越南岸外上升流区48万年来高分辨率的生源组分记录及其古海洋学意义

南海西部越南岸外MD05-2901孔沉积物分析显示,该孔覆盖氧同位素1-12期,底界年龄约为48万年。生源组分记录显示表层古生产力冰期高、间冰期低,体现间冰期海平面下降、陆源物质输入增强的影响。生产力在末次冰期达到最高,体现末次盛冰期海陆差异增强,东北风发育对生产力提高的促进作用。碳酸钙含量变化呈现冰期早期含量低、冰消期和间冰期含量高的趋势。其冰消期的高值在MIS1/2、MIS3/4和MIS5/6分界处,与浮游有孔虫碳同位素低值对应,揭示该地区的碳酸钙沉积旋回是“稀释旋回”。同时碳酸钙含量变化领先于同一地区浮游有孔虫氧同位素的变化,证明低纬海区碳酸钙泵作用对大气二氧化碳浓度和温度有影响。滤波分析结果显示碳同位素存在23 ka的岁差周期和偏心率长周期,生源组分的含量变化显示出典型的岁差周期,体现南海季风环流的轨道响应,证明低纬热带过程是调节气候变化的重要因素。     

南海北部陆坡区DLW3101孔沉积物特征及古环境意义

利用氧同位素地层学方法确定DLW3101孔底部年龄约为306 ka BP，对沉积物进行粒度和地球化学元素分析，结果显示:22.1~63 μm粗粒级组分的高值可用来指示海平面下降和东亚冬季风的强盛，0.35~1.16 μm和2.32~13.14 μm细粒级组分的高值可用来指示海平面上升和东亚夏季风的增强；Al/Ti和K/Ti比值反映的沉积物源区化学风化强度变化可用来指示东亚夏季风的强弱。     

南海南部NS93-5柱样揭示的晚第四纪以来的古海洋学特征

由南海南部海区NS93 - 5柱样的浮游有孔虫氧同位素地层学和浮游有孔虫分析结果获得的古环境参数 ,揭示了距今 1 90ka以来南部海区受西太平洋热带水的影响 ,以及南沙海区表层水和苏禄海变性水的变化历史 ;在末次盛冰期碳酸盐含量较低 ,但是碳酸盐含量的最低值出现在氧同位素 4期 ;表层水体的含氧量呈现为间冰期大于冰期 ,而古生产力的变化则为冰期大于间冰期 ;依据氧同位素和浮游有孔虫特征分析结果 ,建立了南部海区距今 1 90ka以来的古气候演变序列。     

南海南部粉红色 Globigerinoides ruber 冰期旋回及影响因素

对南海南部ODP1143站氧同位素11-5e期大约2ka分辨率的粉红色Globigerinoides ruber进行分析,发现其冰期／间冰期旋回与代表全球冰量的底栖有孔虫氧同位素(δ^18O)的变化相反,即在间冰期时含量低,而冰期时高,与其他海区的记录相反。海水表层温度和温跃层深度转换函数结果以及碎壳率的变化显示,在一定的温度背景下,温跃层深度的变化可能是控制粉红色G．ruber冰期旋回的主要因素,而这段时期南海南部溶解作用的影响则不明显。     

末次盛冰期末期以来南海北部陆坡的陆源物质输入及其控制因素

通过对南海北部陆坡KNG5孔沉积物粒度、粘土矿物和14C年龄的综合分析, 探讨了南海北部陆坡的沉积物来源及其控制因素。物源分析表明, KNG5孔17.5-12.5ka BP的沉积物主要来源于珠江, 12.5ka BP 时粘土矿物组合突然发生改变, 并且自12.5ka BP以后, 高岭石含量总体稳定, 说明12.5ka BP时海平面已上升到相当的高度, 并且可能当时南海的现代环流系统已开始形成, 西行的广东沿岸流导致向外扩散的珠江物质减少, 由于受北太平洋深层水(NPDW)和黑潮(KC)南海分支的作用, 台湾成为此时沉积物的主要贡献者。KNG5孔17.5-11ka BP时期的粘土矿物和粒度变化主要受控于海平面和洋流系统的变化。全新世早期(11.0-8ka BP)平均粒径达到最细和1-2.2m 粒级含量达到最高值可能是强盛的夏季风作用的结果。全新世中晚期(8—0ka BP) 1-2.2?m组分含量的减少是8ka BP以来东亚夏季风减弱的具体体现, 1-2.2m 粒级含量指示的东亚夏季风变化能和北半球其它季风指标能很好地对应起来, 说明这次季风减弱是北半球各个季风系统的共同现象。     

南海北部中更新世0.78～1.0 Ma期间的陆源碎屑粒度记录

南海北部陆坡大洋钻探计划(ODP)1144站的高速堆积体为高分辨率的古环境研究提供了良好的材料。通过分析1144站陆源碎屑的粒径分布,高分辨率地(200a)研究了中更新世气候转型期(0.78～1.0Ma)东亚夏季风演变在南海北部的记录。结果显示,陆源碎屑的粒径比值(3.5～8.2μm)/(9～23μm)可以作为东亚夏季风演化的替代指标,高值代表强盛的夏季风。这个比值指示了夏季风在920ka时突然增强,表明中更新世转型以夏季风突然增强为起点,此后夏季风处于不断加强和减弱的循环状态,说明了中更新世气候转型是一个渐变的过程。东亚夏季风演化的强弱与北半球夏季日射量基本呈线性关系,显示东亚季风演化的天文驱动机制。频谱分析发现,夏季风演化存在3.3ka和1.2ka左右的千年尺度周期,且在转型前后千年尺度周期也发生变化,说明中更新世的气候转型不仅表现在轨道尺度的气候周期变化上,也体现在千年尺度气候波动的特征变化上。     

西太平洋暖池北部15万年以来的碳同位素低值事件

对取自西太平洋暖池北部的MD06-3052孔的浮游有孔虫表层种Globigerinoides ruber进行了稳定氧碳同位素测试与分析,在所建立的年龄模式基础上,揭示了该孔150 ka以来氧碳同位素的变化特征及其碳同位素低值事件的时间。结果表明,150 ka以来碳同位素总体上显示出逐渐变重的趋势,其变化不同于氧同位素,并未表现出冰期-间冰期尺度的变化特征,且全新世和末次间冰期碳同位素差异较大。在所识别出的6次碳同位素的低值事件中,除倒数第二次冰消期与岁差低值有相位差以外,其余均与岁差低值都有很好的对应。幅度较大的3次发生于冷期/暖期的过渡期,其中末次冰消期的碳同位素记录受到浊流的侵蚀作用,有部分缺失;该孔与其他海区记录的相似性进一步证实了3次冰消期的δ13C低值事件的普遍性。     

南沙南部近30ka来的古海洋学记录

南海南部17962柱状样(7°11′N、112°5′E,柱长8 m,水深1 968 m)中近30 ka来的沉积物堆积速率计算结果显示,该孔冰期平均堆积速率为全新世的3倍多.其变化与冰期时海平面下降、地表径流所携陆源物质增多、全新世时海平面的回升以及陆源物质的提前卸载有关.浮游有孔虫氧同位素测定结果表明,该孔的浮游有孔虫的氧同位素冰期/全新世差值高于南海的平均值,更大于开放性大洋赤道西太平洋低纬度区的平均值.CaCO3变化则受陆源物质的"稀释作用"控制,而溶解作用对其影响并不太显著.     

南海西北部89PC柱样沉积物中浮游有孔虫特征及其古环境意义

对南海北部89PC柱状样进行了浮游有孔虫定量统计分析、氧碳同位素测试、碳酸钙含量分析和AMS14C测年,并采用古生态转换函数计算了表层海水古温度和温跃层深度,揭示了该海区约127 ka以来的古海洋学特征。温跃层转换函数计算的温跃层深度结果表明,在MIS5-MIS4期,温跃层深度没有大的变化,在MIS3-MIS1期,温跃层的深度逐渐变深。古温度转换函数计算的古温度结果表明,夏季温度的变化范围为27.9~29.3℃,变化幅度为1.4℃,冬季温度变化范围为20.6~26.3℃,变化幅度为5.7℃。与南海南部的冬夏古水温资料进行对比,南海南部的温度比南海北部的温度要高,这种差异在冬季时表现更为突出,且在冰期时南海南部和北部的温度差异梯度进一步增大,指示了冰期时冬季风更加强盛。     

南海陆坡晚第四纪沉积物磁化率的对比及其古海洋学意义

对南海西沙群岛附近陆坡、南海南部陆坡以及东沙群岛附近陆坡晚第四纪磁化率变化特征进行了综合对比,并初步分析了磁化率与碳酸钙百分含量之间的关系。就磁化率变化特征而言,西沙群岛附近陆坡和南海南部陆坡可归为一个单元,东沙群岛附近陆坡划为另一单元,其中,前一单元晚第四纪磁化率曲线的共性表现为深海氧同位素期次的奇数期向偶数期过渡时期以磁化率峰值为特点,偶数期向奇数期过渡时期以磁化率谷值为特点;后一单元晚第四纪磁化率曲线的共性表现为磁化率曲线大致平行于有孔虫氧同位素曲线。上述两个单元内的磁化率曲线共性都具有地层学意义,但这两个单元内部某些部位的晚第四纪磁化率变化具有地方局限性,不宜当作大范围地层对比的工具。南海陆坡磁化率曲线和碳酸钙百分含量曲线的关系存在镜像和平行两大基本类型,但这两种对应关系未必意味着磁化率和碳酸钙百分含量之间存在着直接的因果联系。南海陆坡磁化率变化的原因很可能与冰期旋回中南海陆源物质通量的变化密切相关,另外,局部海域磁化率还可能严重受沉积物早期成岩作用的影响。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.