island are derived from the progress of nine typhoons using COARE 3.0 software. The wind parameters are obtained using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The simulation of wind agrees well with observations. Typhoon wave fields are then simulated using the third-generation wave model SWAN. The wave model includes exponential and linear growths of the wind input, which determine the wave-growth mode. A triple triangular mesh is adopted with spatial resolution as fine as 100 m nearshore. The SWAN model performs better when using the new drag coefficient rather than the original coefficient.     

Estimation of wave forces on large compliant platforms

Compliant offshore structures such as spars, tension leg platforms (TLPs) and semi-submersibles have been dramatically improved in recent years due to their capability for deep water operation. Waves are the most important environmental phenomenon affecting these offshore structures. Estimation of wave forces is vital in offshore structure design. For large compliant offshore plat-forms, Morrison's equation is not valid anymore and usually diffraction theory is used. In this research, by using the finite difference method, a detailed analysis of the first-order diffraction of monochromatic waves on a large cylinder as a structural element is per-formed to solve the radiation and diffraction potentials. The results showed that the developed model is a reliable tool to estimate the wave forces and hydrodynamic coefficients on large structure elements when wave diffraction and radiation are considered.     

Hydrodynamic conditions in front of a vertical wall with an overhanging horizontal cantilever slab

Transforming wave heights from offshore to the shoreline is the first step of any coastal engineering work. Wave breaking is analyzed to understand hydrodynamic conditions. For vertical breakwaters and sea walls, wave reflection is an important process that affects the determination of the wave height. Many of the design formulas presented in the literature depend on empirical studies based on the structures tested. In this study, the hydrodynamic conditions in front of a vertical wall with an overhanging horizontal cantilever slab with a foreshore slope of 1/20 are determined experimentally under regular wave conditions to assess the applicability of the formulas of Goda (2000) for predicting the nearshore wave height and breaker index equation (Goda, 2010). The selection of wave measurements used to determine the design wave height, the reflection coefficients, and wave breaking is also analyzed, and the reflection equations are derived from the dataset covering different breaker types. Small-scale tests show that the incident wave height is a good representative of the design wave height and that the values predicted by Goda are in good agreement with actual measurements. However, the predicted H_max values are overestimated. In addition, the inception of the wave breaking point is postponed because of the reflection and/or turbulence left over from preceding waves, which is an effect of the vertical wall. At higher water levels, the effect of the vertical wall on the inception point becomes more significant.     

Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter derived wave period with ocean buoy data in the East China Sea and South China Sea

Altimeter wave period data obtained from continental shelf seas are analyzed in this paper. Empirical models are introduced for zero up-crossing and peak wave period calculation with TOPEX/POSEIDON data. Their performances are assessed using independent validation dataset in four sites in the open ocean of China. To provide more accurate wave period estimation, new coefficients are applied to reliable in situ data. Comparison of our estimated the wave periods with new linear calibrations based on independent data of Seapac 2100 deployed in the East China Sea and South China Sea showed that the accuracy was improved over estimates determined from earlier empirical models. Regional analysis indicated that the wave period model works better under wind sea condition.     

STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-FREQUENCY INTERNAL WAVES IN QINGDAO OFFSHORE AREA OF THE YELLOW SEA

Densely-sampled thermistor chain data obtained from a shallow-water acoustics experiment in the Yellow Sea off the coast of Qingdao were analyzed to examine the statistical properties of the 6 to 520 cpd frequency band internal waves observed. The negative skewness coefficients and the greaterthan-3 kurtosis coefficients indicated non-Gaussianity of the internal waves. The probability distributions were negatively skewed and abnormally high peaks. Nonlinear properties, as exemplified by the asymmetric waveshapes of the internal waves in the offshore area are described quantitatively.