长白山天池火山气体对环境的影响及潜在火山灾害研究

长白山天池火山位于中国和朝鲜两国边境线上, 借助国际合作, 对分布于中朝两国境内的天池火山喷发物进行了较系统的野外考查, 选择层序完整的火山喷发物剖面, 对天池火山进行整体研究. 在此基础上, 系统测定了天池火山历史时期大喷发从早期到晚期喷出的气体成分和含量, 进而探讨了该火山气体对环境的影响及其造成的火山灾害, 并利用天池火山气体成分和含量开展了该火山未来喷发危险性及其潜在火山灾害预测研究, 这一方法对进一步开展我国大陆活火山的喷发预测及其火山灾害防御研究具有重要意义.     

长白山天池火山减灾对策初探

国内外专家学者认为，长白山天池火山是一座具潜在灾害性喷发危险的活火山，因此制定火山减灾对策理应提到议事日程。针对天池火山研究现状和火山灾害特点，制定了火山活动各阶段的减灾对策。中长期阶段应加强火山监测与研究和火山知识宣传工作，采取必要的工程防护措施，重大工程进行火山安全性评价，制定火山喷发应急预案；短期阶段请求国际火山流动监测台网给予支援；临近喷发阶段重点是有组织的撤离；喷发及其后阶段应及时救灾抢险，对火山喷发趋势进行科学判定，合理地重建家园。     

长白山天池火山玻璃和长石微观特征研究

研究了长白山天池火山1000年和5000年前2次大喷发产生的浮岩和火山灰的微观特征,通过TEM-EDX和SEM-EDX分析了浮岩中的火山玻璃和长石晶屑的表面特征及风化层厚度。5000年前大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层平均厚度3·74μm,1000年前大喷发为0·98μm;5000年前大喷发浮岩中的长石表面风化溶蚀度大于1000年前大喷发物中的长石;两次大喷发浮岩中的火山玻璃风化层化学组成与火山玻璃相比富Al和Fe而Si减少。综合上述特征认为,天池火山喷发物中矿物的微观特征的差异与火山喷发年代和喷发环境有关。因此,系统研究天池火山喷发物的微观特征是十分必要的,并且具有一定的应用价值     

长白山天池火山的危险性和火山碎屑流灾害评估

本文以长白山天池火山１２１５ＡＤ大喷发为参照系,采用了“以古论今”的历史分析方法,对天池火山的危险性和火山碎屑流灾害进行了评估。认为长白山天池火山是具有潜在喷发能力的高危险火山,给出了长白山天池火山的火山碎屑流灾害预测分区图,为各级政府部门合理制定土地使用规划和防灾活动提供了理论依据。     

长白山天池火山一次近代喷发物的特征

长白山天池火山是中国最具有潜在灾害性喷发危险的活动火山。在开展长白山天池火山近代喷发历史的研究中,通过野外考察、粒度分析、岩石化学研究,识别出了一套新的火山喷发物。这套喷发物分布于天池水面东北侧,为一套灰色多层火山碎屑堆积,厚约9.2m。下伏公元1668年的火山空降堆积。粒度分析表明,天池火山最近一次喷发物以空降堆积为主,夹一层薄层涌浪堆积,火山喷发类型为射气岩浆型。涌浪堆积碎屑物的分数维值为2.71。空降堆积的分数维值小于涌浪堆积,综合投点求出的分数维值为2.36。显微镜下可观察到鸡骨架状玻屑,无黏土矿物,为原生火山爆发堆积。火山碎屑堆积物中的浮岩岩石化学分析结果表明岩浆成分为粗面质。根据历史记录、地层层序关系、堆积物特征的综合分析,推测堆积物的形成时间为公元1903年     

长白山天池火山造锥粗面岩新的K-Ar年龄

根据采集样品的野外产状,结合前人对天池火山造锥阶段粗面岩时代的研究以及本文给出的新的K-Ar年龄,比较了天池火山北坡和东北坡的造锥粗面岩喷发时代,分析了不同期次喷发的粗面岩的覆盖范围,发现天池火山东北坡粗面岩年龄明显新于北坡粗面岩年龄。天池火山东北坡造锥阶段粗面岩的最老年龄距今0.38Ma,属于中更新世晚期,是第3造锥阶段的喷发物。在东北坡未发现第1造锥和第2造锥阶段的喷发物。新给出的天池火山北侧和东侧2个钻孔资料表明,天池火山造锥粗面岩喷发之前存在距今约2Ma和约1Ma左右的更早期的粗面岩喷发过程。造锥阶段碱流质岩浆喷发持续时间可能在距今0.190～0.0192Ma     

长白山天池火山喷发序列研究

长白山天池火山周边的11个钻孔资料揭示了长白山天池火山的喷发序列和岩浆演化过程.天池火山的喷发序列分为3个旋回:早期旋回喷发于上新世至早更新世,对应着周边地区的造高原喷发,天池火山熔岩盾主体开始形成,岩浆演化顺序是粗面玄武岩到粗面岩;中期旋回是早更新世的玄武岩浆演化到粗面岩和粗安岩(相当于小白山组);晚期旋回是从更新世到全新世,老房子小山组的玄武岩演化到白头山组粗面岩及碱流岩.在粗面质岩浆喷发过程中,有寄生火山的玄武质岩浆伴随喷发.全新世内天池火山千年大喷发主体由碱流质火山碎屑堆积物构成,松散堆积物的钻孔堆积层序表明,天池火山在全新世至少发生过两期巨型造伊格尼姆岩喷发.     

火山泥石流动力学及灾害研究

火山泥石流是最重要的火山爆发次生灾害,其活动性最大,影响范围最广,从而造成灾害范围最大.长白山天池火山千年大喷发火山泥石流灾害范围分布广泛,是国内火山泥石流领域的重要研究对象,天池蓄水量20.4亿m3,而且天池火山每年积雪、积冰较厚且时间较长,因此,长白山天池火山一旦再次爆发,火山爆发时极有可能引发火山泥石流,在距天池火山口50多千米处就有聚居5万多人口的二道白河镇,次生火山泥石流灾害对生命财产造成巨大威胁.     

长白山天池火山研究进展

长白山天池火山距今４１０５年以来至少发生过两次大规模喷发。其最近的一次大喷发发生于公元８５０～１０４０年间。估计了这次喷发的喷发物体积和Ｃ１，Ｆ，Ｓ等的释放量。数值模拟表明，该次大喷发对全球气候变化产生过重要影响，最近的地球物理探测结果显示，在该火山下面存在地壳和上地幔双层岩浆房。认为该火山现在仍是一座具潜在灾害性大喷发危险的现代活动火山。     

东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义

孤山屯位于东北龙岗火山区,距离长白山天池火山200km,在沉积物深度40～43cm处发现少量火山灰颗粒,其形态不规则,呈多气泡状、薄板状、尖角状结构,属原生火山灰。电子探针分析结果显示其属于碱流质火山喷发,而不同于龙岗地区第四纪火山活动的特征。通过AMS14C年龄所建立的年龄模式推断孤山屯沉积物深度40～43cm(即发现火山灰的层位)处的年龄应为260～420calaBP,这与史料记载的天池火山公元1702年、1668年和1597年的喷发年龄较接近,而且公元1702年、1668年和1597年主要为碱流质岩浆喷发,与孤山屯沉积物中发现的火山灰的地球化学特征也相吻合,进一步证明孤山屯沉积物深度40～43cm处的少量火山灰应来源于天池火山千年大喷发后的公元1702年、1668年和1597年喷发。关于天池火山公元1702年、1668年和1597年喷发的记录比较少,这3次小规模的喷发发生于天池火山千年大喷发之后,且其喷发物的特征与天池火山千年大喷发的特征比较接近,却亦有不同之处。因此,在对沉积物中火山灰的探寻研究工作中,若发现了来自公元1702年、1668年或1597年的火山灰颗粒,可对其下部地层做更为细致的分样以及火山灰提取工作,这对未来在研究区域寻找长白山天池火山千年大喷发的记录有很大的帮助。如果天池火山大喷发的喷发物在龙岗火山区更多的沉积物中发现,便可在该地区建立非常稳固的火山灰年代地层学框架,为地层对比和追踪火山演化历史提供时间依据,最重要的是多种测年方法的应用可为记录气候环境提供准确的高分辨率时间标尺,而这对于过去全球变化研究亦非常重要。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.