帕默尔旱度模式的进一步修正

为了正确评估干旱，根据帕默尔旱度模式的思路和1986年安顺清等人修正的帕默尔旱度模式，我们以济南、郑州和太原3站逐年逐月气温和降水等作为基本资料（1961～2000年），以哈尔滨、佳木斯、呼和浩特、沈阳、北京、固原、西安、汉中、青岛、德州、运城、长沙、武汉、南昌、杭州、福州、广州、昆明、南宁、成都和贵阳21个站的有关资料（1961～2000年）为权重因子修正资料，并且在计算可能蒸散时选用了FAO推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯公式。另外0～20 cm和20～100 cm土层的土壤田间有效持水量根据我国测定的资料和土壤特性确定，对帕默尔旱度模式进行了进一步修正。利用此模式计算了我国北方地区139个站点（1961年1月～2000年12月）的帕默尔指数值。将计算的帕默尔指数值与一些文献记载的实际旱涝灾情相对照进行验证，表明进一步修正的帕默尔旱度模式能较为准确地评估旱涝情况，适合应用于我国     

On the potential application of land surface models for drought monitoring in China

The potential of using land surface models (LSMs) to monitor near-real-time drought has not been fully assessed in China yet. In this study, we analyze the performance of such a system with a land surface model (LSM) named the Australian Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange model (CABLE). The meteorological forcing datasets based on reanalysis products and corrected by observational data have been extended to near-real time for semi-operational trial. CABLE-simulated soil moisture (SM) anomalies are used to characterize drought spatial and temporal evolutions. One outstanding feature in our analysis is that with the same meteorological data, we have calculated a range of drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). We have assessed the similarity among these indices against observed SM over a number of regions in China. While precipitation is the dominant factor in the drought development, relationships between precipitation, evaporation, and soil moisture anomalies vary significantly under different climate regimes, resulting in different characteristics of droughts in China. The LSM-based trial system is further evaluated for the 1997/1998 drought in northern China and 2009/2010 drought in southwestern China. The system can capture the severities and temporal and spatial evolutions of these drought events well. The advantage of using a LSM-based drought monitoring system is further demonstrated by its potential to monitor other consequences of drought impacts in a more physically consistent manner.     

准全球陆表干旱严重程度的多传感器遥感监测方法研究

在全球气候变暖的背景下,持续的干旱事件将对生态系统和人类社会产生不利影响。尽管存在多源卫星遥感资料及多种干旱指数,然而区域和全球尺度干旱事件的监测仍具有挑战。采用TRMM（Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission）数据量化降水异常、MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）和陆表温度（Land Surface Temperature,LST）数据表征植被生长异常,构建了一种兼顾降水异常和植被生长状况异常的多传感器陆表干旱严重程度指数（Multi-sensorsDrought Severity Index,MDSI）。结果表明:MDSI 能够准确检测准全球范围（50°S～50°N,0°～180°～0°）的气象干旱事件,如亚马逊流域2005 和2010 年干旱、中国川渝地区2006 年干旱、中国云南2010 年干旱、非洲东部2011 年干旱、2012 年美国中部干旱等;MDSI 与PDSI（Palmer Drought Severity Index）呈现出大致相同的干湿空间格局,并且MDSI 有助于湿润地区干旱程度的检测。     

ASCAT土壤湿度数据在新疆干旱监测中的应用

截至目前,欧洲气象卫星组织新一代"Met Op"系列卫星搭载的先进的ASCAT散射仪所观测的土壤湿度数据在我国尚未得到应用。本文拟通过使用NOAA的先进算法处理ASCAT土壤湿度数据,并开发干旱预报系统以用于监测新疆土壤水分来预测其干旱情况。文中首次使用ASCAT土壤湿度数据、前沿人工智能技术在新疆干旱监测中,为干旱监测提供了新的研究思路,开发出新的干旱预报系统对土壤水分等级有一定的预报能力,其中新设计的干旱指数-Met Op卫星反演的土壤湿度距平百分数可以有效提高干旱监测的时间精度,便于更好地开展决策服务。     

甘肃黄土高原帕尔默旱度模式的修订

干旱是甘肃黄土高原雨养农业区最主要的气象灾害,干旱的发生包含许多复杂过程和条件,因而研究一个考虑因子较为全面的干旱指标较为困难。本文在美国帕尔默旱度模式和中国修正的帕尔默旱度模式的基础上,根据本区特点,从建模资料站点、可能蒸散计算、土壤田间持水量和径流计算等几个方面进行了修正,并利用甘肃黄土高原12个站点的资料,建立了适用于本区的旱度模式,以期为本区的干旱研究提供一种有效的工具。     

MODIS资料遥感监测土壤水分与干旱研究进展

干旱是威胁我国及世界农业发展的自然灾害之一,遥感技术已经成为监测土壤水分与旱情的重要手段。本文总结分析了近年来利用MOD IS资料监测土壤水分和干旱的优势,回顾总结了目前利用MOD IS资料监测土壤水分和干旱的方法,着重从光谱法、温度植被干旱指数(TVD I)空间法、植被水分监测法、水分亏缺指数法等几方面进行了重点介绍,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

华北干旱异常的地域特征

利用1951～1996年月降水量和气温资料,以降水量为主,兼顾底墒及蒸发状况,定义了华北地区24站春、夏季干旱指数。区域及单站干旱指数的代表性分析表明,该干旱指数可以真实、客观地反映该区的干旱状况。文中还采用了方差极大旋转经验正交函数,分离出春季干旱的3个主要类型和夏季旱涝的4个主要类型。另外,对空间模的极大值中心所表示的含义也进行了讨论。     

基于改进失水模式和增加建模站点的Palmer旱度模式

根据1965年Palmer旱度模式的思路,在1986年修正版及2003年修正版的基础上,为了使Palmer旱度模式更适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区,通过改进2003年修正的Palmer旱度模式在建模时表层失水模式的假设以及增加建模站点个数两个方面对Palmer旱度模式进行进一步修正。将计算的Palmer指数值与2003年计算的Palmer指数值及一些文献记载的实际旱涝灾情相对照进行验证,结果表明:新修正的Palmer旱度模式能更好地评估旱涝情况,扩大其在我国干旱地区的适用性。     

用Palmer湿润指数作西北地区东部冬小麦旱涝评估

根据Palmer气象干旱指数 (PDSI) 的中间量Palmer湿润指数原理, 计算了西北地区东部冬小麦农气观测站延安、咸阳等多个站点1961—2000年逐月Palmer湿润指数, 对各站点的冬小麦不同发育期的旱涝情况做了初步的验证和应用。Palmer湿润指数与Z指数对比结果表明:Palmer湿润指数对农作物旱情分析更具有客观性, 分析结果更符合实际情况, 因而可以作为我国西北地区东部农作物旱涝的评估工具。     

基于大气-土壤-植被系统干旱发生发展过程的综合干旱指标构建与应用

适宜的干旱指标和高分辨率数据是准确监测干旱的基础。本研究从气象干旱和土壤干旱以及植被对干旱的响应出发,整合中国国家气象观测站、中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）土壤湿度（0.0625°×0.0625°）和MODIS叶面积指数（500 m×500 m）等多源数据信息,构建了基于气象干旱指数（标准化降水蒸散指数）、土壤干旱指数（土壤湿度百分位）和植被干旱指数（叶面积指数百分位）的综合干旱指数,并在中国东北地区开展了典型站点和区域10 km×10 km空间分辨率干旱监测试验。结果表明,综合干旱指数克服了单一气象干旱指数不能准确反映农业旱情及单一植被长势指数会将其他灾害引起的植被长势变差误判为干旱的不足,能够反映灌溉对干旱的影响,实现对大气-土壤-植被系统干旱发生、发展及其影响的监测。      

Hydrology of Prairie Pothole Wetlands during Drought and Deluge: A 17-Year Study of the Cottonwood Lake Wetland Complex in North Dakota in the Perspective of Longer Term Measured and Proxy Hydrological Records

From 1988 to 1992 the north-central plains of North America had a drought that was followed by a wet period that continues to the present (1997). Data on the hydrology of the Cottonwood Lake area (CWLA) collected for nearly 10 years before, and during, the recent dry and wet periods indicate that some prairie pothole wetlands served only a recharge function under all climate conditions. Transpiration from groundwater around the perimeter of groundwater discharge wetlands drew water from the wetlands by the end of summer, even during very wet years.Long-term records of a climate index (Palmer Drought Severity Index), stream discharge (Pembina River), and lake level (Devils Lake) were used to put the 17-year CWLA record into a longer term perspective. In addition, proxy records of climate determined from fossils in the sediments of Devils Lake were also used. These data indicate that the drought of 1988-92 may have been the second worst of the 20th century, but that droughts of that magnitude, and worse, were common during the past 500 years. In contrast, the present wet period may be the wettest it has been during the past 130 years, or possibly the past 500 years.     

用NOAA卫星可见光和红外资料估算甘肃省东部农田区土壤湿度

应用NOAA卫星AVHRR通道1、2计算的植被指数和通道4的亮温、农业气象试验站观测的土壤湿度，并结合气象卫星完成的土地覆盖分类等资料，建立了由植被指数和亮温估算甘肃省东部农田区土壤湿度的方程。结果表明，农田土壤湿度与植被指数和亮温间均存在一定相关关系；用植被指数和亮温可以估计土壤湿度情况，并对干旱进行监测。     

利用气象卫星GMS和AVHRR资料推算地面水分含量的方法

根据ＧＭＳ红外通道遥感到的土壤表面温度随时间的变化率对土壤水分最敏感,且该变化率又与极轨卫星测到的植被指数存在负相关的事实,提出了一个更能反映土壤表面水分的干旱分级指数（ＤＣＩ）,对土壤水分按６个等级监测．该指数与江苏、吉林两省实测土壤湿度或降水分级之间的相关系数在０．７０以上．     

西北4省(区)干旱遥感监测方法——以Erads软件为例

介绍了将DVBS系统接收处理得到的NOAA/AVHRR卫星遥感资料,转入Erads软件,在Erads软件中对图像进行校正、拼接,通过建模运算实现干旱遥感监测的方法和监测流程。利用该方法对2006年7月下旬西北4(省)区的地面旱情进行监测,结果表明利用该工作流程,选择合适的干旱遥感模型可以得到监测区域的旱情,旱情监测结果与地面20 cm土壤相对湿度监测的旱情结果较一致。     

Drought and the future of rural communities: Opportunities and challenges for climate change adaptation in regional Victoria,Australia

Australia's vulnerability to climate variability and change has been highlighted by the recent drought (i.e. the Big Dry or Millennium Drought), and also recent flooding across much of eastern Australia during 2011 and 2012. There is also the possibility that the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts may increase due to anthropogenic climate change, stressing the need for robust drought adaptation strategies. This study investigates the socio-economic impacts of drought, past and present drought adaptation measures, and the future adaptation strategies required to deal with projected impacts of climate change. The qualitative analysis presented records the actual experiences of drought and other climatic extremes and helps advance knowledge of how best to respond and adapt to such conditions, and how this might vary between different locations, sectors and communities. It was found that more effort is needed to address the changing environment and climate, by shifting from notions of ‘drought-as-crisis’ towards acknowledging the variable availability of water and that multi-year droughts should not be unexpected, and may even become more frequent. Action should also be taken to revalue the farming enterprise as critical to our environmental, economic and cultural well-being and there was also strong consensus that the value of water should be recognised in a more meaningful way (i.e. not just in economic terms). Finally, across the diverse stakeholders involved in the research, one point was consistently reiterated: that ‘it's not just drought’. Exacerbating the issues of climate impacts on water security and supply is the complexity of the agriculture industry, global economics (in particular global markets and the recent/ongoing global financial crisis), and demographic changes (decreasing and ageing populations) which are currently occurring across most rural communities. The social and economic issues facing rural communities are not just a product of drought or climate change – to understand them as such would underestimate the extent of the problems and inhibit the ability to coordinate the holistic, cross-agency approach needed for successful climate change adaptation in rural communities.     

大规模城镇化对黄淮海地区气候及水资源影响的数值试验

黄淮海地区是我国传统的农耕区,也是经济快速发展、城镇化进程快速推进的区域之一,使得该地区植被覆盖发生了明显变化。为研究城镇化对气候与水资源的影响,应用RegCM3区域气候模式,通过控制试验和敏感性试验,在保证积分时间（2001-2005年）的情况下,输出降水、蒸发、温度、湿度、土壤水分、径流、整层水汽含量等资料,利用敏感性试验和控制试验输出量的差值,来分析黄淮海地区城镇化对气候和水资源要素的影响情况。结果表明,城镇化对研究地区气候及水资源造成的影响主要表现在使局地风场减弱、降水减少、地面气温增加、空气湿度减小、水资源总量减少、土壤含水量减少和地表径流增加等方面,从而对气候和水资源造成影响。     

干旱指标研究进展及中美两国国家级干旱监测

分析比较了国内外常用的一些干旱指数如降水量距平、标准化降水指数及PDSI等的原理和计算方法。对美国和中国国家级干旱监测业务的发展与现状进行了综述,并详细地介绍了两国干旱监测业务流程、监测方法、产品内容及各自的干旱等级规定、影响评估及预警情况等。     

中国气候过渡带干旱化发展趋势与东亚夏季风、极涡活动相关研究

利用国家气候中心1961~2000年中国160个测站降水量和NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,采取线性趋势变化、相关和水汽输送等分析方法,揭示中国大陆40 a的年和季降水变化趋势显著区域的时空分布特征,探讨与东亚夏季风和极涡活动的某些相关。结果表明:(1)经内蒙古中东部、山西省、河南省、陕西省和甘肃省东部至湖北省西部、四川省西北部和重庆市年降水量线性下降趋势较显著(其中相当部分为中国的气候过渡带),并明显向东与华北大部、东北地区中南部、环渤海地区、山东省和江苏省北部线性下降较显著区连成一片,构成占中国国土面积约1/5的气候变化干旱化区域,其中20世纪90年代年平均降水量负距平为50~100 mm的面积约达90万km2,其季节变化主要为夏、秋两季降水锐减,长江中下游、东南部沿海和广东省大部年降水量线性上升趋势显著,其中江西省20世纪90年代年降水量正距平在200 mm以上;(2)20世纪90年代夏季1000~300 hPa水汽输送积分负距平区与中国40 a气候变化干旱化区域总体相吻合;(3)中国西部地区东部与华北、东北地区中南部、环渤海地区降水干旱化区域连成一片,原因是多方面的,文中初步揭示了与影响中国的东亚夏季风在30°N以北地区活动和太平洋区极涡强度指数自20世纪70年代前后减弱相关显著。     

Projected 21st century trends in hydroclimatology of the Tahoe basin

With down-scaled output from two General Circulation Models (the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, or GFDL, and the Parallel Climate Model, or PCM) and two emissions scenarios (A2 and B1), we project future trends in temperature and precipitation for the Tahoe basin. With the GFDL, we also project drought conditions and (through the use of a distributed hydrologic model) flood frequency. The steepest trend (GFDL with A2) indicates a 4–5°C warming by the end of the 21st century. Trends in annual precipitation are more modest with a dip in the latter half of the 21st century indicated by the GFDL/A2 case, but not the others. Comparisons with the Palmer Drought Severity Index show that drought will increase, in part due to the declining role of the snowpack as a reservoir for soil moisture replenishment. Analysis of flood frequency for the largest watershed in the basin indicates that the magnitude of the 100-yr flood could increase up to 2.5-fold for the middle third of the century, but decline thereafter as the climate warms and dries. These trends have major implications for the management of land and water resources in the Tahoe basin, as well as for design and maintenance of infrastructure.     

基于CLDAS资料的内蒙古干旱监测分析

以内蒙古地区为研究区域,对中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）的土壤湿度和降水数据进行了评估,使用土壤相对湿度法和连续无降水日数法监测2014年夏季干旱,并选择干旱年（2014年）和湿润年（2013年）与标准化降水指数和降水百分位指数法进行验证分析。结果表明：CLDAS资料能够很好地再现日土壤相对湿度动态变化情况和降水落区与量级,能够满足干旱监测的需求;基于CLDAS数据的土壤相对湿度法可以方便、快捷地监测干旱日变化和区域性变化,连续无有效降水日数法对评估长时间、持续性干旱较为有效;CLDAS同化数据在时效性、分辨率、代表性上能够满足气象服务的需求,可作为观测资料的重要补充广泛应用于业务和科研,特别是对于地广人稀且气象站点相对较少的内蒙古地区气象服务潜力巨大。