优势结构面控制的岩质边坡强震破坏机制研究

据统计,由地震所造成的损失中,地震所诱发的滑坡和崩塌造成的损失约占40%。对于地震作用下斜坡变形破坏的类型与机制,前人已有大量的研究和归纳,然而对此问题的数值模拟研究则少有涉及。四川省什邡市北部山区在512汶川地震中烈度达到11度,遥感解译出的地震诱发崩滑体地质灾害点达161处,其破坏机制主要有顺层-切层滑坡和滑移式崩塌2种形式。本文针对这一地区2种典型滑坡地质灾害,利用赤平投影图分析方法确定边坡的控稳优势结构面组合,在此基础上用离散元数值模拟软件对其失稳过程进行数值模拟计算,分析结果显示:第1种斜坡破坏类型表现为缓倾坡外层状结构斜坡在强震作用下,坡顶首先出现拉裂,斜坡中部的结构面发生剪切变形,随着斜坡上部拉裂面向中部不断延伸并贯通,滑体便从高位沿中部缓倾结构面快速剪出。这种斜坡的变形破坏力学机制为滑移-拉裂,其破坏方式为顺层-切层滑坡。第2种斜坡破坏类型表现为高陡块状结构斜坡在强震作用下,斜坡上部结构面首先被拉裂,发生松动,被切割的块体沿拉裂面底端缓倾坡内或水平的结构面向外产生剪切变形,并在持续地震力作用下不断向坡外运动,以翻滚、崩落的方式运动至坡脚。这种结构类型斜坡的变形破坏力学机制为拉裂-滑移,其破坏方式为滑移式崩塌。     

宁夏羊场湾煤矿浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷发育规律及形成机理

以宁夏羊场湾煤矿Y110207工作面为研究对象,采用无人机遥感技术、野外调查与有限差分软件模拟方法研究浅埋煤层开采的地面塌陷类型、发育规律及其形成机理。(1)浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷以地表裂缝发育为主,地表破坏严重。(2)平行切眼裂缝间隔性出现,展布于整个工作面内,间隔距离为10～120m,局部裂缝形成错台高度约为15cm。平行顺槽裂缝为拉张型裂缝,发育在顺槽至外围一定范围。(3)采煤活动导致地下形成采空区,上覆岩层发生移动破坏,破坏区分为剪切破坏区、拉张破坏区及剪-拉破坏区,分别对压应力区、拉应力区和压-拉转化区。(4)当应力扰动传递至地表,应力值超过覆盖层抗拉强度时地表产生裂缝。随着工作面推进,覆岩内部裂缝带上行裂缝与地表下行裂缝贯通,形成错台。研究成果丰富了该区浅埋煤层的地面塌陷理论知识,为地面塌陷防治提供了理论依据。     

穿越断层隧道地震响应规律动力对比试验研究

为研究断层隧道在地震作用下的影响规律,开展了穿越断层隧道的振动台对比试验,介绍了试验材料、相似比选取及动力加载情况。试验表明：地震作用下衬砌腰侧的受力明显大于顶部和底部,在进行结构设计时应进行加强;隧道衬砌具有一定的加速度放大效应,衬砌结构的加速度傅里叶谱值主要集中于中低频,在结构临近破坏时,加速度和应变响应值将发生突变;隧道衬砌裂缝发展与结构位置密切相关,地震作用下底部裂缝由内向外发展,腰部裂缝由外向内发展;断层走向与隧道纵向夹角越小,地震对隧道的作用越大,裂缝的发育越明显;隧道的最终破坏形式为管节本身的纵向拉裂缝和管节接缝处的错台组成。该研究成果为穿越断层隧道的相关设计提供参考。     

Experimental Investigation on the Basic Law of Hydraulic Fracturing After Water Pressure Control Blasting

Because of the advantages of integrating water pressure blasting and hydraulic fracturing, the use of hydraulic fracturing after water pressure control blasting is a method that is used to fully transform the structure of a coal-rock mass by increasing the number and range of hydraulic cracks. An experiment to study hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting on cement mortar samples (300 × 300 × 300 mm³) was conducted using a large-sized true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experimental system. A traditional hydraulic fracturing experiment was also performed for comparison. The experimental results show that water pressure blasting produces many blasting cracks, and follow-up hydraulic fracturing forces blasting cracks to propagate further and to form numerous multidirectional hydraulic cracks. Four macroscopic main hydraulic cracks in total were noted along the borehole axial and radial directions on the sample surfaces. Axial and radial main failure planes induced by macroscopic main hydraulic cracks split the sample into three big parts. Meanwhile, numerous local hydraulic cracks were formed on the main failure planes, in different directions and of different types. Local hydraulic cracks are mainly of three types: local hydraulic crack bands, local branched hydraulic cracks, and axial layered cracks. Because local hydraulic cracks produce multiple local layered failure planes and lamellar ruptures inside the sample, the integrity of the sample decreases greatly. The formation and propagation process of many multidirectional hydraulic cracks is affected by a combination of water pressure blasting, water pressure of fracturing, and the stress field of the surrounding rock. To a certain degree, the stress field of surrounding rock guides the formation and propagation process of the blasting crack and the follow-up hydraulic crack. Following hydraulic fracturing that has been conducted after water pressure blasting, the integrity of the sample is found to be far lower than after traditional hydraulic fracturing; moreover, both the water injection volume and water injection pressure for hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting are much higher than they are for traditional hydraulic fracturing.     

Numerical simulation of the seismic response of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam during the Wenchuan earthquake based on a generalized plasticity model

The strong ground motion of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China caused considerable damage to the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD). The maximum crest settlement was approximately 1.0 m, and compressive failure and joint dislocations were observed in the face slabs. This damage has made it necessary to understand the damage pattern and safety of high CFRDs subjected to strong earthquake shaking, and the response of the Zipingpu CFRD during the Wenchuan earthquake can be used as a benchmark for this purpose. In this study, a 3D dynamic procedure was employed to simulate the dynamic responses of the Zipingpu CFRD. The rockfill materials were described using a generalized plasticity model, while the interfaces between the face slabs and cushions were modeled using zero-thickness interface elements that follow a perfect elasto-plastic stress–strain model in the tangential direction using Coulomb’s friction law. Dam deformation, face-slab stress, and face joint dislocations were simulated, and the results were compared with the field measurements. Using the generalized plastic model, the residual deformation of the dam during the earthquake could be directly obtained without being complemented by separate, semi-empirical procedures. The rockfill materials shrank to the center of the valley due to the strong shaking, causing crushing damage in the zone of the slabs. The dislocation of construction joints was also duplicated by the numerical procedure. The results of this study indicate that a 3D finite element procedure based on a generalized plasticity model can be used to evaluate the dynamic responses of CFRDs during strong earthquakes.     

水压影响岩石渐进破裂过程的试验研究

岩石的压缩过程伴随着裂纹扩展,在低、中围压条件下扩展的裂纹主要受到张拉作用而产生,张拉破坏是首要的作用机制。研究发现,岩石的渐进破裂过程受岩石的结构和构造影响,比如矿物成分、颗粒大小以及胶结情况等,另外,围压以及开挖扰动等外界因素对岩石的渐进破裂过程也有重要影响。基于试验方法探讨水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响,首先,阐述岩石渐进破裂过程各个阶段的特征;然后,对岩石渐进破裂指标--岩石的启裂强度 和损伤强度 的确定方法进行总结;最后,选取细粒的石英砂岩为研究对象,通过试验研究水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响。试验结果表明,相同围压条件下,随着岩样两端水压的增大,岩石的 有逐渐增大的趋势,而岩石的 和峰值强度 逐渐变小;随着围压逐渐增大,岩石的启裂强度 、损伤强度 及峰值强度 均逐渐增大。     

一种改进的光滑粒子动力学法在地震条件下岩质边坡中的验证与应用

开发一种改进损伤框架的粒子流算法,被称为核断裂的光滑粒子流法（kernel?broken smoothed particle hydrodynamics,KBSPH）,用于模拟地震条件下岩质边坡的裂纹扩展和变形破坏过程.在KBSPH中,提出一种改进的损伤框架,通过引入断裂标志来改进损伤粒子的核函数,使损伤粒子的虚拟应力键直接断裂,裂纹在断裂的应力键间生成,从而模拟岩石的裂纹扩展过程.在地震边界上采用了双层边界,将动力输入边界与黏滞边界分离.首先通过薄板振动实验验证KBSPH的动力特性.其次以单裂隙岩体单轴压缩试验验证KBSPH的断裂力学特性.最后模拟地震条件下多节理岩质边坡中裂纹扩展过程和动力响应.薄板振动实验验证了KBSPH的动力特性的准确性.单裂隙岩体单轴压缩试验,证明了KBSPH可以正确模拟预制裂隙尖端的翼型裂纹.通过对比以往数值模拟方法和现场案例,表明KBSPH正确揭示了加速度放大效应以及地震条件下岩质边坡的裂纹扩展过程.KBSPH避免了传统算法的网格畸变,损伤粒子应力分量重新分配的问题,降低了编程难度,提高了运行速率,可为SPH在地震条件下岩石力学中的应用和理解岩石断裂机理提供一定的参考.      

动静组合作用下刀具破岩机制数值分析

基于细观损伤有限元方法,模拟分析了刀具在单一动载、动静联合荷载、静态围压条件下动静联合荷载3种情况下岩体破碎的全过程。模型采用黏弹性人工边界剔除了边界应力波反射对模拟结果准确性的影响。数值模拟结果表明：在弹性情况下,静压的存在对岩体内部最小主应力值影响不大,却显著提高了材料内部最大主应力水平,增大了剪应力的大小,导致剪切破坏可能性增加;当有围压存在时,岩体内部受拉区域减少,岩体强度有所提高。单一动载和动静联合荷载破岩时,岩体内部除刀头附近呈现少量压破坏外,破坏均以拉破坏为主;而围压条件下,岩体破碎面积相对减小,裂纹在围压的作用下向两侧自由面延伸,岩体内部破坏形式则趋于多样化,压破坏比重明显增大,整体表现为拉压复合作用。模拟结果还表明,刀头侵入量主要受动载力大小影响,在相同幅值增量下,动载力增加导致的刀头侵入量远大于静压增加所导致的侵入量。相对单一动载和静压作用下的岩石破碎机制来说,动静组合加载破岩的研究还需更为深入的探讨。研究结果可望对岩体破坏机制以及地下工程作业等实际应用提供一定的参考。     

强震作用下穿越断层隧道围岩力学响应研究

通常情况下,地下工程震害比地面建筑物震害较轻,但是在强震条件下,地下工程震害依然突出。2008年 512 汶川大地震(MS8.0)对地下工程造成了巨大破坏,尤其是穿越构造断裂带的铁路、公路隧道。本文采用三维离散元(3DEC)动力分析方法和实测汶川地震动记录,模拟研究了穿越断层的成兰铁路邓家坪隧道围岩在强震和断层共同作用下的动力响应过程。经过与实地调查的北川映秀断裂带地表破裂情况对比验证,模拟结果具有较高的可信度。结果表明:地震动荷载、断层等因素的共同作用改变了隧道围岩中的初始应力分布,进而引起断层附近隧道围岩应力累积、应力集中,最终导致了具有高度复杂性的渐进性断层破裂过程和隧道围岩破坏过程,这个过程可以定性地划分为5个主要阶段:弹性应力集中阶段、破裂起始阶段、破裂加速阶段、稳定破裂阶段和破裂逐渐停止阶段。本研究将有助于深刻认识在强震和断层共同作用下的隧道围岩动力响应过程,并对隧道安全性评价具有重大意义。     

The characteristics and failure mechanism of the largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008, China

Strong earthquakes are among the prime triggering factors of landslides. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M _w = 7.9) triggered tens of thousands of landslides. Among them, the Daguangbao landslide is the largest one, which covered an area of 7.8 km² with a maximum width of 2.2 km and an estimated volume of 7.5 × 10⁸ m³. The landslide is located on the hanging wall of the seismogenic fault, the Yingxiu–Beichuan fault in Anxian town, Sichuan Province. The sliding mass travelled about 4.5 km and blocked the Huangdongzi valley, forming a landslide dam nearly 600 m high. Compared to other coseismic landslides in the study area, the Daguangbao landslide attained phenomenal kinetic energy, intense cracking, and deformation, exposing a 1-km long head scarp in the rear of the landslide. Based on the field investigation, we conclude that the occurrence of the landslide is controlled mainly by the seismic, terrain, and geological factors. The special location of the landslide and the possible topographic amplification of ground motions due to the terrain features governed the landslide failure. The effects of earthquakes on the stability of slopes were considered in two aspects: First, the ground shaking may reduce the frictional strength of the substrate by shattering of rock mass. Second, the seismic acceleration may result in short-lived and episodic changes of the normal (tensile) and shear stresses in the hillshopes during earthquakes. According to the failure mechanism, the dynamic process of the landslide might contain four stages: (a) the cracking of rock mass in the rear of the slope mainly due to the tensile stress generated by the ground shaking; (b) the shattering of the substrate due to the ground shaking, which reduced the frictional strength of the substrate; (c) the shearing failure of the toe of the landslide due to the large shear stress caused by the landslide gravity; and (d) the deposition stage.     

大理岩加、卸荷破坏过程的三维颗粒流模拟

从大理岩常规三轴加、卸荷室内试验出发,结合PFC3D颗粒流程序进行分析,在明确室内试验与数值模拟试验卸荷速率对应关系的基础上,对不同卸荷速率下试样破坏过程的力学特性及破坏机制进行探讨。结果表明：加、卸荷路径下整个加载过程中张拉裂纹数量均明显高于剪切裂纹;常规三轴试验损伤应力之后,裂纹围绕某一速率进行扩展,卸荷试验损伤应力之后,裂纹的发展是突发性的;不同应力路径下试样损伤破坏的差异性主要形成于损伤应力至峰值应力这一阶段,直至卸荷速率超过6 MPa/s,试样的损伤程度与破坏形式逐渐趋于一致;随着围压的增大,不同卸荷速率下岩石破坏均呈现出由张拉破坏逐渐向剪切破坏过渡。     

含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤机制研究

对消落带劣化岩体及水库诱发地震共同影响下三峡库区某典型危岩边坡的稳定性进行了研究,设计并开展了几何相似比为1:100的振动台模型试验,探讨了含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏演化全过程及其动力响应规律。研究表明：含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏全过程可归结为坡体内部损伤累积—裂隙发育—次级节理与深大裂隙贯通—失稳倾倒,同时伴随消落带岩体表层松动—掉落—破坏及内部出现渗流网—形成渗流通道—形成“凹腔”的复合破坏模式;随着地震动的持续,危岩体内部动力响应规律具有典型的“趋高”及“趋表”效应,危岩边坡表面累积位移不断增加,消落带处孔隙水压力整体增加,危岩边坡内部水平向及竖直向土压力在全阶段中整体均呈先增大后减小的规律;危岩边坡自振频率及阻尼比在全阶段整体呈减小和增加的趋势;在小震结束前阶段及强震阶段,危岩边坡损伤度曲线分别呈“S”型分布和指数型分布。     

Andean earthquakes triggered by the 2010 Maule,Chile (Mw 8.8) earthquake: Comparisons of geodetic,seismic and geologic constraints

The Maule, Chile, (M_w 8.8) earthquake on 27 February 2010 triggered deformation events over a broad area, allowing investigation of stress redistribution within the upper crust following a mega-thrust subduction event. We explore the role that the Maule earthquake may have played in triggering shallow earthquakes in northwestern Argentina and Chile. We investigate observed ground deformation associated with the M_w 6.2 (GCMT) Salta (1450 km from the Maule hypocenter, 9 h after the Maule earthquake), M_w 5.8 Catamarca (1400 km; nine days), M_w 5.1 Mendoza (350 km; between one to five days) earthquakes, as well as eight additional earthquakes without an observed geodetic signal. We use seismic and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations to characterize earthquake location, magnitude and focal mechanism, and characterize how the non-stationary, spatially correlated noise present in the geodetic imagery affects the accuracy of our parameter estimates. The focal mechanisms for the far-field Salta and Catamarca earthquakes are broadly consistent with regional late Cenozoic fault kinematics. We infer that dynamic stresses due to the passage of seismic waves associated with the Maule earthquake likely brought the Salta and Catamarca regions closer to failure but that the involved faults may have already been at a relatively advanced stage of their seismic cycle. The near-field Mendoza earthquake geometry is consistent with triggering related to positive static Coulomb stress changes due to the Maule earthquake but is also aligned with the South America-Nazca shortening direction. None of the earthquakes considered in this study require that the Maule earthquake reactivated faults in a sense that is inconsistent with their long-term behavior.     

Modeling of strong ground motions for 1991 Uttarkashi, 1999 Chamoli earthquakes, and a hypothetical great earthquake in Garhwal–Kumaun Himalaya

In this study, stochastic finite fault modeling is used to simulate Uttarkashi (1991) and Chamoli (1999) earthquakes using all available source, path, and site parameters available for the region. These two moderate earthquakes are recorded at number of stations of a strong motion network. The predicted peak ground accelerations at these stations are compared with the observed data and the ground motion parameters are constrained. The stress drop of Uttarkashi and Chamoli earthquakes is constrained at 77 and 65?bars, respectively, whereas the quality factor Q _C is 112 $ f^{0.97} $ and 149 $ f^{0.95} $ for these two regions. The high-frequency attenuation parameter Kappa is in the range 0.04?C0.05. The constrained ground motion parameters are then used to simulate Mw 8.5 earthquake in central seismic gap region of Himalaya. Two scenarios are considered with epicenter of future great earthquake at locations of Uttarkashi and Chamoli earthquakes using above constrained parameters. The most vulnerable towns are the towns of Dehradun and Almora where expected PGA is in excess of 600?cm/s² at V_S30 520?m/s when the epicenter of the great earthquake is at the location of Uttarkashi (1991) earthquake. The towns of Shimla and Chandigarh can expect PGA close to 200?cm/s². Whereas when the epicenter of the great earthquake is at the location of Chamoli (1999) earthquake, the towns of Dehradun and Almora can expect PGA of around 500 and 400?cm/s², respectively, at V_S30 620?m/s. The National Capital Region, Delhi can expect accelerations of around 80?cm/s² in both the cases. The PGA contour maps obtained in this study can be used to assess the seismic hazard of the region and identify vulnerable areas in and around central Himalaya from a future great earthquake.     

震裂-滑移式崩塌形成机制及变形规律研究

以四川省S303线卧龙至巴郎山段K70+340～K70+388处崩塌为研究对象,采用地质力学分析和UDEC离散元模拟相结合的方法,揭示了震裂-滑移式崩塌形成机制及其变形破坏规律。结果表明：该类型崩塌主要发生在有陡倾结构面的顺层岩质斜坡;地震波对斜坡岩体主要为拉剪破坏,并呈现出坡顶和坡面处拉应力大于坡体内部的规律;地震力对斜坡的影响表现出顶部较下部、坡面较坡内变形快、变形量大的特点;随地震波加速度的幅值的增大,斜坡动力响应也越强烈,崩塌体的位移也越大;震裂破坏过程可以归纳为6个阶段,即（1）地震作用下岩体的损伤和拉张裂缝的形成;（2）拉张裂缝的拓展和软弱滑移面的贯通;（3）崩塌体整体震散和局部岩块的滑移;（4）局部岩块失稳,产生岩体的坠落、弹射、抛射和滚落现象;（5）岩体整体产生坠落、弹射、抛射和滚落;（6）崩塌体趋于稳定。该问题的研究不仅可以为地质灾害的分析提供新方法,而且对震区防灾、减灾具有一定的指导意义。     

不同尺度岩体结构面对页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响

储层岩体中的天然结构面对水力压裂缝网改造具有重要的影响。本文采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D-Flow,在考虑岩体非均质性和岩体渗流-应力-损伤破裂特性的基础上,对不同尺度天然结构面影响的水力压裂裂缝扩展与演化行为进行了模拟分析和讨论,研究结果表明:（1）当水力裂缝遇天然非闭合裂隙时,在水力裂缝靠近非闭合裂隙区间形成拉张应力区,水力裂缝与区间非闭合裂隙间微元体累进性张拉破坏是导致水力裂缝与非闭合裂隙贯通的主要机制;（2）层理等优势结构对水力压裂裂缝扩展及缝网形态影响十分显著,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向小角度相交时,层理结构面对水力裂隙的扩展起主要作用,当最大主应力方向与层理面走向大角度相交时,最大主压应力与层理面共同对缝网扩展起主导作用,随着优势结构面的增多和差应力的增大,水力压裂形成的缝网范围和复杂性程度随之增大;（3）储层水力压裂是一种局部范围内的短暂动力扰动过程,尽管断层的存在可以极大地影响水力裂缝的扩展模式,增大水力裂隙扩展高度,但相比于储层埋深,水力压裂对断层封闭性的破坏范围和断层活动性的扰动程度十分有限。     

Local site effects in the northern North Sea based on single-station spectral ratios of OBS recordings

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of local site effects in earthquake damage. A number of studies of recent destructive earthquakes have illustrated the relative contribution of enhanced ground shaking due to unconsolidated sediment layers.
Among the different methods used to estimate local site response, the spectral ratio of shaking at a sedimentary site with respect to a bedrock reference site, has been successfuly applied in different geological environments. In this study, a technique recently proposed by Nakamura (1989) is used to evaluate site response using spectral ratios of horizontal vs. vertical components of earthquake recordings from a temporary ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) network in the northern North Sea and a permanent OBS at Oseberg oil field. Comparison with results obtained from the standard spectral ratios, indicate that the method is applicable also to subsea conditions, and the estimates obtained in this study indicate similar amplification factors to those obtained previously from analytical techniques. The ambient noise data on the other hand, gave unstable results, probably due to different noise characteristics in the marine environment. The results obtained on the earthquake data, however, provide an encouraging alternative to previously used analytical techniques for estimating local site response.     

基于黄土结构损伤的地裂缝局部化破裂发展机制

针对西安地裂缝活动条件下黄土覆盖层裂缝的发展与形成,依据黄土的构度和应力比结构性参数变化规律,分析了黄土构度和抗拉强度之间的关系,建立了黄土结构性演变的数学模型,抗拉强度与抗剪强度随结构性参数变化强度准则,以及反映黄土结构性演变的Mohr-Coulomb屈服面弹塑性模型.通过本构模型嵌入FLAC3D软件,数值模拟西安地裂缝活动边界条件,以及结构性黄土地层结构,进行了黄土结构损伤变化和地层破裂带形成发展分析研究.表明地裂缝错动位移作用条件下,黄土地层塑形区域破裂带发展分为初始剪切破坏、初始拉伸破坏、剪切与拉伸破坏发展、破裂带贯通四个阶段;地层破裂带黄土的结构性损伤衰减变化突出,黄土应力比结构性参数等值线与地层塑性破裂带分布一致.揭示的黄土地层局部化破裂发展过程机制,对于认识地裂缝造成地面建筑物与地下工程灾害有重要的理论和实际意义.     

The role of the Kazakhstan orocline in the late Paleozoic amalgamation of Eurasia

After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, we mapped surface ground fractures in Tangdhar, Uri, Rajouri and Punch sectors and liquefaction features in Jammu area lying close to the eastern side of the Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir, India. The NW trending ground fractures occurred largely in the hanging wall zone of the southeastern extension of the causative fault in Tangdhar and Uri sectors. The principal compressive stress deduced from the earthquake induced ground fractures is oriented at N10°, whereas the causative Balakot–Bagh fault strikes 330°. The fault-plane solution indicates primarily SW thrusting of the causative fault with a component of strike–slip motion. The ground fractures reflect pronounced strike–slip together with some tensile component. The Tangdhar area showing left-lateral strike–slip motion lies on the hanging wall, and the Uri region showing right-lateral strike–slip movement is located towards the southeastern extension of the causative fault zone. The shear fractures are related to static stress that was responsible for the failure of causative fault. The tensile fractures with offsets are attributed to combination of both static and dynamic stresses, and the fractures and openings without offsets owe their origin due to dynamic stress. In Punch–Rajouri and Jammu area, which lies on the footwall, the fractures and liquefactions were generated by dynamic stress. The occurrence of liquefaction features in the out board part of the Himalayan range front near Jammu is suggestive of stress transfer  230 km southeast of the epicenter. The Balakot–Bagh Fault (BBF), the Muzaffarabad anticline, the rupture zone of causative fault and the zone of aftershocks — all are aligned in a  25 km wide belt along the NW–SE trending regional Himalayan strike of Kashmir region and lying between the MBT and the Riasi Thrust (Murree Thrust), suggesting a seismogenic zone that may propagate towards the southeast to trigger an earthquake in the eastern part of the Kashmir region.     

场地条件对地震动和震害影响的研究进展与建议

场地条件对地震动和震害有重要影响。本文简要回顾了场地条件对地震动和震害影响的研究历史,总结和评述了这一领域的研究进展。重点对地形地貌、岩土类型、覆盖层厚度、土层结构、地下水、岩土动力性质及物理地质现象等对地震动和震害的影响进行了总结和评述。提炼和概括了目前场地条件对地震动和震害影响研究中比较一致的几点认识。在此基础上,提出了这一领域当前应进一步研究的问题,主要包括地震现场资料调查、局部地形几何尺度、场地分类、覆盖层安全厚度界限、近断层地震动参数分布规律、活断层避让距离,以及强震资料积累等关键问题。