基于RANSAC算法的稳健点云平面拟合方法

针对点云平面拟合中存在粗差及异常值等问题,对结合特征值法的随机抽样一致性(random sample consensus,RANSAC)平面拟合算法进行了改进。该方法以RANSAC算法为基础,结合特征值法,利用点到平面模型距离的标准偏差来自动选取阈值t,通过阈值t检测并剔除异常数据点,达到获得理想平面拟合参数的目的。用改进的算法和传统的特征值法分别对点云数据进行处理,结果表明,改进的算法适用于存在误差和异常值的点云数据拟合,能稳定地获得较好的平面参数估值,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于随机抽样与特征值法的点云平面稳健拟合方法

针对点云数据含有异常值且传统拟合方法拟合结果不理想的情况,本文提出一种随机抽样与特征值法相结合的稳健点云平面拟合方法。首先利用随机抽样一致性算法按照设定阈值将异常值划分为局外点,不断迭代剔除局外点,保留含有局内点最多的点云数据,然后利用特征值法对该点云数据进行平面拟合。本文设计实验,针对含有不同异常值的点云数据,分别利用特征值法、最小二乘法与本文方法对包含异常值的点云数据进行平面拟合计算,结果表明,本文所提方法在点云数据含有50%异常值的情况下,仍可得到更可靠的平面参数估值,具有较强的稳健性。     

基于稳健加权总体最小二乘的点云数据圆柱面拟合

在测量中,为了对建(构)筑物的圆柱面点云数据进行建模或检测,需要精确拟合圆柱面并对拟合结果进行分析、表达。针对传统圆柱面点云数据拟合方法未考虑粗差存在和系数矩阵含有误差,导致圆柱面拟合结果不够精确的问题,提出了可自适应调整权阵的稳健加权总体最小二乘算法计算拟合参数。该算法在考虑全部观测值误差的基础上,通过激光点到圆柱面的距离确定各点的权重,以3倍标准差剔除粗差,经迭代计算最终得到稳健的拟合结果。经工程实例计算,证明该算法能有效克服粗差的影响,得到准确可靠的拟合参数估值,拟合效果优于传统拟合算法。     

利用LMedS算法提取规则建筑物顶部面片

针对常用的平面拟合方法在有"噪声点"存在的情况下,会出现拟合不稳定的问题,本文采用稳健性较好的RANSAC算法,从机载Li DAR数据中提取出建筑物顶部面片。RANSAC算法进行参数拟合时,会存在一些缺陷,通过改进RANSAC算法(LMed S算法)可以达到更好的拟合效果。首先利用直通滤波器对点云数据进行简单的滤波,然后通过Voxel Grid滤波器对点云数据进行下采样。对下采样之后的点云数据,用LMed S算法提取建筑物顶部面片。试验表明,利用LMed S算法可以成功提取建筑物顶部面片,稳健性较好。     

稳健加权总体最小二乘的点云数据平面拟合

针对观测向量和系数矩阵均含有误差以及点云数据存在异常点的问题,该文提出一种稳健加权总体最小二乘法。该方法在加权总体最小二乘的基础上,通过设置一定的准则,剔除点云数据中存在的异常点,以获取更为精确的平面拟合参数解。仿真模拟算例和实际点云数据实验结果表明,该方法与传统的方法相比,能够消除异常点带来的影响,获得更精确的参数解,平面拟合精度更高。     

基于 RA NSAC 的残缺平面标靶稳健定位方法

针对圆形有效反射区域的平面标靶拖尾点和因遮挡造成的数据缺失问题,提出一种基于RANSAC的残缺平面标靶稳健定位方法。文中采用RANSAC算法拟合标靶平面,使经过测距误差修正的反射点规整位于标靶平面;利用Givens变换将空间三维圆拟合简化为二维圆RANSAC拟合。采用两个实验分析同一平面标靶因不同遮挡对定位精度的影响。结果表明,该方法能够有效解决拖尾点和数据缺失问题,提高平面标靶定位的鲁棒性。     

基于凸包算法和抗差最小二乘法的激光扫描仪圆形标靶中心定位

针对激光扫描仪圆形平面标靶点云数据缺失或冗余时不易准确获取标靶中心的问题,提出一种稳健的中心定位算法。首先根据回光强度提取标靶点云数据;然后剔除标靶点云数据粗差点,拟合标靶的最佳平面;接着利用凸包算法提取标靶边缘点;最后利用抗差最小二乘求解标靶的中心坐标。实验表明,该算法定位精度能达到亚毫米级,可以有效解决标靶数据缺失或者冗余时标靶定位精度低的问题,提高标靶的中心定位的稳健性。     

基于建筑角点的机载和车载点云数据配准

提出一种基于建筑角点的机载和车载点云数据配准方法。首先采用随机抽样一致性算法(Random Sample Consensus,RANSAC)对建筑面片进行稳健估计,结合建筑轮廓在二维平面上投影的拟合直线,解算出建筑角点的三维坐标。利用提取到的同名角点,采用六参数转换模型计算机载和车载点云数据间的空间转换参数,进而完成机载和车载点云数据的配准。实验表明,该方法能有效地提取建筑角点,实现机载和车载点云数据的精确配准。     

方差膨胀的稳健加权总体最小二乘点云平面拟合

为了提高平面拟合精度,本文采用总体最小二乘求解平面拟合参数。同时考虑到点云数据中含有的粗差点可能影响点云平面拟合的精度,提出了方差膨胀的稳健加权总体最小二乘。本文通过选取IGG权函数将点云数据分为3段,并引入中位数对IGG权函数进行改进,可以更准确地探测粗差。考虑到点云数据中x、y、z这3个方向的误差并不是等精度,计算了点位的协方差矩阵,使得x、y、z这3个方向的误差分配更加合理。通过实例表明,本文的方法不仅可以消除粗差点的影响,还能减弱可疑点的影响,得到更为准确的平面拟合参数,提高了平面拟合精度。     

一种三维激光扫描点云拟合的抗差加权整体最小二乘法

针对三维激光扫描中点云不等精度且易受粗差影响的问题,提出了一种基于入射角定权的抗差加权总体最小二乘的拟合方法。该方法在采用入射角定权的基础上,进行基于标准化残差和中位数的抗差加权整体最小二乘估计,获得待定参数估值,并通过Gauss-Newton迭代算法,推导了模型的迭代计算方法。以平面拟合和球面拟合为例,分别通过仿真数据和实测数据对算法进行验证,结果表明,对于含有粗差的点云,新方法可以获得更为理想的参数估值,其性能优于抗差整体最小二乘和加权整体最小二乘,可以更好地进行三维激光扫描的点云拟合。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。