The life cycle of the intense IOP‐14 storm during CASPII. Part I: Analysis and simulations

Abstract

In this study, a 5‐day life‐cycle of the IOP‐14 storm during CASP II is examined using conventional observations and numerical simulations with a mesoscale version of the Canadian Regional Finite‐Element (RFE) model. Observational analysis reveals that the IOP‐14 storm forms from a lee trough, occurring along a strong baroclinic zone with an intense frontogenetic deformation, that interacts with an upper‐level travelling short‐wave trough across the Canadian Rockies. Then the storm experiences a slow, but nearly steady, growth while traversing the North American continent. It deepens explosively as it moves into the Atlantic Ocean. It appears that i) the enhanced large‐scale baroclinicity due to land‐sea temperature contrasts, ii) the tremendous latent heat release due to the transport of high‐θ_e air from the marine boundary layer, Hi) the decrease of surface drag and iv) the favourable westward tilt of the low with an amplifying trough all contribute to the explosive deepening of the storm.

Two consecutive simulations covering a total of 102 h during the storm development are carried out with a grid size of 50 km. The RFE model reproduces very well the formation of the surface low on the lee side of the Rockies, the track and deepening rates, the explosive development and decay of the storm, and various mesoscale phenomena (e.g., a “bent‐back” warm front, a “T‐bone” thermal pattern, a cold frontal “fracture”, an upper‐level “eye” and warm‐core structures), as verified by conventional observations, satellite imagery, flight‐level and dropsonde data from a research aircraft. It is found from potential vorticity (PV) analysis that the storm reaches its peak intensity as the upper‐level dry PV anomaly, the low‐level moist PV anomaly and surface thermal warmth are vertically superposed. PV inversions reveal that these anomalies contribute about 60%, 30% and 10%, respectively, to the 900‐hPa negative height perturbation. It is shown that the warm‐core structure near the cyclone centre is produced by advection of warmer air ahead of the cold front, rather than by adiabatic warming associated with subsidence.     

江淮气旋影响下的山东降雪过程相态特征

利用常规的地面观测资料、高空探测资料、自动气象站1 h间隔观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料（1°×1°,6 h）和ERA5再分析资料（0.25°×0.25°,1 h）,针对1999—2013年山东省12例江淮气旋降雪过程,总结了降水形态类型及时空分布、相态转换等特征并讨论了降水相态“逆转”现象的物理机制。结果表明：1）江淮气旋降雪过程的降水形态种类多样,可出现雨、雪、雨夹雪、冰雹、冰粒、霰、米雪和雨凇,降水相态转换过程中,除了雨夹雪,冰粒也是一种过渡形态;2）冰雹、冰粒、霰、米雪和雨凇5种特殊降水形态最易出现在2月和3月,“雷打雪”现象亦多发于2月和3月;3）鲁东南和半岛南部地区以降雨为主,鲁西北地区多出现降雪,雷暴集中出现在鲁中的中西部和鲁南地区,尤其是鲁东南地区;4）江淮气旋降雪过程相态转换的基本形式为雨转雪,以有无明显雨雪分界线为依据,可分为“典型雨转雪”和“无明显雨雪转换”两类,二者的影响系统特点显著不同;5）范围较大的相态逆转现象易发区域在地面雨雪分界线附近,位于地面倒槽后部,走向与地面倒槽槽线走向一致。气旋生成前低层暖温度平流增强引起低层增温以及气温日变化导致的中午前后近地层浅薄增温均可引起相态逆转,上述两个因素均与地面倒槽的发展态势关系密切。     

9617号热带风暴Tom变性过程数值模拟分析

利用中尺度模式MM5对西北太平洋9617号热带风暴Tom转变温带气旋的变性过程进行了模拟.通过对其变性过程的模拟分析发现:热带风暴Tom与西风槽相互作用,风暴东侧低层暖湿气流与槽前正涡度平流发生耦合有利于气旋发展;槽前暖平流与槽后冷平流使风暴形成具有西冷东暖的热力分布结构,诱使风暴向斜压转变;高空急流入口处右侧的气旋式切变及出口处右侧的反气旋式切变有利于风暴右侧气流上升和左侧气流下沉运动,有利于风暴由正压向斜压性转变;来自风暴西北侧的干冷空气自700hPa附近向风暴中心侵入,使风暴中心暖柱体发生自低层向高层的西北一东南向的倾斜,其暖性特征遭到破坏;由于干冷空气的侵入,低层700hPa分为南北两个暖中心,北侧暖中心北侧出现了明显的暖锋锋生,西南侧另一个暖心附近有冷锋锋生迹象;平流层高值PV异常下传有利于变性后的热带风暴的再次加强.     

A CASE STUDY OF FRONTAL CYCLOGENESIS AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO COASTAL INITIAL CONDITIONS*

In this study,the predictability and physical processes leading to the rapid frontal cyclogenesis,that took place in the east coast of the U.S.during 3-4 October 1987,are examined using a nestedgrid.mesoscale model with a fine-mesh grid size of 25km.It is shown that the model reproduces reasonably well the cyclogenesis in a coastal baroclinic zone.its subsequent deepening and movement as well as the pertinent precipitation.It is found that the frontal cyclogenesis occurs in a favorable large-scale environment with pronounced thermal advection in the lower troposphere and marked potential vorticity(PV) concentration aloft associated with the tropopause depression.The transport of warm and moist air from the marine boundary layer by the low-level in-shore flow provides the necessary energy source for the observed heavy precipitation and a variety of weather phenomena reported in the cold sector.Several 24-h sensitivity simulations are performed to examine the relative importance of diabatic heating,adiabatic dynamics and various initial conditions in the frontal cyclogenesis.It is found that latent heat release,even though quite intense,accounts for only 25% of the cyclone's total deepening in this case:the weak impact seems due to the occurrence of latent heating in the cold sector and the upward lifting of the dynamical tropopause by diabatic updrafts.Vorticity budgets show that the lowlevel thermal advection dominates the incipient stage,whereas the vorticity advection determines the rapid deepening rate at the mature stage.The results reveal that the predictability of the present storm is closely related to the vertical coupling between the surface cyclone and the upper-level PV core,which is in turn determined by initial offshore perturbations in the lower troposphere.     

On the sensitivity of predictions of maritime cyclogenesis to convective precipitation and sea temperature

Abstract

The influences of surface fluxes and convective precipitation are investigated for two 36‐h periods of cyclogenesis over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Three methods are tested of specifying the fraction of moisture supply that produces convective precipitation in a modified form of Kuo's (1974) parametrization scheme using an 8‐level primitive equations model.

When convection is included, precipitation amounts are greater and the cyclone deepening is better predicted than when convection is not included. Predicted cyclogenesis is very sensitive to sea temperature. As the low moves over warmer water, the effect of sensible heating is to increase the moisture convergence in the atmospheric boundary layer. This increases the precipitation rates and accelerates deepening. It is concluded that the CISK mechanism plays an important role in extratropical cyclogenesis.     

泸州2014年初夏一次暴雨的成因分析

利用FY2D卫星、雷达、高空观测及NCEP 1°×1°数据对2014年6月2日20时~4日20时泸州暴雨成因进行分析,结果表明:(1)这次暴雨属于盆地内的非典型暴雨,体现在500hPa影响系统偏弱,副高位置异常偏南,低层风场辐合范围大,对确定暴雨落区有难度。(2)此次降水中出现的两个降水时段与一个中α-MCS的发展、减弱、再发展密切相关,第一阶段中,泸州与南充生成的两个中β尺度MCS合并为一个具有中α尺度的MCS,强烈发展并引起泸州强降水,随后逐渐南移至贵州西北部减弱;第二阶段中,贵州上空的中α尺度MCS再次发展,受其边缘影响,泸州再次出现暴雨天气。(3)从高低空影响系统配置差异看,最显著的特点在于有较强的冷平流,第一阶段冷平流来源于北方气旋后部的西北气流中,并在泸州形成冷暖交汇;第二阶段,冷平流主要来源于中纬度东移低槽,此阶段中冷平流已控制泸州,冷暖交汇区位于贵州西北部,因此冷平流在本次降水中发挥重要作用。      

Boundary‐layer influence on the development of a mesoscale rainstorm

Abstract

A major convective rainstorm slowly developed in the largely barotropic warm sector of an open‐wave cyclone. Meso‐beta‐scale boundary‐layer conditions played a significant role in the location of storm development, and provided favourable thermodynamic gradients and persistently convergent flow in preferred areas. Minimal storm movement and a strong association between the surface divergence field and cloud evolution permitted the estimation of that fraction of the moisture fed into the storm from the boundary layer that was returned to the ground as rain.     

The role of oceanic fluxes and initial data in the numerical prediction of an intense coastal storm

On 18–19 February 1979, an intense cyclone developed along the east coast of the United States and produced heavy snowfall accumulations from Virginia to southeast New York. A series of forecast experiments was conducted to assess the accuracy of the GLA model's prediction of this storm and the importance of oceanic heat and moisture fluxes and initial data to the cyclogenesis. The GLA model forecast from the GLA NOSAT analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February correctly predicted that intense coastal cyclogenesis and heavy precipitation would occur, even though important subsynoptic details of the development were underestimated or not forecast. A repetition of this forecast with surface heat and moisture fluxes eliminated failed to predict any cyclogenesis while a similar forecast with only the surface moisture flux excluded showed only very weak cyclonic development. An extended-range forecast from 0000 GMT 16 February as well as forecasts from the GLA FGGE analysis or the NMC analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February interpolated to the GLA grid predicted weaker coastal low development than the forecast from the NOSAT analysis.Detailed examination of these forecasts shows that diabatic heating resulting from oceanic fluxes increased low-level baroclinicity, decreased static stability and significantly contributed both to the generation of low-level cyclonic vorticity, and to the intensification and slow rate of movement of an upper-level ridge over the western Atlantic. As an upper-level short-wave trough approached this ridge, the diabatic heating associated with the release of latent heat intensified and the gradient of vorticity, vorticity advection and upper-level divergence in advance of the trough were increased, which provided strong forcing for the surface cyclogenesis.An examination of the NMC and GLA analyses indicated that a weaker representation of the upper-level trough in the interpolated NMC analysis was primarily responsible for the resulting forecast differences. Comparison of the GLA FGGE and NOSAT initial analyses showed that the FGGE analysis of cloud-track wind data probably underestimated the maximum wind speeds associated with an upper-level jet streak near the east coast. This diminished the effect of the oceanic fluxes in the forecast from the FGGE analysis and resulted in weaker cyclogenesis.     

南方两次相似降雪(雨)过程的对比研究

2006年2月中旬和下旬,长江三角洲一带分别发生降雪和降雨过程,预报过程中对降水形态的预报存在失误。通过对这两次过程的比较分析,期望为今后的预报中区分南方地区的固态降水和液态降水提供一定参考。得出以下一些主要结论:降雪过程高空槽前以偏西气流为主,环流较平;降水过程,槽前西南气流强盛,偏南分量明显。南方大雪的产生须由东北风回流产生的冷平流在华东一带形成冷中心,而北到西北风产生的冷平流降温往往因为降水与降温不同步,无法形成大雪。降雪过程开始前,850hPa附近存在干层,而降雨过程则是中低层都湿。逆温层和700～800hPa的温度对降水形态有重要影响。降雪过程结束时高层先变干,而降雨过程结束时是中层先变干。降雪过程,上空大气中冰雪区集中,含雪量和冰晶含量大值中心与降雪带位置相对应。降雨过程含雪量下界抬高,含雪量和冰晶含量大值中心落后于降雨带,并且南压过程中快速减弱,冰雪区分散。     

一次回流与倒槽共同作用产生的暴雪天气分析

对2006年1月18—19日山西持续暴雪天气进行了分析,发现这次暴雪过程不同于以往:(1)高空极涡稳定,强度较强,极锋位置偏北,沿极涡外围极锋锋区上分裂的短波小槽,与南支槽同相叠置,使得南支槽发展加深,暴雪发生在此期间。(2)地面图上,不仅形成回流形势,而且河套倒槽向北发展旺盛,倒槽前的暖湿空气与东南气流相遇,两支气流耦合加强,与北方冷空气在山西中南部强烈交汇,使得山西中南部出现了暴雪天气,这种回流形势与倒槽同时强烈发展的情况并不多见。(3)深厚的湿层和强烈的水汽辐合为暴雪的产生提供了充足的水汽条件,暴雪中心就位于中低层两条水汽通量轴线交汇的南侧。(4)高层辐散、低层辐合的垂直配置以及暴雪区上空强烈的上升运动和低层露点锋的持续抬升作用,触发中层高不稳定能量的连续释放,是造成连续暴雪的重要机制,而低空、超低空急流的存在,不仅为暴雪提供了水汽来源和热量输送,而且使得重力波不稳定发展,加强了抬升运动。(5)暴雪出现在500hPa正涡度平流中心右前方,暴雪出现12小时后,正涡度平流中心强度迅速增强,对应暴雪出现一个增幅期。     

一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料及雷达资料,对2014年6月浙江中部地区一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:短波槽携带冷空气与西南暖湿气流交汇所形成的低涡切变是大暴雨过程主要影响系统;冷空气侵入使垂直方向上形成上冷下暖的不稳定结构,在暴雨区域上空始终对应有配合垂直上升运动中心的低层辐合中心,同时800-900 h Pa的干冷平流向低层的输送对暴雨维持有重要作用。冷空气侵入加剧了低层大气的对流性不稳定,大暴雨的产生与低层大气对流性不稳定的加剧和不稳定能量的释放有密切关系。湿位涡正压项(MPV1)表明大气处于对流不稳定状态,斜压项(MPV2)由负转正发展使垂直涡度得到较大增长,从而为暴雨提供了很好的垂直动力条件。根据雷达速度图上高低层冷暖平流及实况反射率回波,可以初步判断降水的强弱和发展趋势。     

ANALYSIS OF A CASE OF EAST ASIA COASTAL CYCLOGENESIS*

The evolution of an explosive cyclone off the East Asia coast in March 1979 is described.A shortwave trough in the southern branch of upper-level westerlies initiated the incipient cyclone.Later,a polar trough in the north amplified and became in phase with the southern shortwave to form a major trough.This major trough was responsible for the rapid intensification of the surface cyclone.In the early development stage,warm and moist air was transported northward to the developing area by a strong low-level jet.The ageostrophic wind associated with the low-level jet contributed to the frontogenesis,creating a favorable low-level environment for the rapid deepening.A low-level positive potential vorticity anomaly was created prior to the onset of rapid deepening.It was a result of frontal cloud condensation.The cyclone intensified rapidly when stratospheric air with high potential vorticity penetrated to the mid-troposphere.The rapid deepening took place at a location under the left-exit region of an amplifying jet streak behind the major trough and the right-entrance region of another anticyclonically-curved subtropical jet streak in a quasi-stationary ridge overJapan.Due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau,two shortwave disturbances were observed in the upper-level westerlies on the north and south sides of the Plateau.The southern disturbance initiated the incipient surface cyclone,while the amplifying northern disturbance was responsible for the rapid deepening.Thus,the evolution of the explosive cyclone in this case can be regarded as consecutive Petterssen's "type-B" cyclogenesis in two separate stages.     

一次回流型降雪过程的成因和相态判据分析

利用常规高空和地面观测资料、天津铁塔和雷达资料、全球资料同化系统(GDAS)分析资料、雷达变分同化分析系统资料、EC和NCEP再分析资料对2016年11月20—21日天津初雪天气进行成因分析,结果表明:本次过程是在高空槽和回流冷空气共同作用下产生的,主要水汽来源为对流层中低层槽前西南暖湿气流和回流东风,回流东风经渤海低空运行时吸收水汽由"干冷"变为"湿冷";动力条件主要来自回流冷垫的动力抬升作用,降水期间回流东风层厚度由1.5km增加至2km;锋面上的非地转次级环流可将回流东风水汽向上输送成为降水原料,同时可加强其上暖湿空气的垂直上升运动;高空云水粒子向云冰粒子的转换和边界层回流冷空气加强对本次雨雪相态转换是不可或缺的,回流冷空气北风分量风速和厚度陡增、800～950hPa出现均温层、云冰粒子陡增并向低空延伸、700～850hPa与850～1000hPa厚度的变化特征对雨雪相态的判别均有较好的指示作用。     

冀中南一次春季雨雪过程诊断与预报技术分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料、雷达及NCEP 1°×1°资料,在诊断2013年4月19日河北省一次回流多相态降水过程成因的基础上,总结了降雪漏报的原因。结果表明:冀中南降水区位于700hPa切变线南侧、700 hPa西南低空急流与850 hPa东北风急流交汇处,暖湿空气在冷垫上爬升和急流的次级环流为降水提供了动力条件,低空急流为降水提供了水汽条件。整层大气可降水量及变化可作为降水预报的重要参考。对比分析雨区和雪区的温度廓线发现:通过温度平流分析温度的垂直分布和演变比单独分析温度特性层高度对于辨别降水相态更为可靠,而雷达风廓线资料可作为识别冷暖平流进而辨别大气温度层结变化的有益补充。本次降水相态预报出现偏差的主要原因是对温度垂直分布和演变判断不够准确。     

一次北方台风暴雨(9406)能量特征分析

从能量角度分析了9406号台风在我国北方造成大范围暴雨过程,定量讨论了台风变性过程中显热能、潜热能和动能的时空分布特征、北方暴雨区远距离降水突然增幅过程中能量的变化、以及动能的补充来源.发现:(1)虽然潜热能比显热能小1个量级,但潜热能平流大于显热能平流.热带气旋在获得西风带斜压能量之前,其总能量的维持主要来自潜热能的贡献,潜热能的贡献约是显热能的两倍.(2)台风远距离降水的突然增幅是中低纬度系统相互作用的结果.来自热带气旋的显热能平流与西风带显热能平流非线性叠加,导致槽前显热能明显增加,西风带槽迅速加深,降水突然增幅.同时,暴雨区高空动能下传的突然增强对暴雨突然增幅有贡献,而该高空动能下传的增加与6小时之前台风环流区大量潜热能量释放相对应.(3)台风进入影响区之前,在整个对流层有潜热能、显热能和动能直接从台风区输入暴雨区;在台风进入影响区之后,只有低空显热能平流保持继续向暴雨区输送能量.(4)台风进入影响区之后,北方暴雨区动能的补充主要来自对流层上层动能的下传、斜压不稳定能量向动能的转化和北方暴雨区西边界动能的输入.5个类似台风的合成分析支持了以上主要结论.得出的暴雨增幅模型可对预报台风远距离降水有指示作用.     

2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度爆发气旋的数值模拟和分片位涡反演分析

基于NCEP 6 h一次,0.5°（纬度）×0.5°（经度）水平分辨率的GFS（Global Forecasting System）再分析数据,利用数值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）,对2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度的爆发气旋事件进行了模拟。在成功复制爆发气旋主要特征的基础上,较详细的分析了本次爆发气旋快速发展的有利环境条件,并利用分片位涡反演的方法,对此次爆发气旋的快速发展过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:（1）本次爆发气旋的爆发性发展阶段维持了约27 h,其最大加深率约为3.98 Bergeron（气旋加深率单位）,最低中心气压约为919.2 hPa。（2）爆发气旋的快速发展与对流层高层高空急流对热量的输送,对流层中层西风带短波槽槽前暖平流和正涡度平流的有利准地转强迫,以及对流层低层暖锋伴随的暖平流过程密切相关。（3）分片位涡反演的结果表明,对流层顶皱褶对应的平流层大值位涡下传和降水凝结潜热过程造成的正位涡异常是本次爆发气旋快速发展的主导因子,而对流层低层的斜压过程贡献相对较小。在气旋爆发期的前期和强盛期,降水凝结潜热释放是爆发气旋发展的最重要因子,而在爆发期后期,随着降水的减弱和爆发气旋的东北向移动,对流层顶皱褶作用所造成的正位涡异常成为维持气旋快速发展的最有利因子。     

An explicit approach to microphysics in MC2

Abstract

An explicit microphysics scheme, including warm rain and ice‐phase processes, has been incorporated into the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community Model (MC2). Three equations for cloud water mixing ratio, rain water mixing ratio, and ice or snow mixing ratio are solved explicitly. The hydrometeor mass loading term is also included. For the single ice category, a generalized gamma size distribution is assumed and a new formulation by Meyers et al. (1992) is used to predict the ice concentration.

A numerical simulation of the ERICA IOP2 cyclone shows that the scheme is efficient. Despite running at a relatively large time step, the scheme succeeded in capturing the deepening rates and the mesoscale features of the cyclone. The distribution of cloud and precipitation is in good agreement with satellite observations. Comparison with other implicit schemes available in MC2 show comparable performance in terms of deepening rate and precipitation rate. However, the explicit scheme generates mesoscale features in better agreement with observations.     

2009年深冬辽宁雨转暴雪和大雪过程对比分析

针对辽宁2009年2月中旬旬初雨转暴雪过程和旬末大雪过程,利用常规观测资料和NCEP 10×10 逐6 h分析资料,从环流形势、影响系统、水汽和动力条件及热力结构等方面入手,对这两次过程进行对比分析。结果表明：这两次过程在许多方面显著不同。两次过程均发生在乌山阻高稳定的形势下,均受中纬度东移的中尺度低值系统影响,但雨转暴雪过程中高纬度为两脊一槽型,中纬度短槽与南支低槽结合携强冷空气东移,与低空急流在辽宁上空交汇。大雪过程为东低西高型,中纬度气旋性波动东移,切变线北抬过程中与西南暖湿气流作用影响辽宁。两次过程均发生在600 hPa以下相对湿度为80%以上的大气中,均具有低层辐合高层辐散的特征和深厚的上升运动,但雨转暴雪过程水汽含量更高,辐合层更深厚、强度更强,垂直速度较大雪过程大一个量级;两次过程都有明显的风垂直切变特征,但雨转暴雪过程发生在风垂直切变迅速增大的条件下,大雪过程风垂直切变相对稳定;雨转暴雪过程降水随湿位涡的发展而增强,两者有较好的对应关系,而大雪过程湿位涡表现微弱;雨转暴雪过程槽前0 ℃层达到850 hPa,槽后各层温度迅速下降至0 ℃以下,而大雪过程整层温度始终在0 ℃以下。     

2001—2010年大连地区暴雪天气与雷达回波特征分析

利用2001—2010年大连市7个市区县观测站冬季降水资料、常规观测资料和大连新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/SC型）回波资料,对发生在此期间8次暴雪过程环流形势分析的基础上,对雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：造成大连地区暴雪天气的环流形势,在500 hPa高空上多与东亚大槽建立前自中国华北伸向黄淮地区的高空槽有关,在地面上则与经华北南部和江（黄）淮地区东移或北上气旋（倒槽）与北方南下冷高压在大连附近交绥有关。雷达回波速度场以＂暖式切变＂型最多;该类型的降水强度,随南北气流的增强、风切变的增大和切变层在边界层和对流层低层的抬升与暖平流的匹配而加强;随西南气流在边界层和对流层低层减弱与冷平流的出现而减弱。研究结果可为预报冬季暴雪天气提供参考。     

2009年隆冬辽宁雨转暴雪和大雪过程对比分析

针对辽宁2009年2月中旬旬初雨转暴雪过程和旬末大雪过程,利用常规观测资料和NCEP 10×10 逐6 h分析资料,从环流形势、影响系统、水汽和动力条件及热力结构等方面入手,对这两次过程进行对比分析。结果表明：这两次过程在许多方面显著不同。两次过程均发生在乌山阻高稳定的形势下,均受中纬度东移的中尺度低值系统影响,但雨转暴雪过程中高纬度为两脊一槽型,中纬度短槽与南支低槽结合携强冷空气东移,与低空急流在辽宁上空交汇。大雪过程为东低西高型,中纬度气旋性波动东移,切变线北抬过程中与西南暖湿气流作用影响辽宁。两次过程均发生在600 hPa以下相对湿度为80%以上的大气中,均具有低层辐合高层辐散的特征和深厚的上升运动,但雨转暴雪过程水汽含量更高,辐合层更深厚、强度更强,垂直速度较大雪过程大一个量级;两次过程都有明显的风垂直切变特征,但雨转暴雪过程发生在风垂直切变迅速增大的条件下,大雪过程风垂直切变相对稳定;雨转暴雪过程降水随湿位涡的发展而增强,两者有较好的对应关系,而大雪过程湿位涡表现微弱;雨转暴雪过程槽前0 ℃层达到850 hPa,槽后各层温度迅速下降至0 ℃以下,而大雪过程整层温度始终在0 ℃以下。