电离层GPS掩星观测反演技术

在电离层局部地区球对称假设下,推导了利用双频和单频无线电掩星观测数据,反演电离层电子密度剖面的两种方法. 双频反演的误差来自于载波相位的观测误差,单频反演误差则主要由伪距的观测精度决定. 由于载波相位测量精度比伪距测量精度高两个量级,因此双频反演的精度一般比单频反演的高些. 不过,两载波信号L1和L2之间的传播路径差异会给双频方法带来误差. 利用三维射线追踪的程序模拟的无线电掩星数据来评估这些方法,结果表明,反演出的电离层剖面与给定的模式电离层非常吻合,验证了两种方法的可靠性和准确性. 将这两种反演方法应用于处理实测的GPS/MET掩星观测数据,均能获取合理的电离层剖面信息. 且单频方法得到的反演剖面与双频方法相当一致, 这为利用LEO星载单频GPS接收机进行电离层掩星观测提供了理论基础.     

三维模式约束的电离层掩星反演方法

目前电离层掩星数据反演是基于电离层电子密度分布局部球对称近似的Abel反演方法,实际电离层的非球对称性会给电子密度反演结果带来误差.本文研究利用三维电离层模式来提供电子密度水平变化的先验信息约束电离层掩星反演的方法,即三维模式约束法;并将该方法应用于模拟掩星观测数据和实测掩星数据的反演.模拟观测数据的反演结果表明,与Abel反演方法相比,三维模式约束法能够减小反演误差.采用IRI2001模式作为约束,对COSMIC电离层掩星实测数据反演,将反演结果与全球的垂测仪数据进行比较,结果表明,三维模式约束法和Abel反演方法都能很好地反演电离层掩星.     

Correction method of the ionosphere model using data from wide area navigation satellite systems

A method of correcting an ionosphere model is developed on the basis of data received from wide area navigation satellite systems. This method allows one to calculate the distribution of electron concentration on a scale that is close to real-time, and it can be used in conditions of a disturbed ionosphere, where it is difficult or impossible to determine the critical frequency of the F2 layer. The ionospheric parameters received from vertical incidence sounder data and retrieved from the corrected model agree well, which allows this approach to be used for ionospheric support of different radio systems.     

电离层TEC卡尔曼滤波成像研究

随着太空探测技术的进步,对TEC(Total Electron Content,简称TEC)探测精度要求越来越高.本文利用COSMOS 2414卫星数据资料获得观测TEC,在电离层NeQuick模型下,得到电离层电子密度,并使用卡尔曼滤波算法反演电子密度,最后结合电离层测高仪数据对实验结果进行判定.结果发现利用卡尔曼滤波反演信标资料算法,可以获得可靠的二维电子密度场.     

Mathematical model of radio sounding of the ionosphere from satellite at heights below the electron density maximum

The mathematical model of radio sounding of the horizontally inhomogeneous ionosphere is proposed. Its validity is confirmed by the results of the experiment carried out onboard the Mir orbital station at heights below the electron density maximum in the ionosphere. In its turn, the mathematical model makes it possible to explain the appearance of new traces on ionograms obtained in this experiment as the result of the existence of backward trajectories toward the satellite during the radiowave propagation in the inhomogeneous ionosphere.     

电离层预报模型研究

当利用无线电电磁波进行远程通信、卫星导航时，传递信号要受到电离层的影响，因此，对电离层中电子含量的研究显得特别重要.虽然国际上有几种电离层的电子含量预报模型，但其预报只能精确到电子含量的50%～60%.本文提出了一种新的电离层电子含量预报方法:即用球谐函数对IGS(国际GPS服务)所给出的离地面450 km高的球面上的每一网点的电离层电子含量进行拟合，对不同的时间所得到的拟合系数所形成的时间序列用时间序列分析理论中的ARMA(p,q)模型进行预报，从而实现全球的电离层电子含量预报.利用本方法对2004年和2005年IGS所给电离层电子含量资料在地理框架中做了分析预报，5天内电子含量预报相对精度在90%左右.     

High-latitude ionosphere during magnetic storms of October 26, 2003–November 1, 2003: Tomographic reconstructions and numerical modeling

The height-latitude distributions of the electron density in the European Arctic sector of the subauroral and high-latitude ionosphere have been reconstructed based on the data of satellite radio tomography. The reconstructions have been compared with the results of the numerical modeling obtained using the UAM global numerical model and the IRI-2001 empirical ionospheric model. The goal of the paper was to find the degree of adequacy of these models to the observational data during geomagnetic disturbances. The UAM theoretical model adequately reproduces the dynamics of the main ionospheric trough, in particular, the position of its equatorward wall, and to a certain degree better describes the behavior of the high-latitude ion-osphere than the IRI empirical model. The discrepancies are observed in the regions of increased electron density poleward of the trough. To eliminate such disagreements, it was proposed to correct the model input distributions of precipitating high-energy electron fluxes with an energy of about 0.5 keV; i.e., the inverse problem of determining these distributions has been solved for extremely strong geomagnetic disturbances.     

大气掩星反演误差特性初步分析

GPS大气掩星探测技术可以获得全球大气折射率、气压、密度、温度和水汽压等气象参数，该技术基本原理是基于几何光学近似的Abel积分反演.地球扁率、电离层传播时间延迟、大气大尺度水平梯度、多路径传播现象等因素在某些高度范围影响大气反演的精度.本文采用模拟的方法，分析其中地球扁率及电离层对反演结果的影响，并讨论局部圆弧修正及电离层修正的效果.利用CHAMP掩星实测轨道数据和有关电离层和大气经验模式、采用三维射线追踪方法模拟计算几种情形下的GPS掩星观测附加相位数据，对模拟数据进行反演，将反演气象参量剖面与模拟时给定模式剖面进行比较，得到了0～60 km高度范围内的反演误差.误差统计分析结果表明，局部圆弧中心的修正以及电离层修正，对于高精度的GPS掩星反演是非常重要的；电离层修正残差仍是制约30～60 km高度范围内反演精度的重要因素，进一步完善和优化大气掩星反演需要发展新的电离层修正算法.     

电离层GPS掩星观测改正TEC反演方法

电离层掩星观测中,当低轨卫星（LEO）轨道高度较低时,轨道以上的电离层电子总含量（TEC）对掩星反演的影响不能忽略.目前,一般采用指数函数等外推方法来处理该问题,对反演结果可能引起较大误差.为提高电离层掩星反演精度,本文研究利用LEO处于非掩星一侧GPS观测数据的改正TEC新反演方法.用三维射线追踪程序计算出电离层掩星观测模拟数据,分别应用改正TEC方法和外推方法进行反演,将反演结果与所用模式值进行比较.结果表明：对于轨道高度约800km的GPS/MET掩星模拟数据,外推方法和改正TEC方法反演结果都与模式值基本一致;对于轨道高度约400km的CHAMP掩星模拟数据,外推方法误差较大,改正TEC方法反演结果与模式值相符得较好.将改正TEC方法应用于GPS/MET实测数据的反演,取得了合理的结果.这些说明,改正TEC算法是一种有效的电离层掩星反演方法,尤其是对于轨道较低的LEO的电离层掩星观测反演特别有用.     

NWC通信台在电离层中激发电磁响应的时变特征

本文利用DEMETER卫星VLF频段电场和磁场频谱数据对DEMETER卫星运行期间2005年至2009年澳大利亚甚低频(Very Low Frequency)通信台NWC发射的通信信号造成的电离层电磁响应的日变化、季节变化及年变化特征进行了统计分析,统计结果表明电磁响应日变化显著,夜间电场强度明显增强可达40dB,磁场变化略小也可为15dB左右,而季节变化不显著,年变化主要受太阳活动的影响,太阳活动越强,电磁响应越小.为解释数据分析结果,对地-电离层电磁波传播过程采用传递矩阵方法进行了模拟计算,模拟结果与数据分析的结果一致.我们认为这种随时间变化的特点可能由250km以下电离层电子密度分布特征导致,因此研究250km以下的电离层电子密度变化可能对寻找地震电离层电磁异常有重要意义.     

北斗掩星事件数量与分布的模拟研究

北斗卫星导航系统作为我国自主开发的卫星导航系统,在掩星探测领域有着广泛的应用前景.文章针对利用LEO星载掩星接收机进行北斗掩星探测的任务,在建立LEO卫星轨道模拟系统和北斗全星座模拟系统的基础上,通过仿真计算研究了不同LEO轨道参数条件下北斗掩星事件的特点.分析了对于单颗LEO卫星,北斗掩星事件的数量和分布随LEO轨道参数包括轨道近地点角距、升交点赤经、轨道高度和倾角而变化的规律.针对北斗导航系统由GEO、IGSO和MEO三种轨道卫星组成的特点,对不同类型北斗卫星的掩星事件进行了研究,并分别总结了三种轨道北斗卫星掩星事件的特点.研究结果对利用北斗导航系统进行掩星探测有参考作用.     

Abel电离层掩星反演方法及误差分析

GNSS-LEO电离层无线电掩星技术是近年来发展的电离层探测新技术.为消除LEO轨道以上的电离层影响,改正TEC反演方法采用非掩星侧的观测数据进行电离层掩星反演.本文首次提出了一种新方法--基于历元差分的电离层反演方法;并将改正TEC与历元差分两种反演方法应用于模拟掩星观测数据反演,随后基于反演结果及误差分析得到一些有益的结论:历元差分反演精度较改正TEC反演精度均有所提高;不管是哪种方法,高轨(约800 km)反演结果要优于低轨(约500 km)的反演结果;随着剖面高度的降低,反演精度随之下降;反演误差主要集中在8至18时(当地时),主要分布在磁纬-30°至30°之间.     

Sibsonian and non-Sibsonian natural neighbour interpolation of the total electron content value

In radioastronomy the interferometric measurement between radiotelescopes located relatively close to each other helps removing ionospheric effects. Unfortunately, in case of networks such as LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR), due to long baselines (currently up to 1500 km), interferometric methods fail to provide sufficiently accurate ionosphere delay corrections. Practically it means that systems such as LOFAR need external ionosphere information, coming from Global or Regional Ionospheric Maps (GIMs or RIMs, respectively). Thanks to the technology based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), the scientific community is provided with ionosphere sounding virtually worldwide. In this paper we compare several interpolation methods for RIMs computation based on scattered Vertical Total Electron Content measurements located on one thin ionospheric layer (Ionospheric Pierce Points—IPPs). The results of this work show that methods that take into account the topology of the data distribution (e.g., natural neighbour interpolation) perform better than those based on geometric computation only (e.g., distance-weighted methods).     

地基GNSS VTEC约束的大气掩星电离层误差修正方法

介绍了一种考虑电离层沿GNSS掩星射线路径分布不对称且兼顾一阶和二阶项的大气掩星电离层误差修正新方法,它综合地基GNSS VTEC的水平变化信息和电离层模式的垂直变化信息,在沿"入射线"与"出射线"双边局部球对称假设下,估算GNSS掩星射线路径上的电子密度;进而计算一阶和二阶项弯曲角电离层误差廓线.采用太阳活动低年的2008年7月15日和太阳活动较高年的2013年7月15日两天的MetOp-A和GRACE掩星观测资料和IGS的GNSS VTEC数据,计算了GNSS大气掩星弯曲角一阶和二阶项电离层误差廓线.对比分析表明：新方法经验模型和理论模型的二阶项弯曲角电离层残差,以及经验模型与实测数据的一阶和二阶项弯曲角电离层误差均具有良好的一致性,因此该方法可用于L2信号数据质量较差或L2信号中断的掩星事件,同时修正大气掩星一阶和二阶电离层误差,从而提高弯曲角精度和掩星观测资料的利用率.     

Online service for monitoring the ionosphere based on data from the global navigation satellite system

A service is described that makes possible the effective construction of a three-dimensional ionospheric model based on the data of ground receivers of signals from global navigation satellite positioning systems (GNSS). The obtained image has a high resolution, mainly because data from the IPG GNSS network of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Rosgidromet) are used. A specially developed format and its implementation in the form of SQL structures are used to collect, transmit, and store data. The method of high-altitude radio tomography is used to construct the three-dimensional model. The operation of all system components (from registration point organization to the procedure for constructing the electron density three-dimensional distribution and publication of the total electron content map on the Internet) has been described in detail. The three-dimensional image of the ionosphere, obtained automatically, is compared with the ionosonde measurements, calculated using the two-dimensional low-altitude tomography method and averaged by the ionospheric model.     

Irregularities in unstable plasma of the upper atmosphere according to the data of sounding on board the Intercosmos-19 satellite

The profiles of the plasma density in the topside ionosphere, according to the data of sounding on board the Intercosmos-19 satellite, are presented. It is shown that the large-scale fluctuations of the plasma density can be related to the propagation and attenuation of the atmospheric waves (e.g., acoustic gravity waves) in the dynamo region of the ionosphere. In the topside ionosphere, suprathermal particle fluxes can be formed and the plasma density can be modulated at an attenuation of small-scale electrostatic fluctuations of the plasma electron component in plasma pits. Plasma vortices can be formed when polarization fluxes of charged particles escape from regions of heating. The vortex field imparts stability to the inhomogeneous plasma structure, necessary for experimental detection of this structure.     

大气GPS掩星观测反演方法

大气GPS掩星观测可获得全球的大气气象参量剖面信息.本文阐述了地球大气GPS掩星观测反演原理,详细介绍了其几何光学近似反演方法和全谱反演方法,提出了将几何光学反演方法和全谱反演方法结合以形成可以处理多路径掩星数据的反演新方案.该方案和几何光学反演方法应用于GPS/MET和CHAMP大气掩星数据反演,成功地获得了大气参量剖面.结果表明,新反演方案是可行的、有效的GPS大气掩星反演方案.     

Tomographic imaging of the ionosphere using the GPS/MET and NNSS data

The earlier experiments of ionospheric tomography were conducted by receiving satellite signals from ground-based stations and then reconstructing electron density distribution from measures of the total electron content (TEC). In June 1994, National Central University built up the low-latitude ionospheric tomography network (LITN) including six ground stations spanning a range of 16.7° (from 14.6°N to 31.3°N) in latitude within 1° of 121°E longitude to receive the naval navigation satellite system (NNSS) signals (150 and 400 MHz). In the study of tomographic imaging of the ionosphere, TEC data from a network of ground-based stations can provide detailed information on the horizontal structure, but are of restricted utility in sensing vertical structure. However, an occultation observation mission termed the global positioning system/meteorology (GPS/MET) program used a low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite (the MicroLab-1) to receive multi-channel GPS carrier phase signals (1.5 and 1.2 GHz) and demonstrate active limb sounding of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. In this paper, we have implemented the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) to reconstruct and compare two-dimensional ionospheric structures from measured TECs through the receptions of the GPS signals, the NNSS signals, and/or both of the systems. We have also concluded the profiles retrieved from tomographic reconstruction showing much reasonable electron density results than the original vertical profiles retrieved by the Abel transformation and being in more agreement in peak electron density to nearby ionosonde measurements.     

Regional ionosphere modeling in support of IRI and wavelet using GPS observations

Dual-frequency global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) observations provide most of the input data for development of global ionosphere map (GIM) of vertical total electron content (VTEC). The international GNSS service (IGS) develops different ionosphere products. The IGS tracking network stations are not homogeneously distributed around the world. The large gaps of this network in Middle East, e.g., Iran plateau, reduce the accuracy of the IGS GIMs over this region. Empirical ionosphere models, such as international reference ionosphere (IRI), also provide coarse forecasts of the VTEC values. This paper presents a new regional VTEC model based on the IRI 2007 and global positioning system (GPS) observations from Iranian Permanent GPS Network. The model consists of a given reference part from IRI model and an unknown correction term. Compactly supported base functions are more appropriate than spherical harmonics in regional ionosphere modeling. Therefore, an unknown correction term was expanded in terms of B-spline functions. The obtained results are validated through comparison with the observed VTEC derived from GPS observations.     

运动的随时间而变的电离层所引起的多普勒频移

本文分析了电离层的变化和运动引起多普勒频移的物理机制,假定了一个包含多种因素的电离层模型。在此基础上得到电离层反射信号的多普勒频移公式以及穿过电离层的信号的多普勒频移公式。这些公式把多普勒频移与电离层及不均匀团块的电子密度变化、层和团块的运动速度以及地球磁场强度变化等参数直接联系起来。