地震子波旁瓣对薄砂体识别的影响

我们研究中国西部某盆地一些气田时,发现地震子波旁瓣在很大程度上影响着薄砂体的识别和解释。该区目的层段H段地层中,辫状河流相薄砂岩储层与湖相泥岩成互层。在地震资料上,来自H段地层顶面的强波谷总跟随一个弱波峰(源于子波旁瓣),此弱波峰与薄砂体顶面反射波峰相互叠合,掩盖了砂体反射,造成了薄砂体识别和解释的困难。为此,我们设计了一套正演模型,利用不同频率的零相位雷克子波合成人工地震剖面,来研究砂体位置、频率与地震子波旁瓣效应的关系,以及振幅类属性与薄砂体关系。提出处于高位置的砂体反射形态清晰,易于识别解释;认为通过对比不同带通滤波处理后的地震资料,可很好辨别旁瓣效应和砂体反射;同时发现振幅类属性可作为薄砂体识别表征参数,可有效合理地描述砂体分布范围和特征。     

基于频率域峰值属性的河道砂体定量预测及应用(英文)

河道砂体是陆相含油气盆地最重要的储集类型之一,其边界识别和厚度定量预测是储层预测的热点难题。本文在总结现有方法技术的基础上,提出一种利用频率域峰值属性进行河道砂体边界识别和厚度定量预测的新方法。对典型河道薄砂体地震反射进行了正演模拟,构造了一种新的地震属性——峰值频率-振幅比,研究表明:峰值频率属性对地层厚度变化敏感,振幅属性对地层岩性变化敏感,两者比值突出河道砂体的边界,同时,借助峰值频率与薄层厚度间存在的定量关系进行薄砂体厚度计算。实际数据应用表明,地震峰值频率属性可以较好的刻画河道的平面展布特征;峰值频率-振幅比属性可以提高对河道砂体边界的识别能力;利用频率域地震属性进行砂体边界识别及厚度定量预测是可行的。     

TUNING EFFECTS,LITHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND DEPOSITIONAL EFFECTS IN THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF GAS RESERVOIRS*

Synergism of 3-D seismic data, wavelet processing, colour display and interactive interpretation has been exploited in the study of a Gulf of Mexico gas reservoir. Seismic amplitude has been used as a measure of the proportion of a sand/shale reservoir capable of producing gas. This has led to the mapping of net producible thickness of gas sand. The tuning phenomena resulting from geometric effects alone were studied in detail, and tuning curves of various levels of sophistication were used as the basis for amplitude editing. Statistical tuning curves were derived by interactive cross-plotting and deterministic curves by wavelet extraction. Multiple wavelet side lobes cause multiple maxima in the tuning curve. Depositional effects and intrareservoir communication have also been studied by interactive cross-plotting.     

薄层时频特征的正演模拟

基于正演模拟的薄层时频特征响应分析是薄层定性识别与厚度定量预测的基础与关键.本文基于波场延拓理论,利用深度域相移法对不同厚度薄层进行了正演模拟.采用广义S变换对零偏移距地震道的反射复合波进行瞬时频谱分析,发现当薄层顶底反射系数极性相反时,复合波的干涉作用具有升频降幅作用,而极性相同时具有升幅降频作用;理论推导和实验分析均证明主峰值频率与薄层双程旅行时间厚度存在定量解析关系,这为薄层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段;由于峰值频率对反射系数大小与极性变化不敏感,因此,峰值频率方法与时域振幅方法相比更具稳定性.     

The simulation of far-field wavelets using frequency-domain air-gun array near-field wavelets

Air-gun arrays are used in marine-seismic exploration. Far-field wavelets in subsurface media represent the stacking of single air-gun ideal wavelets. We derived single air-gun ideal wavelets using near-field wavelets recorded from near-field geophones and then synthesized them into far-field wavelets. This is critical for processing wavelets in marine- seismic exploration. For this purpose, several algorithms are currently used to decompose and synthesize wavelets in the time domain. If the traveltime of single air-gun wavelets is not an integral multiple of the sampling interval, the complex and error-prone resampling of the seismic signals using the time-domain method is necessary. Based on the relation between the frequency-domain phase and the time-domain time delay, we propose a method that first transforms the real near-field wavelet to the frequency domain via Fourier transforms; then, it decomposes it and composes the wavelet spectrum in the frequency domain, and then back transforms it to the time domain. Thus, the resampling problem is avoided and single air-gun wavelets and far-field wavelets can be reliably derived. The effect of ghost reflections is also considered, while decomposing the wavelet and removing the ghost reflections. Modeling and real data processing were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

A procedure to reduce side lobes of reflection wavelets: A contribution to low frequency information

Side lobes of the wavelets arise from the lack of low frequency content in a reflection wavelet. They tend to increase the time span of an individual reflection event and interfere with the other primary reflections or side lobes. Furthermore, their trace-by-trace consistency may produce pseudo-reflections and may cause misinterpretations of the side lobes as weak reflections.A procedure in order to improve the low frequency content of the seismic traces by suppressing the side lobe amplitudes based on the complex trace envelope is proposed. Using the average energies of the seismic trace and its envelope, the polarity table of the trace is obtained and used to correct the phase of the envelope. The resultant trace is termed “side lobe reduced (SLR) trace”. The method can be applied to the stack or migrated seismic data by a trace-by-trace basis. The only required parameter of the method is the moving average operator length which is used to calculate average energies of the input traces. In general, shorter operator lengths yield better results when the dominant frequency of the input increases.Results from synthetics and real seismic data sets show that the procedure improves the low frequency components of the input trace and side lobes in the output SLR trace are significantly suppressed. The method may be considered as a seismic amplitude attribute, which aids the interpreter to obtain the true seismic signature of the geological formations by removing the side lobes of the wavelet and restoring the low frequency components if the lower frequencies of deeper reflections are of primary concern.     

复数子波匹配追踪算法识别薄层砂体

针对东营凹陷滩坝砂岩薄砂体的预测识别问题,研究了复小波匹配追踪方法.从地震信号morlet小波分解及重构分析入手,讨论了重构地震信号时关于频率、振幅、相位及时移参数的选取方法及其具体的选取变量.并就关键的振幅参数,研究了改善的计算方法.常规的匹配追踪算法扫描地震信号的所有时间点和频率.在本文中,为了改善时频分辨率,采用局部扫描主频和子波的时间延迟.在具体实现过程中,采用计算地震信号的平均瞬时频率和地震信号的瞬时包络处的时间,做为采样频率和时间采样点,得到与地震信号最佳相关的子波.对研究的方法从理论模型和实际资料进行了论证分析,证明理论上正确合理,实际应用效果显著.     

基于改进的最佳匹配地震子波的地震资料衰减特性分析

简述了改进的最佳匹配地震子波的小波函数构造及参数的物理含义；根据地震波的高、低频分量在黏弹介质中传播时被地层吸收的差异，给出了一种在时-频域定性估计地震波衰减特性的方法；分别以改进的最佳匹配地震子波的小波及Morlet小波作为母小波分析地层吸收特性，并比较了两种小波函数刻画地层吸收特性的能力；测试了这种方法对噪声的敏感程度. 将文中提出的方法用于某油田的一段实测地震资料衰减分析，得到的吸收特性剖面能较好地反映油气的空间展布.     

利用零偏移VSP资料估计介质品质因子方法研究

利用峰值频率移动法估算零偏VSP资料的品质因子Q．该方法用Ricker子波和匹配地震子波分别逼近零相位和混合相位的震源子波，得到了峰值频率移动法估计Q值的公式．进而针对常规方法估计的地震子波峰值频率精度不高的问题，提出了估计地震子波峰值频率的特征结构法．通过合成零偏VSP资料的仿真试验，验证了峰值频率移动法估计Q值的正确性．仿真结果表明，与快速Fourier变换和Burg最大熵方法相比较，特征结构法得到的峰值频率和Q值精度高一些．仿真结果也表明，用峰值频率移动法估计Q值时需要选取恰当的子波参数,否则影响Q值估计的精度．     

利用EMD和子波振幅谱与相位谱关系的时变子波提取方法

本文首先分析了地震波在黏弹介质的传播规律,基于黏弹介质地震波动方程总结了时变子波振幅谱和相位谱的关系,从而得出结论,准确估计子波相位谱初值和不同时刻的子波振幅谱是实现时变子波准确提取的必要条件.在此基础上,针对传统方法限制子波振幅谱形态且受限于分段平稳假设的问题,提出了一种利用EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition)和子波振幅谱与相位谱关系的时变子波提取方法,根据子波对数振幅谱光滑连续而反射系数对数振幅谱振荡剧烈的特点,采用EMD方法将不同时刻地震记录的对数振幅谱分解为一组具有不同振荡尺度的模态分量,通过滤除振荡剧烈分量、重构光滑连续分量提取时变子波振幅谱;再应用子波振幅谱和相位谱的关系提取时变子波相位谱,将分别提取的振幅谱和相位谱逐点进行合成,最终实现时变子波的准确提取.本文方法不需要求取Q值,适用于变Q值的情况,具有良好的抗噪性能.数值仿真和叠后实际资料处理结果表明,相比传统的分段提取方法,利用本文方法提取的时变子波准确度更高,研究成果对提高地震资料分辨率具有重要意义.     

等厚薄互层时频特征的正演模拟

本文基于波动理论,利用深度域相移法对不同互层数、不同单层厚度的等厚薄互层进行正演模拟.采用广义S变换分析零偏移距地震道反射复合波的瞬时频谱.研究发现当单层厚度大于3/16波长时,等厚薄互层时域特征为中、高频等幅振荡,瞬时频谱为与单层厚度成反比的单一峰值梳状函数;当单层厚度小于3/16波长时,震源子波的有限带宽对瞬时频谱的高频频率峰有压制作用,导致等厚薄互层中部的时域振幅和频域最大幅度均为低值,薄互层的结构特征不易分辨,说明宽高频的震源子波是提高薄互层分辨能力的关键.此外,理论推导和实验分析均证明:当地层厚度大于1/8波长时,其峰值频率与薄互层单层厚度存在定量解析关系,这为等厚薄互层单层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段.     

Detection of seismic reflections from seismic attributes through fractal analysis

The concept of fractals is used here for the identification of seismic reflectors with special emphasis on thin‐bed delineation, which is generally overlooked during standard data processing. A new fractal analysis scheme is applied to both synthetic and real field seismic data. The fractal dimensions of the three seismic attributes – amplitude, phase, and instantaneous frequency – have been analysed and evaluated. A change in fractal dimension is found to occur whenever there is a reflection. However, the resolution in the delineation of reflectors varies, depending on the attribute under consideration and the method of fractal dimension estimation used. Fractal analysis is performed on both noise‐free and noisy synthetic data to establish the noise tolerance limit for both the ‘divider method’ and the ‘Hurst method’. It is then tested with different peak frequencies of the source wavelet to establish the criteria for using the divider method and the Hurst method. The divider method is found to be suitable for high peak frequency source wavelets (> 25 Hz), while the Hurst method is best suited for low peak frequency source wavelets (< 25 Hz). Finally, when applied to the digitally processed and migrated field seismic data, it could even delineate reflectors which otherwise went undetected on the migrated time section.     

Ricker子波视主频的变化对混沌振子检测效果的影响

针对地震勘探资料中存在加性强随机噪声干扰，已经提出用混沌振子系统处理的方法技术.为完善该方法，需要研究诸如地震勘探同相轴完整程度、组成同相轴的地震子波变化等对系统检测效果的影响.本文以Ricker子波模拟地震子波，研究Ricker子波视主频变化的相应检测效果.研究结果：随着Ricker子波视主频的升高，检测SNR逐渐变差，在高频部分SNR的变化明显比低频部分缓慢；在通常地震勘探频率范围内，混沌振子系统检测SNR有可能部分补偿由于地震波传播引起的幅度降低；为检测由畸变子波构成的同相轴提供一定的可能.     

Application of amplitude spectrum and genetic inversion to determine shaly facies distribution: a case study: Murzuq Basin,Libya

Late Ordovician glacial deposits of the Mamuniyat Formation are the main oil reservoir in the Murzuq Basin in Libya. Autopicking the strong reflection at the base of the Silurian shales can be used to map the top of the Mamuniyat reservoir in the area where it is in direct contact with the Silurian shales. However, in areas where the Bir Tlacsin Formation, a mud‐prone unit, is between the Silurian shales and the Mamuniyat reservoir, the top of the Mamuniyat is difficult to pick because the units juxtaposed across the boundary are too similar to produce a strong reflection. Defining the Bir Tlacsin facies is important because it impacts hydrocarbon accumulation and migration. To predict the distribution of the shaly facies of Bir Tlacsin and enhance mapping of the top Mamuniyat reservoir, we utilized a continuous wavelet transform to identify the distinctive thickness of the Hot Shale and Bir Tlacsin units. We also used genetic inversion to distinguish the bulk density of the Bir Tlacsin facies. A 64 Hz frequency gave good time resolution to the amplitude spectrum and was used to predict the facies distribution of the Bir Tlacsin. In contrast, the 24 Hz frequency showed good frequency resolution of the amplitude spectrum and was used to estimate the temporal thickness of the non‐reservoir unit of Bir Tlacsin and Hot Shale. That estimate was then used to modify the autopick horizon for the base of the Silurian reflector to approximate the top of the Mamuniyat reservoir. Because of the large density contrast between the shaly facies of the Bir Tlacsin and the underlying and overlying units, inverted density also provides a way to predict the distribution of the Bir Tlacsin through estimated temporal thickness and to enhance mapping of the top Mamuniyat reservoir through mapping the base of the inverted density of the Bir Tlacsin. A comparison between mapping of the top reservoir using spectral decomposition and inverted density with respect to autopick shows that both methods improved the top of the Mamuniyat reservoir mapping. Prediction of the presence of Bir Tlacsin and improved accuracy of the top of the Mamuniyat reservoir mapping reduce the risk of drilling the shaly facies of Bir Tlacsin and provide a better estimate of the reservoir reserve.     

频谱成像技术在稠油热采地震监测中的应用

频谱成像技术可有效的描述地质反射层厚度的非连续性和岩性的非均质性,其在理论上主要是依据薄层反射的调谐原理,过去通常采用以离散傅里叶变换为基础的算法,但是,该方法存在着明显的局限性,因为估算的地震振幅谱的重要特征是所选时窗长度的函数.如果所选时窗过短,振幅谱会与变换窗函数褶积,失去频率的局部化特征,而且过短的时窗会使子波的旁瓣呈现为单一反射的假象.增加时窗长度,会改善频率的分辨率.但如果所选时窗过长,时窗内的多个反射会使振幅谱以槽痕为特征,很难分清单个反射的振幅谱特征.由于在实际运用中,以傅里叶变换相关的算法的时窗问题,难以选择好时窗长度,而且无法定量分析时窗长度产生的偏差,因而会使振幅谱的估算产生偏差.以小波变换为基础的时频分析技术成了非平稳性信号的重要分析工具,在很多实际应用中已取代了傅里叶变换的分析方法.以小波变换为基础的瞬时谱分析技术能得到精确的时频分析结果,同时避免了时窗问题.它反映出了储层在纵向上时间及厚度上变化情况和横向上的地质不连续性的信息,因此能使解释人员快速而有效地描述储层特征的空间变化.     

Spectral bandwidth enhancement of GPR profiling data using multiple-frequency compositing

The amplitude spectrum of ground penetrating radar (GPR) reflection data acquired with a particular antenna set is normally concentrated over a spectral bandwidth of a single octave, limiting the resolving power of the GPR wavelet. Where variously-sized GPR targets are located at numerous depths in the ground, it is often necessary to acquire several profiles of GPR data using antennas of different nominal frequencies. The most complete understanding of the subsurface is obtained when those frequency-limited radargrams are jointly interpreted, since each frequency yields a particular response to subsurface reflectivity. The application of deconvolution to GPR data could improve image quality, but is often hindered by limited spectral bandwidth.We present multiple-frequency compositing as a means of combining data from several frequency-limited datasets and improving the spectral bandwidth of the GPR profile. A multiple-frequency composite is built by summing together a number of spatially-coincident radargrams, each acquired with antennae of different centre frequency. The goal of the compositing process is therefore to produce a composite radargram with balanced contributions from frequency-limited radargrams and obtain a composite wavelet that has properties approximating a delta function (i.e. short in duration and having a broad, uniform spectral bandwidth).A synthetic investigation of the compositing process was performed using Berlage wavelets as proxies for GPR source pulses. This investigation suggests that a balanced, broad bandwidth, effective source pulse is obtained by a compositing process that equalises the spectral maxima of frequency-limited wavelets prior to summation into the composite. The compositing of real GPR data was examined using a set of 225, 450 and 900 MHz GPR common offset profiles acquired at a site on the Waterloo Moraine in Ontario, Canada. The most successful compositing strategy involved derivation of scaling factors from a time-variant least squares analysis of the amplitude spectra of each frequency-limited dataset. Contributions to the composite from each nominal acquisition frequency are clear, and the trace averaged amplitude spectrum of the corresponding composite is broadened uniformly over a bandwidth approaching two-octaves. Improvements to wavelet resolution are clear when a composite radargram is treated with a spiking deconvolution algorithm. Such improvement suggests that multiple-frequency compositing is a useful imaging tool, and a promising foundation for improving deconvolution of GPR data.     

谱分解技术在储层预测中的应用

目的：在传统的地震资料解释中存在着复杂地质体的反射层位准确拾取难、沿单一解释层位提取属性不客观等不足。文中介绍一种适用于三维地震数据体的短时窗谱分解和调谐三维体技术。方法：该技术针对薄层单元地质体计算属性，它利用有限带宽地震子波内各种频率分量特性。结果：精细刻划复杂地质体内部地层反射特征，从而客观揭示复杂储层的纵横向变化趋势。结论：以缝洞型碳酸盐岩溶洞实例结果说明方法的有效性。     

过零点个数地震属性理论诠释及应用

在地震解释与储层预测中,地震属性扮演着重要角色.在砂砾岩储层研究过程中,常规属性效果并不理想,无法满足实际应用的需要.而过零点个数,虽是一种不被人经常使用的地震属性,但我们发现在砂砾岩体油藏预测中应用效果良好.为此,研究过零点个数地震属性的定义与计算方法,讨论子波主频、砂岩厚度、泥岩夹层和地层韵律性等与它的关系,通过模型测试与实际资料应用对其做较全面的诠释.研究表明:(1)对于单一界面地震记录,过零点个数不随子波主频和波长的变化而变化;(2)砂岩厚度与过零点个数呈正相关,厚砂岩的过零点个数要比薄砂岩大;(3)砂体间存在的泥岩夹层,厚度变化对过零点个数影响较小,但它会影响波组的形态;(4)不规则沉积与均匀沉积相比,过零点个数属性值要大,因此,此属性比较适合多期次发育的砂砾岩体或其他薄互层结构的储层预测.总的来说,过零点个数地震属性能够有效地识别砂砾岩体发育区,可为此类储层预测提供了一种新的优势属性.     

基于物理小波的频谱分解方法及应用研究

在地震资料频谱分解中,采用匹配地震子波的物理小波,依据地震信号的特征,用振幅、能量衰减率、能量延迟时间及地震子波的中心频率等四类参数构造基本小波,把地震信号分解在小波域,高频分量能够得到精细的刻画.本文以物理小波变换为工具, 给出了该变换中的核函数的选择方法,进而提出了基于物理小波变换的频谱成像方法.我们将此方法用于海上某油田河流相储层的描述,并与常规软件中的小波变换频谱成像结果进行了对比, 结果表明,本文提出的方法更能精细地刻画地质事件.     

高分辨率非线性储层物性参数反演方法和应用

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