黏土强度指标的测定和选取

在岩土工程界,强度指标的测定和选取存在着不统一的现象。具体表现在（1）强度试验的划分;（2）不排水强度的测试;（3）加载工程强度指标的选取;（4）卸载工程强度指标的选取。针对上述问题,指出不固结不排水试验宜称为天然固结不排水。讨论和比较了国内外常用的地基天然强度测试方法。对国内的改进有效应力法和有效固结应力法进行了理论分析,指出二者均低估了现场固结不排水强度。建立了采用各向等压固结试验模拟现场K0固结时的等效围压计算公式及等效于CK0U试验的有效固结应力法强度增长公式。分析了国外的不排水有效应力法、QRS法和不排水强度分析法的特点和适用条件,指出不排水强度分析法所采用的SHANSEP试验方法能合理考虑分期施工过程中地基土的强度增长,适合在国内采用并对国内常用的加载-卸载-加载方式获取卸载强度指标的适用情况做了分析。     

饱和黏土不排水剪切特性及双曲线模型

采用真空抽吸制样技术制备的饱和重塑黏土,在0.015?3.75 %/min应变速率范围内进行了多组不固结不排水（UU）剪切试验。通过对试验结果的分析,着重探讨了应变速率和约束压力对应力-应变关系及其强度特性的影响。试验结果表明,黏土的应力-应变关系与强度特性基本上不依赖于约束压力,而受应变速率的影响较为显著,强度随应变速率的增加而增长,增长幅度可达70 %,通过对数据的归一化,采用线性拟和建立了不排水强度与应变速率之间的经验关系。进而考虑应变速率对不固结不排水应力-应变关系的影响,对双曲线非线性本构模型进行了研究,详细介绍了模型参数的确定方法,并分别采用静力三轴和扭剪试验结果对模型进行了验证。     

车辆荷载作用下软土地基塑性变形的计算

对于低路堤公路,合理地预测车辆荷载引起的地基塑性累积变形对于低路堤公路的设计有着重要的意义。从机制上讲,可将地基的塑性应变分为塑性体积应变和塑性剪切应变。其中对于塑性体积应变,提出采用不排水条件下的残余孔压模型与一维固结理论相耦合进行计算;对于塑性剪切应变,考虑了塑性体积应变引起的土体硬化,提出了修正的塑性剪切应变计算模型。然后基于所提模型,对萧山黏土的不排水与排水条件下的动三轴试验进行模拟,初步验证了所提模型的有效性。对于实际工程问题,首先运用数值的方法求得车辆荷载在地基中引起的附加应力,然后运用所提模型计算各土层的塑性应变,再结合分层总和的方法求得地基的累积塑性变形。以日本佐贺机场1号测点为例,说明了模型在工程边值问题中的有效性。     

载荷试验尺寸效应及地基承载力确定方法探讨

压板载荷试验是目前被普遍采用且认为是最可靠的地基承载力确定方法,但其影响因素多诸如压板尺寸、埋置深度、地基土均匀性、沉降稳定标准等,尤其以压板尺寸对试验结果的影响最大。工程实践表明,利用压板试验确定的地基承载力特征值设计的基础,实测沉降与计算沉降之间的误差较大,在已有研究成果基础上,研究载荷试验尺寸效应及地基承载力确定方法：（1）综述目前地基承载力确定方面存在问题;（2）分析载荷试验的尺寸效应;（3）基于杨光华教授提出的非线性切线模量法,推导并给出了如何利用小压板载荷试验结果得到实际基础的荷载-沉降曲线的方法;（4）给出利用实际基础的p-s曲线确定地基承载力的方法,实现地基安全和沉降双控的目的;（5）由于压板试验只能反映浅层土,文中利用旁压试验确定深层土的地基承载力的方法。具体工程实例结果表明,基于利用小压板获得的参数计算的沉降值更符合实际;研究通过小压板原位测试方法获取沉降计算的岩土体统参数方法,不仅能够提高沉降计算精度,还可促进基础设计理论的发展和设计水平的提高。     

考虑排水条件的软土蠕变特性及模型研究

为了研究珠江三角洲软土在不同的排水条件和应力水平下的蠕变特性,进行了一系列室内三轴排水及不排水蠕变试验。试验结果表明,在排水情况下软土的瞬时变形大,而蠕变变形小,而在不排水情况下蠕变随时间的发展更为显著。在工程中可以提高软土地基的排水性能,来减小蠕变破坏的可能性。引入Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程,建立了珠江三角洲软土排水和不排水的Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型,其中应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数。该模型较好地表达了土体的应力-应变-时间关系。随着排水条件的改变,模型参数的取值有着较大的变化,其原因可归结为,在不同的排水条件下土体的应变-时间关系和应力-应变关系均有很大的不同。     

部分排水时饱和粉质黏土变围压循环三轴试验研究

围压循环变化将引起土体孔压累积,加剧土体累积塑性应变,导致地基灾变事故。为研究围压循环变化对饱和粉质黏土变形特性的影响,利用GDS双向振动三轴仪,进行部分排水时饱和粉质黏土的变围压循环三轴试验,研究不同应力路径斜率和循环动应力比时饱和粉质黏土的孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变发展规律,建立部分排水条件时考虑循环围压和循环动应力耦合作用的地基粉质黏土累积应变数学模型。试验结果表明：部分排水时饱和粉质黏土孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随循环动应力比和应力路径斜率的增大而增大;动孔压比随着振动次数的增加明显分为急剧增加、快速下降和持续平稳3个阶段;轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随振动次数的增加而增大。当加载次数超过2 500次时,粉质黏土孔压趋于平稳,变形速率略有降低,但变形持续增加。补充试验结果表明,所建立模型与试验结果具有较高的一致性。研究结果将为交通循环荷载导致的地基灾变控制技术提供理论依据。     

部分排水时饱和粉质黏土变围压循环三轴试验研究

围压循环变化将引起土体孔压累积,加剧土体累积塑性应变,导致地基灾变事故。为研究围压循环变化对饱和粉质黏土变形特性的影响,利用GDS双向振动三轴仪,进行部分排水时饱和粉质黏土的变围压循环三轴试验,研究不同应力路径斜率和循环动应力比时饱和粉质黏土的孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变发展规律,建立部分排水条件时考虑循环围压和循环动应力耦合作用的地基粉质黏土累积应变数学模型。试验结果表明:部分排水时饱和粉质黏土孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随循环动应力比和应力路径斜率的增大而增大;动孔压比随着振动次数的增加明显分为急剧增加、快速下降和持续平稳三个阶段;轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随振动次数的增加而增大。当加载次数超过2500次时,粉质黏土孔压趋于平稳,变形速率略有降低,但变形持续增加;补充试验结果表明,所建立模型与试验结果具有较高的一致性。研究结果将为交通循环荷载导致的地基灾变控制技术提供理论依据。     

部分排水时饱和粉质黏土变围压循环三轴试验研究

围压循环变化将引起土体孔压累积,加剧土体累积塑性应变,导致地基灾变事故。为研究围压循环变化对饱和粉质黏土变形特性的影响,利用GDS双向振动三轴仪,进行部分排水时饱和粉质黏土的变围压循环三轴试验,研究不同应力路径斜率和循环动应力比时饱和粉质黏土的孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变发展规律,建立部分排水条件时考虑循环围压和循环动应力耦合作用的地基粉质黏土累积应变数学模型。试验结果表明:部分排水时饱和粉质黏土孔压、轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随循环动应力比和应力路径斜率的增大而增大;动孔压比随着振动次数的增加明显分为急剧增加、快速下降和持续平稳三个阶段;轴向累积塑性应变和体应变均随振动次数的增加而增大。当加载次数超过2500次时,粉质黏土孔压趋于平稳,变形速率略有降低,但变形持续增加;补充试验结果表明,所建立模型与试验结果具有较高的一致性。研究结果将为交通循环荷载导致的地基灾变控制技术提供理论依据。     

静三轴试验中水泥土力学特性及本构模型研究

通过不排水三轴压缩试验对水泥土的力学特性进行研究,重点分析了围压与水泥掺入比对水泥土体强度、孔压及刚度的影响。试验结果表明,随着围压与水泥掺入比的增加,水泥土体的强度与刚度均增加,而孔压随之减少;随着轴应变的增加,刚度逐渐减少。而在加载初期,刚度衰减较快,随着轴应变的继续增加曲线渐趋平缓,衰减现象并不明显;随着无量纲化偏应力的增加,无量纲化刚度逐渐减少,并且两者为曲线关系。通过对水泥土的刚度软化规律进行描述,得到了修正的邓肯-张模型。通过对试验曲线进行回归分析确定了模型参数。与实测数据对比发现,该修正模型不仅可以较好地模拟水泥土的应力-应变关系,还体现了水泥土应变软化型曲线的特点。     

堆石料的临界状态与考虑颗粒破碎的本构模型

高应力水平时堆石料的颗粒破碎对其强度和变形机制有重要影响。临界状态土力学理论对重塑土的应力-应变关系的描述较为成功,但目前颗粒破碎对堆石料的临界状态的影响及其数学描述鲜有研究。对堆石料进行了固结应力从0.4 MPa到4 MPa的18组固结排水和固结不排水常规三轴压缩试验,以及6组等向压缩试验。试验结果表明：在排水条件和不排水条件下,不同的固结应力试样都趋于临界状态;堆石料的临界状态在q-p′平面和e-lgp′平面均为非线性变化。基于此试验结果,通过引入状态参数,在广义塑性力学的理论框架下,建立了考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料本构模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。与长河坝料的试验进行了对比,结果表明所建议的本构模型可以较好地模拟堆石料从低围压0.4 MPa到高围压 3.5 MPa下的应力-应变特性     

Essential Findings in Pressuremeter Theories

The pressuremeter, used for in situ soil testing, has undergone significant development both in its technical applications and in the interpretation methods employed for a range of parameters. Several methods have been developed to evaluate the undrained strength of a soil using a pressuremeter. Test results based on these methods show distinctive discrepancies. Different methods for evaluating the limit pressure are also presented. The values of these limit pressure evaluations vary based on the evaluation method used. In any given test, the limit pressure results also affect the values deduced for undrained shear strength. The discrepancies in the undrained shear strength values exceeded 80 % for the same test when evaluations were made with different interpretation methods. Because of the large discrepancies in the results of the undrained shear strength when using different analysis methods, the Gibson and Anderson method is recommended as being most reliable in deducing undrained shear strength values from pressuremeter tests, particularly for use in the design of foundations.     

初始应力各向异性状态下圆柱孔扩张机制分析

采用静止土压力系数K0描述土体初始应力各向异性程度,建立了压力控制边界条件的柱孔扩张数值模型,分析压力为边界条件的圆柱孔扩张特性。计算结果表明,初始应力条件各向异性时,柱孔周围的土体的径向位移是不相等的,扩张后的柱孔呈椭圆形,初始应力各向异性是柱孔非对称扩张的内在原因;塑性区的分布具有明显的方向性,塑性区最大半径位于柱孔周围初始大主应力方向上;在相同的扩张压力下,随不排水抗剪强度增加,土体的塑性区减小,且土体初始应力各向异性造成的土体塑性区分布各向异性程度也随之减小;在相同的扩张压力下,柱孔初始应力越大,其塑性区范围越大,且土体初始应力各向异性造成的土体塑性区分布的各向异性程度也越大。     

Undrained cavity expansion in anisotropic soils with isotropic and frictional destructuration

This paper proposes a semi-analytical solution of undrained cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soils with both isotropic and frictional destructuration. The rigorous derivation based on the general form of the SANICLAY model with destructuration is provided following a standardized solving procedure, and the features of anisotropy and structuration are then invoked in the cavity expansion solution by adopting the non-associated hierarchical model. Cavity expansion tests in both structured and unstructured clays with various overconsolidation ratio are conducted to investigate the evolutions of effective stresses, excess pore pressure, anisotropic parameters and structuration factors during cylindrical expansion. The results show that the effective stresses at the cavity wall are lower after expansion and the cavity excess pore pressure is oppositely higher in structured clays with slightly smaller plastic regions. The evolutions of anisotropy for structured clays appear to follow similar patterns to unstructured cases, whereas the degree of anisotropy is further developed with gradual loss of inter-particle bonds. Finally, the proposed solution is applied to predict the limit pressure of pressuremeter tests in Bothkennar clay, showing its ability for interpretation of in situ testing data in natural structured clays.

     

Extreme pressure due to expanded cylindrical and spherical cavity in a limitless medium: applications in soil mechanics

The extreme net pressure resulting from an expansion in a cylindrical or spherical cavity within a limitless medium is studied. Performing the static and kinematic approaches of yield design theory, analytical solutions of the extreme net pressure are established for cohesive–frictional as well as for purely cohesive medium. In the case of a cylindrical cavity, the identification between the analytical extreme net pressure and limit net pressure leads to the prediction of shear strength characteristics of soil. As useful result, in soil mechanics, the assessment of correlations using pressuremeter data has been discussed. Also, some assumptions for designing foundations, from pressuremeter data, have been highlighted.     

Undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in clays with fabric anisotropy: theoretical solution

This paper presents a novel, exact, semi-analytical solution for the quasi-static undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in soft soils with fabric anisotropy. This is the first theoretical solution of the undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity under plane strain conditions for soft soils with anisotropic behaviour of plastic nature. The solution is rigorously developed in detail, introducing a new stress invariant to deal with the soil fabric. The semi-analytical solution requires numerical evaluation of a system of six first-order ordinary differential equations. The results agree with finite element analyses and show the influence of anisotropic plastic behaviour. The effective stresses at critical state are constant, and they may be analytically related to the undrained shear strength. The initial vertical cross-anisotropy caused by soil deposition changes towards a radial cross-anisotropy after cavity expansion. The analysis of the stress paths shows that proper modelling of anisotropic plastic behaviour involves modelling not only the initial fabric anisotropy but also its evolution with plastic straining.     

Analysis of pressuremeter geometry effects in clay using critical state models

The conventional interpretation methods of pressuremeter testing effectively approximate pressuremeter membranes as infinitely long. As a result, the effects of the two‐dimensional geometry of pressuremeters are ignored, leading to an overestimation of soil shear strength by pressuremeter testing, as demonstrated in several previous studies. This paper presents results of a numerical study of two‐dimensional geometry effects on self‐boring pressuremeter tests in undrained clay. The results are obtained using critical state soil models with an effective stress formulation. This is in contrast to most (if not all) existing studies on pressuremeter geometry effects, which were based on perfectly plastic soil models (e.g. Yu (Cavity expansion theory and its application to the analysis of pressuremeters. DPhil Thesis, The University of Oxford, 1990), Yeung and Carter (Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Pressuremeters, 1990), and Houlsby and Carter (Géotechnique, 1993; 43 (4):567–576)). The present study suggests that the overestimation of soil strength due to the neglect of finite pressuremeter length is significantly affected by the soil model used in the calculations. It is found that for clays with a high overconsolidation ratio (OCR) the strength overestimation predicted using critical state soil models could be considerably smaller than that predicted using perfectly plastic soil models. The main conclusion of this numerical study is that care must be exercised before directly applying any numerically determined pressuremeter geometry correction factors in practice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Undrained Shear Strength of Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays from Pressuremeter Tests: A Case Study

Undrained shear strength (s_u) of foundation soil of Marquette interchange near Milwaukee, Wisconsin was evaluated from the results of a number of pressuremeter tests conducted on normally consolidated (NC) organic silts and overconsolidated (OC) silty clay. The s_u-values were interpreted from traditional closed-form methods. The pressuremeter geometry and test sequence as well as response of the soil profiles were also simulated using axisymmetric finite element (FE) method with Cam-Clay soil model. The Cam-Clay model parameters were estimated from laboratory tests on undisturbed soil samples. Results show that the s_u estimated from the rate of cavity pressure change with volumetric strain (referred to as direct traditional method) is almost twice the s_u estimated from an indirect traditional method that estimates s_u from shear modulus, in situ horizontal stress, and ultimate cavity pressure obtained from the cavity pressure curves. The s_u-values predicted from the FE models are lower than those estimated from the traditional methods and shows that the assumption of infinite pressuremeter length in traditional methods results in overprediction of undrained shear strength by a factor of 1.5 for NC clay and 2.2 for OC clay. The results of finite element analysis considering Cam-Clay soil model and finite length for pressuremeters suggest the undrained shear strength of 63 ± 7 kPa for NC organic silt and 259 ± 68 kPa for OC silty clay.     

Stress and pore pressure changes in clay during and after the expansion of a cylindrical cavity

The disturbance of a clay mass, due to either the installation of a driven pile or the expansion of a pressuremeter membrane, is often modelled as a cylindrical cavity expansion. In addition, it is usual (and convenient) to assume that the expansion occurs under conditions of plane strain. For this problem a method of analysis is presented which considers the soil to be a saturated two-phase material with a pore fluid which flows according to Darcy's Law. Non-linearity in material behaviour is permitted as long as the effective stress–strain law can be written in an incremental or rate form. The use of a consolidation analysis allows the changes in effective stress and pore pressure to be determined at any stage during both the cavity expansion and the subsequent period of reconsolidation. Expansions may occur at any prescribed rate, including the very fast (undrained) and the very slow (fully drained) case. The technique is illustrated by considering the expansion of a cavity in two different types of elastoplastic soil. It is shown how these solutions may be used to model the disturbance of the soil due to pile driving.     

Observed Behaviour of Laterally Expanded Stone Column in Soft Soil

The paper describes the behavior of remolded kaolin clay reinforced by stone column as investigated in laboratory. The installation of stone column was simulated by performing lateral expansion at different rates within hollow cylindrical remolded kaolin specimens initially subjected to K0 consolidation path. These specimens were, then, subjected to classical consolidated undrained triaxial tests while recording excess pore pressure values. The objective of the experimental programme was to quantify the effects of consolidation stress and stone column on the undrained Young’s modulus and shear strength of kaolin clay. Obtained results showed a significant improvement in Young’s modulus when the cavity expansion ratio and the consolidation stress increase. It was also found that the increase in undrained shear strength of improved kaolin clay mainly occurred at lower consolidation stress. Another important finding of this study is that the ratio of undrained Young’s modulus to undrained shear stress increases when the consolidation stress decreases. Finally, the paper presents a model developed for the design of stone columns.     

离心机中球形贯入仪贯入黏土特性

目前球形全流贯入被仪广泛应用于岩土离心试验中,以表征软弱黏土土样的抗剪性能。然而,在离心加速度作用下离心机试验中的球贯入仪比现场使用的标准球贯入仪有更大的加载杆与球的面积比a、更大的等效原型直径以及不一样的球-土摩擦系数,从而使得离心机球体会出现不一样的贯入特性,进而导致不一样的土体抗剪承载力校验系数。通过大变形有限元（large deformation finite element,简称LDFE）方法对中国常见离心机球形贯入仪贯入单层黏土进行分析,获得不同几何尺寸和摩擦系数下球形贯入仪的贯入特性。计算结果通过与有关解析解以及其他前人研究结论的对比分析,验证了有限元分析结果的合理性。通过大量参数分析表明,球摩擦系数对空腔的临界深度以及深层破坏深度的影响较小,面积比a对浅层和深层承载力系数以及达到深层破坏深度有显著的影响。根据数值模拟的结果,提出了不同面积比和摩擦系数下的极限间隙深度Hc、浅层和深层临界破坏模式深度Hd、不同摩擦系数和面积比情况下的深层承载力系数和浅层承载力校准系数的计算公式,从而能获得更精确的土体抗剪强度,为离心机中球形贯入仪的应用提供了理论依据。