新疆坡一含铜镍矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩体岩浆作用深部过程及形成机制探讨

<正>新疆东天山-北山是中亚造山带南缘镁铁-超镁铁岩体的集中分布区,因其赋含铜镍硫化物矿床而得到地质学家的广泛关注,并逐渐成为我国继世界第三大甘肃省金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床之后的,又一重要岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的主要产地和热点地区。东天山地区的多数镁铁-超镁铁岩体赋含铜镍矿并已在开采中(如香山、黄山东、黄山、图拉尔根、天宇等)或被认定为具有赋存     

红旗岭―茶尖岭矿带部分含矿岩体时代认识——从陆壳、岩石圈角度认识含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩体时代

红旗岭―茶尖岭矿带发育镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)及铜镍硫化物矿床。关于该矿带含矿岩体时代的观点包括华力西期和印支期。含铜镍硫化物矿床的镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)发育要件:初始成熟陆壳、较薄的岩石圈、拉张应力背景,三者缺一不可。只有符合地质事实、符合矿带含铜镍矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)发育要件的同位素定年数据,才能代表含矿岩体的成岩成矿时代。红旗岭—茶尖岭矿带印支期不具备含矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体(岩墙群)产出的要件。华力西期350Ma,矿带具备红旗岭1号、7号含中、大型铜镍硫化物矿床的镁铁-超镁铁岩体产出的要件,理应代表1号、7号岩体时代;华力西期258Ma,矿带具备茶尖岭包括1号、6号、新6号等含小型铜镍硫化物矿床的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体产出的要件,均代表茶尖岭矿区的镁铁-超镁铁岩体的时代。     

东昆仑夏日哈木矿区岩体含矿性特点与形成机理探讨

东昆仑造山带有众多基性-超基性岩体,但目前仅在夏日哈木Ⅰ号岩体发现有超大型镍矿。对其含矿性特点与形成机理的研究有助于东昆仑地区的铜镍矿勘查。笔者梳理了目前诸多学者对夏日哈木铜镍矿的研究工作,并结合野外实际,发现铁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体才可能形成有经济价值的岩浆铜镍矿体,镁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体不可能成就大规模岩浆铜镍硫化物矿体;大断裂为地幔岩浆上侵提供了有利条件;分异良好的超基性岩体更具有成铜镍矿的潜力;结晶分异促进了硫化物饱和,地壳硫混染是成矿的关键;橄榄石和单斜辉石具有低的CaO和FeO含量的岩体特征,更有利于成铜镍矿。     

红旗岭镁铁-超镁铁岩侵入体及铜镍硫化物矿床的成岩成矿机制

红旗岭铜镍矿床地处华北地台与吉黑地槽系接触带--辉发河断裂北侧.区内出露30多个镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,其中1、7号超镁铁岩体中赋存铜镍硫化物矿(床)体.含矿岩体分相明显,各类岩石均具堆积结构.铜镍矿体呈似板状、脉状、透镜状及囊状赋存于超镁铁岩体底部橄榄辉岩相中.岩石学和地球化学研究表明,7号岩体形成以流动分异为主,1号岩体为重力分异;原始岩浆属拉斑玄武质,块状矿石系压滤作用产物,后续岩浆的补给和混合补充了成矿物质,硫化物不混溶程度受挥发分制约,矿床属岩浆深部熔离分异成因,成矿时代为印支期.     

吉林红旗岭铜镍矿床的地质特征及成因

红旗岭铜镍矿床地处华北地台和吉黑地槽系接触带———辉发河断裂带内 ,属大型铜镍硫化物矿床。矿区出露地层为下元古界呼兰群变质岩系。呈北东向展布的辉发河断裂具有切割深度大、继承性活动频繁等特征 ,由该断裂构造活动派生的北西向构造构成区域性重要的控岩控矿构造 ,控制超镁铁、镁铁质岩体及铜镍硫化物矿体在空间上呈北西向产出。与铜镍矿成矿有关的岩体具有复合杂岩体特征 ,多属辉长岩—辉石岩—橄榄岩型镁铁—超镁铁质岩。铜镍矿体呈似板状、脉状、透镜状及囊状等赋存于镁铁—超镁铁质岩体内。岩矿石微量元素特征、稀土元素地球化学特征均反映其为地幔部分熔融作用的产物 ,且矿石与镁铁—超镁铁质岩具同源性 ,矿床属岩浆深部熔离分异成因     

甘肃龙首山东段小口子镁铁-超镁铁质岩体岩石学、地球化学及年代学研究

阿拉善地块南缘龙首山地区以产出新元古代的金川铜镍硫化物矿床而著名,围绕金川矿床外围寻找铜镍矿一直备受关注。小口子镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于龙首山东段,主要由蛇纹岩、单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩组成,岩体中局部发现了星点状硫化物,硫化物由黄铁矿、黄铜矿组成,没有发现铜镍矿体,仅有部分磁铁矿化,前人研究认为小口子岩体可能是金川铜镍矿床同期的岩浆事件产物。本次研究通过岩石地球化学研究显示,小口子岩体镁铁比值为5.31~8.74,高于一般赋存铜镍矿岩体的镁铁比值。样品球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分曲线为平坦型,稀土元素总量低,暗示岩石具有橄榄石堆晶特征;Sr,Nd同位素研究显示:ε_(Nd)(t)=6.09~7.77,指示岩浆源区为亏损型地幔特征;微量元素比值与同位素模拟计算结果指示母岩浆经历了微弱的中上地壳物质混染。岩体中单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为284.4±3.5Ma,结合区域地质对比,小口子镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的形成背景可能与古亚洲洋的闭合或俯冲之后的伸展作用相关。     

东天山圪塔山口铜镍矿区镁铁-超镁铁质岩体橄榄石与尖晶石矿物学特征

新近发现的圪塔山口含铜镍矿化镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于新疆东天山黄山-镜儿泉铜镍矿带东端,共有4个镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号岩体均见铜镍硫化物矿化,研究表明其形成时代(282Ma)及岩浆来源与东天山地区其它铜镍矿化镁铁-超镁铁质岩体一致。本文对主要造岩矿物橄榄石及副矿物尖晶石进行了显微镜下观察及电子探针分析,结果表明橄榄石Fo值介于83.1~86.6之间,平均85.2,为贵橄榄石,其Ni含量变化于1273×10-6~2719×10-6,平均1918×10-6;尖晶石根据铝含量的不同可以分为高铝和低铝两种。圪塔山口岩浆为地幔源区发生15.8%~18.8%的部分熔融,并有过剩橄榄石加入的玄武质岩浆经结晶分异作用形成的派生岩浆。对橄榄石分离结晶和硫化物熔离的计算模拟表明橄榄石结晶前,岩浆已经达到S饱和,结晶过程始终伴随硫化物的熔离作用,虽然早期结晶的橄榄石与硫化物熔体间发生了Fe-Ni交换,但仍有很好的铜镍成矿潜力。     

哈密图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁岩磁法异常解释

图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁岩型铜镍硫化物矿床航磁异常不明显,但地面磁法ΔT有4 000 nT异常幅值。在磁法异常不同高度上延,显示岩体向下有较大延伸,通过勘探剖面对比,推断由含矿岩体引起。揭示地面磁法在本区寻找此类岩体和铜镍矿床重要性。     

东昆仑石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体矿物学特征及成矿指示

石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东昆仑造山带东段五龙沟地区,邻近昆中大断裂,主要岩性为辉石岩、橄辉岩、橄榄岩、辉长岩等,铜镍矿体主要赋存于Ⅰ号岩体的辉石岩、橄辉岩和橄榄岩中。岩石地球化学特征表明,其镁铁比值(m/f)变化范围在2.77~6.01之间,属铁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁岩,有利于成铜镍矿。稀土总量总体较低,轻稀土元素之间分馏强,重稀土元素之间分馏弱。岩石总体富集LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U),贫HFSE(Nb、Ta、Zr、Y),具有明显的Rb、U正异常及Nb、Ta的负异常。超镁铁岩类橄榄石中的Ni普遍亏损,指示深部存在硫化物的熔离作用,在橄榄石结晶之前,大量的Ni进入到硫化物中,极有利于形成富矿岩浆或矿浆。可见,伴随同化混染作用的发生,岩浆中S达到过饱和,进而硫化物发生不混溶作用,富含硫化物的岩浆运移至东昆仑造山带邻近昆中断裂构造薄弱的部位成岩成矿。铜镍矿体多赋存在含橄榄石的超镁铁质岩体内,指示石头坑德岩体深部存在高度富集铜镍的部位,是下一步的找矿方向。     

东天山垄西镁铁-超镁铁质岩地球化学特征及成矿潜力分析

东天山二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁质岩发育一系列铜镍硫化物矿床,近年来沙垄以西地区铜镍矿床的发现,大大提高了该地区镁铁-超镁铁质岩的关注度。垄西岩体主要由橄榄辉长岩和辉长岩组成,通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得橄榄辉长岩成岩年龄为(288.9±1.8)Ma(n=16,MSWD=2.3),与东天山典型铜镍矿成岩成矿时代一致。岩石地球化学特征显示,源区主体为亏损地幔,可能遭少量俯冲流体改造的富集岩石圈地幔组分加入或地壳物质混染作用。由于同化混染作用较弱,可能仅在深部经部分硫化物熔离作用,关键成矿指标与区域上典型铜镍矿存在明显差异,不同程度制约了成矿潜力,岩体浅部找矿难度较大。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。