中尺度业务模式系统侧边界嵌套方法的研究

为提高预报准确率，在对多种嵌套方案试验对比的基础上，选用了一种计算效果较好，方法也不甚复杂的Ｄａｖｉｅｓ物理量松弛方案，对中尺度业务模式系统进行了预报试验。其网格边界值采用Ｔ４２Ｌ９谱模式的预报值。嵌套模式与原模式用同一个例进行了预报对比试验。结果表明，嵌套方案考虑了大尺度环流背景场在边界附近对中尺度系统的强迫作用，提高了有限区域模式的实际预报能力。     

有限区分析预报系统及其业务应用

中国国家气象中心在新开发的有限区多元最优插值分析技术及１５层球面网格原始方程模式的基础上建立了一个新的有限区分析预报系统。１９９１年投入业务使用，主要用于２４－４８ｈ降水预报。这个系统是依附于全球同化预报系统的一个分支系统。亦即使用全球谱模式６ｈ预报作为初估值进行有限区细网格分析及使用其１２—６０ｈ预报作为侧边界值进行非同步嵌套预报。作为一个升级模式系统，它的进步表现在：较充分使用了卫星测湿资料及地面资料的细网格多元最优插值分析；同时使用同场及质量场初值，成功地实现了有限区非线性正规模初始化处理；采用位涡拟能守恒差分格式，包含较真实地形的球面坐标原始方程模式；实现了具有不同模式地形的差分模式与谱模式的嵌套及设计了分级降水客观检验系统。     

MOMS中尺度模式侧边界嵌套方法的研究

由于中尺度模式网格格距小，为满足预报时效要求，又需节省计算机资源，一般计算区域不能太大，若在业务预报工业中，不采用嵌套方案，很难得到满意的预报效果。文章在对多种嵌套方案试验对比基础上，选用一种计算效果较好，方法也不甚复杂的Davies物理量松驰方案，对MOMS中尺度模式进行了预报试验，其四周网格边界值采用了国家气象中心的T42L9谱模式的预报值。嵌套模式与原模式用同一个例进行了预报对比试验。结果表明，嵌套方案考虑了大尺度环流背景场在边界附近对中尺度系统的强迫作用，提高了有限区域模式的实际预报能力。     

移动型套网格台风路径预报模式的初步试验

数值预报中的套网格方法,国外已经用于实际业务工作。套网格有二种方式:一种是粗、细网格分别计算,在积分过程中细网格的边界值由粗网格的预报值不断更新,它只存在一个方向的影响;另一种是粗、细网格分别预报,不仅细网格的边界值取自粗网格的预报值,同时细网格的预报值还要传递给粗网格,即存在着二个方向的相互作用。目前大量使用的是第一种方式的套网格。针对一些特殊的天气系统如台风等,还设计了移动型套网格模式。     

区域气候模拟中侧边界嵌套误差的研究

在复杂地形条件下嵌套细网格模式的基础上，建立了与球圈模式相嵌套的区域模式系统，对几种不同条件下的嵌套误差进行了比较分析，研究了区域模式嵌套误差的特征分布及时空演变特征。初步分析表明:区域模式嵌套造成的误差在不同区域的分布不同，且不同的物理量在时空的分布也不同；动能场的误差主要在边界区上层的流入区，感热场的误差在边界区上层，水汽的误差在边界区上层的流入区；侧边界输入时间间隔对模式嵌套误差有一定的影响。有限区细网格模式在上层长波误差大于粗网格环圈模式上层误差，在下层短波模拟的误差比粗网格环圈模式的下层误差要小。相速误差对侧边界嵌套误差的影响在下层很严重，嵌套误差的大小与大小模式的网格距之比有关；在大小模式物理参数化过程一致的条件下，无日变化的区域模式其嵌套误差远大于有日变化的区域模式嵌套误差。     

异模式嵌套及中期降水数值预报的试验

成功地将一有限区域细网格模式嵌套在T63L9全球谱模式中，并利用该嵌套模式 做了降水中期数值预报的试验。结果表明，嵌套的细网格模式预报的中期降水明显地优于该谱模式，要做好中期降水预报，使用嵌套模式是必要的。     

模式水平分辨率影响积云对流参数化效果的数值试验

利用一个有限区域嵌套细网格数据预模式，设计了３种不同分辨率的模式网格，通过对一次降水过程的预报，检验了模式水平分辨率对积云对流参数化效果的影响。结果表明：模水平分辨率的变化将直接影响积云对流参数化的效果，从而影响降水场和形势场。     

一种具有监视暴雨作用的数值预报方案

本文介绍了一种在多层大尺度预报模式中嵌套移动性细网格的方案。通过在大尺度预报模式中增加诊断分析,实现条件性控制调用细网格,使嵌套细网格计算更为合理。经过对多个实际暴雨个例的数值模拟试验表明,采用这种预报方案能够改善数值预报的结果,对于监视暴雨和反映暴雨中尺度系统有一定的效果。     

1981年7月四川特大暴雨的数值预报和中尺度系统的分离

本文利用复杂地形条件下嵌套网格预报模式和欧洲中心(ECMWF)2.5°×2.5°的全球网格点资料,对“81.7”四川大暴雨进行了单向影响粗细网格嵌套48小时的个例预报试验;并根据滤波原理,利用最佳高通滤波器,将风场、位势高度场和温度场进行了中尺度分离。结果表明:本模式较好地预报了造成这次暴雨的中尺度系统发生、发展的过程;并对动力和热力影响作了一些粗浅的分析,本模式较好地描述了暴雨天气,细网格预报在某些方面有进一步改进。该尺度分离方法也能在扰动发展的早期阶段就能从大尺度背景场中将西南涡等中尺度系统清晰地分离出来,使我们能对影响这次暴雨的中尺度系统有进一步的认识。     

网格嵌套技术对一次中尺度对流系统降水过程模拟的影响

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5对2002年7月22日12:00~23日12:00(世界时,下同)长江流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验,主要讨论了网格嵌套技术对降水和中尺度对流系统的影响。结果表明:三重嵌套在D1,D2域选用积云参数化方案后,模拟的雨区收缩,虚假降水中心相对减少,降水强度及分布更接近观测值。在模式非线性动力、热力及湿物理过程共同驱动下,通过嵌套网格的双向相互作用,使可分辨云尺度的细网格域D3将其信息通过嵌套边界向次细网格域D2传递,然后再通过D2域边界向粗网格域D1域传递。同样,动力、热力反馈也会反向进行。结果将有助于改进各网格域的预报效果。但对D1网格域系统位置及其发展演变过程的影响相对小些;另外,通过双向多重嵌套,可提高模式预报区域的分辨率,特别是提高模式关键预报区域的分辨率,这也就有可能改进预报的中尺度物理场,使其能够较真实地描写大气实况。     

区域气候模式在东亚地区的应用研究——垂直分辨率与侧边界对夏季季风降水影响研究

将美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的区域气候模式（RegCM2-1996）设置在东亚-西太平洋区域（简称东亚区域气候模式RegCM2/EA）。利用该模式研究东亚区域气候模式的几个重要问题，即：垂直分辨率的影响，侧边界条件（如嵌套技术、缓冲区宽度、不同资料）的重要性等。数值试验结果表明：细垂直分辨率模拟的降水分布优于粗分辨率模式，但容易引起“数值点暴雨”；RegCM2/EA与不同来源的大尺度侧边界嵌套，模拟的降水会有明显的不同；当用RegCM2/EA模拟较大区域时，应该取较宽的缓冲区；在各种嵌套方案中，指数松弛嵌套方法最好。这些结果为进一步探讨东亚区域气候模式的特点以及发展与改造区域气候模式提供一定的依据。研究结果还需要用更多的数值试验来验证。     

区域模式和GCM对青藏高原和西北地区气候模拟结果的对比分析

使用一个区域模式与大气环流模式（ＧＣＭ）嵌套,模拟了我国西北及青藏高原地区夏季气候的平均状态。将区域模式与ＧＣＭ嵌套的模拟结果和ＧＣＭ单独使用时的模拟结果与观测场进行了对比分析和相关分析。结果表明：ＧＣＭ模式拟出了我国西北和青藏高原地区夏季大尺度气候的基本特征,对降水的模拟也基本合理,但无法分辨出较小系统。区域模式与ＧＣＭ嵌套拟结果有明显改善,它可成功地再现西北及青藏高原地区夏季的区域气候特征（包     

Verification of the performance of the high resolution QPF model for heavy rainfall event over the Korean Peninsula

The coupled atmospheric (global and local)-diagnostic rainfall model (called QPM) simulation is performed with various resolutions in order to discover the most appropriate nesting process in simulating a heavy rainfall event which led to an extreme amount of rainfall and flash flood in July 2008 over the Korean Peninsula. A series of experiments consists of six QPM simulations given 40 and 20 km global runs, two 7.8 km local runs from single nesting and other two 2.2 km local runs from double nesting. Four verification approaches focused on accuracy and efficiency are carried out in order to evaluate the coupled model system performance. The results show that the QPM simulated total accumulated rainfall from 20 km global run or 7.8 km local runs successfully captures the observed rainfall over a spatial observation network. Furthermore, the evaluation of the peak rainfall amount and the rainfall area over a given time interval demonstrates that the QPM forecast from either 20 km global run or 7.8 km local runs shows the best agreement with observation. In addition, the quantitative evaluation of the model performance by computing simple statistical measures presents the good agreement between the simulations and the observation, especially when the QPM forecasts are produced by the 7.8 km resolution local model. Finally, the modeling system which couples 40 km global-7.8 km local models and the diagnostic rainfall model is proved to be the best nesting approach in the natural disaster prediction system when considering the accuracy and efficiency. However, the verification for the nesting processes over the long-term period still deserves to be studied for a successful prediction system.     

一粗细网格模式“三维嵌套”方案的设计及试验结果分析

该文简要地分析了水平侧边界嵌套技术中存在的问题，提出了“三维嵌套”的设想，并就不同范围对水平侧边界嵌套及三维嵌套方案进行了对比试验。试验结果表明：（１）三维嵌套方案对区域模式的降水及中、下层形势场的预报均有所改进；（２）嵌套区域越小，三维嵌套方案对预报的改进效果越明显；（３）三维嵌套方案对预报的改进随积分时间的增长而愈加显著     

Performance of One-Way and Two-Way Nesting Techniques Using the Shelf Circulation Modelling System for the Eastern Canadian Shelf

The performance of one-way and two-way nesting techniques is assessed in this study using model results produced by a regional ocean circulation modelling system for the eastern Canadian shelf. The assessment is made in terms of dynamical consistency between the parent model (PM) and child model (CM), representation of general circulation features, and reduction of numerical noise generated during the interaction of the PM and CM. It is demonstrated that the feedback from the CM to the PM in numerical experiments using two-way nesting ensures that the large-scale circulation produced by the PM and CM be dynamically consistent over the region where the two model domains overlap. In comparison with one-way nesting, two-way nesting leads to a better representation of coastal currents over the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Scotian Shelf and improves the large-scale circulation in the results produced by the PM. This study also examines an alternative two-way nesting technique based on the semi-prognostic method in which differences between the PM and CM densities are used to adjust the horizontal momentum balance in the PM. Model results demonstrate the advantage of the semi-prognostic method in eliminating numerical noise during the feedback from the CM to PM while ensuring dynamical consistency between the two model components.     

The effect of optimization and the nesting domain on carbon flux analyses in Asia using a carbon tracking system based on the ensemble Kalman filter

To estimate the surface carbon flux in Asia and investigate the effect of the nesting domain on carbon flux analyses in Asia, two experiments with different nesting domains were conducted using the CarbonTracker developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. CarbonTracker is an inverse modeling system that uses an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to estimate surface carbon fluxes from surface CO₂ observations. One experiment was conducted with a nesting domain centered in Asia and the other with a nesting domain centered in North America. Both experiments analyzed the surface carbon fluxes in Asia from 2001 to 2006. The results showed that prior surface carbon fluxes were underestimated in Asia compared with the optimized fluxes. The optimized biosphere fluxes of the two experiments exhibited roughly similar spatial patterns but different magnitudes. Weekly cumulative optimized fluxes showed more diverse patterns than the prior fluxes, indicating that more detailed flux analyses were conducted during the optimization. The nesting domain in Asia produced a detailed estimate of the surface carbon fluxes in Asia and exhibited better agreement with the CO₂ observations. Finally, the simulated background atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in the experiment with the nesting domain in Asia were more consistent with the observed CO₂ concentrations than those in the experiment with the nesting domain in North America. The results of this study suggest that surface carbon fluxes in Asia can be estimated more accurately using an EnKF when the nesting domain is centered in Asian regions.     

不同嵌套方式下的积云对流方案对上海崇明极端 暴雨高分辨率模拟的影响研究

使用1980～2017年共38年崇明站逐日降水资料对崇明站年降水量及暴雨日数的特征进行分析,并使用中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.9.1.1(Weather Research and Forecasting model)针对崇明年降水量及暴雨日数异常年份2015年的最强降水过程进行数值模拟,结合站点降水观测资料使用统计方法...     

High-Resolution Non-Hydrostatic Simulations of Flash-Flood Episodes with Grid-Nesting and Ice-Phase Parameterization

Summary ?Simulations of two heavy rainfall events south of the Alps have been conducted with a non-hydrostatic model at horizontal resolutions ranging from 40 to 2.5 km. Emphasis is placed on the assessment of two recent model developments: a detailed explicit mixed phase microphysical scheme and a two-way interactive grid nesting method. In the high-resolution simulations, the impact of the ice phase was found to be quite substantial, accelerating the propagation of the surface front and modifying the spatial distribution of the rainfall. Simulations carried out with two-way interactive grid nesting yielded more realistic overall precipitation patterns, particularly at the finest horizontal resolution. Received March 22, 1999/Revised June 28, 1999     

Evidence of a Mixed-Layer Dynamics Contribution to the Entrainment Process

The internal thermal boundary layer developing over the Mediterranean during a cold-air outbreak associated with a Tramontane event has been studied by means of airborne lidar, in situ sensors, and a modelling approach that consisted of nesting the University of Washington (UW) planetary boundary-layer (PBL) model in an advective zero-order jump model. This approach bypasses some of the deficiencies associated with each model: the absence of the dynamics in the mixed layer for the zero-order jump model and the lack of an inversion at the PBL top for the UW PBL model. Particular attention is given to the parameterization of the entrainment flux at the PBL top. Values of the entrainment closure parameter derived with the model when matching PBL structure observations are much lower than those derived with standard zero-order jump models. They also are in good agreement with values measured in different meteorological situations by other studies. This improvement is a result of the introduction of turbulent kinetic energy production in the mixed layer.