分汊河流江心洲洲头冲淤概化模型

分汊河流的江心洲洲头是分汊河段分水分沙和泥沙冲淤的动态区域,其冲淤过程受来水来沙和地形条件变化呈现冲淤交替。通过几何概化洲头的浅滩逆坡和侧向顺坡,考虑逆坡促淤和顺坡分沙作用,建立洲头浅滩的推移质冲淤的概化模型,推导洲头由淤积转向冲刷的临界流量表达式。上游来流量增加,洲头淤积速率先增加到最大值后逐渐减少,直至达到临界流量,再转向冲刷。洲头淤积速率与上游水面纵比降和床沙粒径成正比,与浅滩逆坡、侧向水面比降与顺坡成反比。若其他条件相同,洲头浅滩形状越不对称和上游来沙量越小,越有利于冲刷。模型预测武汉河段天兴洲的临界流量范围与水文观测值较为接近,对其出现超过某个大临界流量仍出现淤积的特殊性,给出的新解释是天兴洲洲头的整治工程使得在大流量条件下洲头抵抗冲刷和阻挡作用促进泥沙淤积。     

长江下游落成洲河段洲滩联动关系与航道浅滩碍航机制

航道浅滩演变与边心滩形态调整具有强关联性,叠加河道冲淤不均衡性、上游河段冲刷供沙等综合影响,使得航道浅滩碍航机制更趋复杂。本研究以长江感潮段内落成洲河段为对象,通过1959—2021年洲滩形态、河床冲淤特征、水动力环境与浅滩碍航特性等分析,明确边心滩—浅滩演变联动关系、上游河床冲刷供沙及对浅滩演变的影响机制。研究结果表明：(1) 1981年以来落成洲河段所在的扬中河段由淤积转为1991年以来的持续冲刷,1981—2021年枯水河槽冲刷量为3.97亿m³,占洪水河槽冲刷量的95.9%;(2)三峡工程运行前嘶马弯道崩退—落成洲左缘淤积—三益桥边滩未发育,即嘶马弯道崩退是洲滩联动演变的主要诱因;(3)三峡工程运行后至航道整治工程实施前的来沙量减少引起洲滩整体冲刷,落成洲冲刷为三益桥边滩提供了发育空间,逐渐淤涨的三益桥边滩与水沙条件共同使得落成洲冲刷和右汊冲刷发展,即三益桥边滩形态变化逐渐由被动淤涨转为洲滩联动演变的主因;(4) 1981—2010年三益桥边滩淤涨、落成洲洲头与左缘冲刷等决定着三益桥浅滩碍航程度,由于流域来沙量减少引起的河床冲刷使得碍航程度减弱,2011—...     

三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点

针对三峡蓄水运行后的泥沙淤积问题,基于实测资料,采用输沙率法和断面法分析了三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点.结果表明:三峡水库2003—2013年泥沙淤积总量为15.31亿t,平均排沙比为24.5%,均较论证阶段降低;库区泥沙淤积主要分布在常年回水区的宽谷和弯道河段,宽谷段全断面发生淤积、弯道断面流速较小一侧淤积、峡谷无累积性淤积;常年库区近坝段泥沙淤积速度逐年减小,而上段泥沙淤积速度则呈增大趋势;淤积物粒径沿程分选不明显,常年回水区淤积物中值粒径多在0.01 mm以下.库区峡谷段深泓线无明显变化、尚未出现泥沙淤积三角洲、库尾泥沙淤积上延和尾水抬高不明显,据此初步推断峡谷河段存在富余挟沙力而成为局部侵蚀基准面,整个库区将无统一平衡比降的趋势.     

三峡水库下游分汊河道滩槽调整及其对水文过程的响应

为探究大型水利枢纽影响下分汊河道演变特征及其驱动机制,根据三峡水库下游的实测水文和地形资料,基于动态分流比对分汊河道进行了类别划分,在此基础上研究了主汊、支汊与洲头心滩的调整规律及其对水文过程的响应。结果表明:① 三峡水库蓄水后,坝下游分汊河道的洲头低滩均呈现萎缩,而汊河则表现为"主长支消"和"主消支长"并存的分异性规律;② 基于动态分流比的分汊河道类别划分方法,上述演变差异可归纳为枯水倾向汊河发展速率大于洪水倾向汊河的规律,且2008年之后洪水倾向汊河基本表现为淤积特征;③ 水文过程中洪水削减、中水持续时间增长是滩槽调整的驱动因素,汊河冲淤均是向着主支汊格局更加稳定的方向进行,并与流量变差系数减小的水文过程相适应。     

曲流串沟型江心洲形成机制与演化探讨

曲流串沟型江心洲是现代河流水利学研究关注的重要河流要素,不同于曲流河点坝和辫状河心滩,但在油气储层沉积学研究中鲜有关注。选取现代松花江典型河段,开展基于水动力学的沉积数值模拟,恢复曲流串沟型江心洲的演化过程,建立了曲流串沟型江心洲演化模式。研究结果表明:1）洪水期曲流河发生漫滩冲刷,串沟发育扩张,截弯取直,形成分汊河道及江心洲地貌;2）分汊偏移角、相对梯度优势可用于预测短期汊道存在的稳定性;3）串沟型江心洲形成于曲流点坝残余沉积之上,发育洲头侵蚀、洲尾加积、翼部双侧积,但垂向加积主要发育在顶部,不构成沉积主体结构。通过上述研究建立了曲流江心洲沉积模式,揭示了曲流河江心洲内部结构及分汊河道水动力特征,对现代河流治理和地下河流沉积储层刻画有指导意义。     

清水冲刷条件下长江中游沙卵石河段局部卵石淤积成因

为探究三峡水库持续下泄清水条件下长江中游沙卵过渡段内卵石局部冲刷、搬运和淤积现象的成因，采用近期水文、泥沙和地形观测资料，结合河道平面二维水动力模型，计算了研究河段内各级流量下的泥沙起动粒径分布，分析了上游来流、下游水位变化的影响，辨析了河床冲淤的成因。结果表明:① 45 000 m3/s以上流量时，粒径大于30 mm的卵石可沿洪水主流带连续搬运；流量低于15 000 m3/s时，大粒径卵石只能沿枯期主流在浅滩河段局部搬运；流量介于两者之间时，水流对大粒径卵石的输移动力相对较弱。②三峡建库后，洪水量级削减而枯水天数增多，不利于卵石长距离下移，而水位下降不断溯源传递，促使枯水流路上原本稳定的区域开始冲刷。③局部淤积现象由枯期水动力增强所导致，与长江中游沙卵过渡段特殊的地貌和沉积环境有关。卵石局部冲淤调整可能在河段内多个位置长期存在，需引起关注。     

基于磁学和粒度参数的黄河三角洲刁口叶瓣地区全新世以来的地层演化

黄河三角洲刁口叶瓣经历了完整的亚三角洲自然发育过程,因此研究其现代发育过程以及全新世以来的地层演化,对于认识整个现代黄河三角洲的形成过程具有重要的理论意义。通过对刁口叶瓣北部的ZK10-3和ZK30孔沉积物粒度、环境磁学参数的测量分析,以及AMS 14C测定,结合收集的刁口叶瓣南部的ZK227、ZK1和ZK228钻孔数据结果,探讨了黄河三角洲刁口叶瓣地区全新世以来的地层演化以及刁口叶瓣的现代形成过程。结果表明该地区全新世以来大致经历了浅海-河湖-盐沼-浅海-三角洲等沉积环境演变过程。1855年来,该地区接受黄河三角洲沉积,依次经历了前三角洲沉积-三角洲侧缘沉积-三角洲平原沉积。1964年刁口叶瓣开始形成,其演化大致经历了漫流淤积-单一河道沉积-出汊改道沉积-废弃蚀退四个阶段。和密西西比河三角洲的叶瓣发育模式相比,由于河流泥沙含量高,因此漫流沉积较为发育。     

三峡水库下游宜昌—昌门溪河段河床调整分析

建立反映河床调整幅度的体幅指标K,分析2003～2008年三峡水库下游宜昌—昌门溪河段河床调整幅度的沿程变化。研究发现该河段K与河段净冲刷强度不成正相关,而是与河道宽深比成正相关,当床沙中值粒径小于0.5 mm时,K与床沙中值粒径成负相关。初步分析认为:三峡下游粗颗粒泥沙容易达到输送饱和状态,当水流挟沙力减小时出现落淤,使得宽浅河段局部出现较大淤积,净冲刷强度较小,调整幅度较大;当床沙中值粒径小于0.5 mm时,该河段河床冲刷以悬移质输沙为主,河床组成越细,被冲刷的量越大,河床调整幅度也就越大。结合建库前后不同粒径组悬移质输沙量的沿程变化,对水库下游河床粗化方式进行了讨论。     

清水冲刷条件下长江中游沙卵石河段局部卵石淤积成因

为探究三峡水库持续下泄清水条件下长江中游沙卵过渡段内卵石局部冲刷、搬运和淤积现象的成因，采用近期水文、泥沙和地形观测资料，结合河道平面二维水动力模型，计算了研究河段内各级流量下的泥沙起动粒径分布，分析了上游来流、下游水位变化的影响，辨析了河床冲淤的成因。结果表明：① 45 000 m³/s以上流量时，粒径大于30 mm的卵石可沿洪水主流带连续搬运；流量低于15 000 m³/s时，大粒径卵石只能沿枯期主流在浅滩河段局部搬运；流量介于两者之间时，水流对大粒径卵石的输移动力相对较弱。② 三峡建库后，洪水量级削减而枯水天数增多，不利于卵石长距离下移，而水位下降不断溯源传递，促使枯水流路上原本稳定的区域开始冲刷。③ 局部淤积现象由枯期水动力增强所导致，与长江中游沙卵过渡段特殊的地貌和沉积环境有关。卵石局部冲淤调整可能在河段内多个位置长期存在，需引起关注。     

分汊河口的形成机理

从输沙的力学角度探讨分汊河口的形成机理.认为分汊河口系许多因子共同作用所造成,而推移质的造床作用是在河口特定的边界、水流及泥沙输移恰当配合下形成河口沙洲,从而导致河口分汊的主导因子;河流注入海洋时边界突变引起的水流扩散减速则是推移质集中堆积而塑造河口沙洲的外部必要条件;河口悬移质中粘细物质含量丰富并在盐淡水混合环境中絮凝沉降为沙洲堆积增高和稳定提供了可靠保证,故也是分汊河口形成的重要原因.     

Grain-size sorting within river bars in relation to downstream fining along a wandering channel

The textural variability of river bed gravels at bar scales is poorly understood, as are the relations between variability at this scale and at reach and river scales. Surface and subsurface grain‐size distributions were therefore examined at reach, bar and bedform scales along lower Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Grain‐size variations within compound bars are conditioned by longitudinal position, elevation and morphological setting. Surface and subsurface sediments tend to decrease in median size from bar head to bar tail by 33% and 17%, respectively. Sediment size is constrained at some upper limit that is inversely related to bar surface elevation and which is consistent with competence considerations. The surface sediments on unit bars are finer and better sorted than the bed materials in bar‐top channels and along the main bar edges. Secondary unit bars tend to have a lower sand content than other features, a consequence of sediment resorting. Individual unit bars and gravel sheets exhibit streamwise grain‐size fining and lee‐side sand deposition. Over time, significant amounts of cut and fill do not ipso facto cause changes in surface grain sizes; yet, sediment characteristics can change without any significant morphological adjustment taking place. At the reach scale there is a clear downstream fining trend, but local variability is consistently high due to within‐bar variations. The surface median grain‐size range on individual bars is, on average, 25% of that along the entire 50 km reach but is 68% on one bar. While the overall fining trend yields a downstream change in surface median size of 0·76 mm km^?1, the average value for ‘head‐to‐tail’ size reduction on individual bars is 6·3 mm km^?1, an order of magnitude difference that highlights the effectiveness of bar‐scale sorting processes in gravel‐bed rivers. Possibilities for modelling bar‐scale variability and the interaction of the different controls that are identified are discussed.     

江心洲平衡形态水动力条件的理论分析

江心洲在何种水动力条件下具有稳定的形态一直是河床演变学中的核心问题,采用河道形态变分分析方法,综合分析分汊型河流在水流连续方程、阻力方程、推移质输沙方程和总流能量方程控制下的自动调整机理。以长江中下游两汊不对称的江心洲为研究对象,将其形态概化为规则的等腰三角形,详细数理分析发现,主汊的分沙比大于分流比是这类江心洲达到平衡的必要条件。当分汊河道达到平衡状态时,江心洲的形态会随着汊道间水沙分配比例的调整而变化,且分流比与分沙比越接近,江心洲越窄长。另外,利用长江中游监利汊道的实测水沙资料对理论分析进行验证,结果表明,江心洲形态的理论计算值与相应的实测值符合程度较好,相对误差为9.0%左右。     

Downstream grain‐size changes associated with a transition from single channel to anabranching

Downstream variation in grain size associated with changes in river pattern is a topic that interests multiple disciplines. How grain size varies between adjacent reaches with strongly contrasting river pattern is an outstanding question. This study presents a combined field and numerical modelling investigation of a river with a downstream planform change from single channel to anabranching, where the planform is controlled by a change in underlying lithology. This approach enabled exploration of the controls on sedimentology in a river for which there is very limited opportunity to collect flow and sediment transport data. This study shows that the surficial grain size decreases as a result of the downstream change in planform. This is because of a decrease in flow velocity and shear stress associated with a decrease in channel depth related to the planform change. Channel geometries in both the field and modelling data fit into distinct groups based on channel depth, the deepest being the single channel reach and the shallowest being the anabranching. This downstream reduction in channel dimension (depth) is caused because the total discharge is split from one channel into multiple channels. The coarsest grain sizes (cobble) are deposited at the terminus of the single channel and in the distributary channels; anabranching channels contain sand‐size sediments. This study shows that, in a transition from single channel to anabranching, the channel dimensions decrease as the number of channels increases, resulting in a decrease in bed shear stress and the fining of bed material downstream.     

Pathways for sediment transport and retention in a vegetated,mid-channel island: Connecting sediment dynamics to morphology in Meinmahla Island,Ayeyarwady Delta,Myanmar

Vegetated mid-channel islands play an important though poorly understood role in the sediment dynamics and morphology of tide-dominated deltas. Meinmahla Island is a mangrove-forest preserve at the mouth of the Bogale distributary channel, in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar. In this relatively unaltered mid-channel island, sediment dynamics can be directly connected to morphology. Field measurements from 2017 to 2019 provide insight into the pathways for sediment transport and resulting morphological evolution. Water depth, salinity and turbidity were monitored semi-continuously, and velocity profilers with turbidity and salinity sensors were deployed seasonally in single-entrance (dead-end/blind) and multi-entrance tidal channels of the island. The morphological evolution was evaluated using grain size, ²¹⁰Pb geochronology, remote sensing and channel surveys. The data show that ebb-dominant, single-entrance channels along the island exterior import sediment year-round to the land surface. However, these exterior channels do not deliver enough sediment to maintain the observed ca 0.8 cm/yr accretion rate, and most of the sediment import occurs via interior, multi-entrance channels. Interior channels retain water masses that are physically distinct from the water in the Bogale distributary, and estuarine processes at the tidal-channel mouths import sediment into the island. Sediment is sourced to the island from upriver in the wet season and from the Gulf of Mottoma in the dry season, as the location of the estuary shifts seasonally within the Bogale distributary. The salinity and biogeochemistry of the distributary water are affected by interactions with sediment and groundwater in the island interior. The largest interior channels have remained remarkably stable while the island has aggraded and prograded over decadal timescales. However, the studied multi-entrance channel is responding to a drainage-network change by narrowing and shoaling. Overall, mid-channel islands trap sediment and associated nutrients at the river–ocean interface, and these resilient landscape features evolve in response to changes in drainage-network connectivity.     

Flow and sediment dynamics in a low sinuosity, braided river: Calamus River, Nebraska Sandhills

The interaction between channel geometry, flow, sediment transport and deposition associated with a midstream island was studied in a braided to meandering reach of the Calamus River, Nebraska Sandhills. Hydraulic and sediment transport measurements were made over a large discharge range using equipment operated from catwalk bridges. The relatively low sinuosity channel on the right-hand side of the island carries over 70% of the water discharge at high flow stages and 50–60% at low flow stages. As a result, mean velocity, depth, bed shear stress and sediment transport rate tend to be greater here than in the more strongly curved left-hand channel. The loci of maximum flow velocity, depth and bed shear stress are near the centre of the channel upstream of the island, but then split and move towards the outer banks of both channels downstream. Variations in these loci depend on the flow stage. Topographically induced across-stream flows are generally stronger than the weak, curvature-induced secondary circulations. Water surface topography is controlled mainly by centrifugal accelerations and local changes in downstream flow velocity. The averaged water surface slope of the study reach varies very little with discharge, having values between 0·00075 and 0·00090. As bed shear stress generally varies in a similar way to mean velocity, friction coefficients vary little, normally being in the range 0·07–0·13. These values are similar to those in straight channels with sandy dune-covered beds. Bedload is moved mainly as dunes at all flow stages. Grain size is mainly medium sand with coarse sand moved in thalwegs adjacent to the cut banks, and with fine sand at the downstream end of the island. These patterns of flow velocity, depth, water surface topography, bed shear stress, bedload transport rate and mean grain size can be accurately predicted using theoretical models of flow, bed topography and sediment transport rate in single river bends, applied separately to the left and right channels. During high flow stages deposition occurs persistently near the downstream end of the island, and cut banks are eroded. Otherwise, erosion and deposition occurs only locally within the channel as discharge varies. Abandonment and filling of a strongly curved channel segment may occur by migration of an upstream bar into the channel entrance at a high flow stage.     

Formation and preservation of open-framework gravel strata in unidirectional flows

Open‐framework gravel (OFG) in river deposits is important because of its exceptionally high permeability, resulting from the lack of sediment in the pore spaces between the gravel grains. Fluvial OFG occurs as planar strata and cross strata of varying scale, and is interbedded with sand and sandy gravel. The origin of OFG has been related to: (1) proportion of sand available relative to gravel; (2) separation of sand from gravel during a specific flow stage and sediment transport rate (either high, falling or low); (3) separation of sand from gravel in bedforms superimposed on the backs of larger bedforms; (4) flow separation in the lee of dunes or unit bars. Laboratory flume experiments were undertaken to test and develop these theories for the origin of OFG. Bed sediment size distribution (sandy gravel with a mean diameter of 1·5 mm) was kept constant, but flow depth, flow velocity and aggradation rate were varied. Bedforms produced under these flow conditions were bedload sheets, dunes and unit bars. The fundamental cause of OFG is the sorting of sand from gravel associated with flow separation at the crest of bedforms, and further segregation of grain sizes during avalanching on the steep lee side. Sand in transport near the bed is deposited in the trough of the bedform, whereas bed‐load gravel avalanches down the leeside and overruns the sand in the trough. The effectiveness of this sorting mechanism increases as the height of the bedform increases. Infiltration of sand into the gravel framework is of minor importance in these experiments, and occurs mainly in bedform troughs. The geometry and proportion of OFG in fluvial deposits are influenced by variation in height of bedforms as they migrate, superposition of small bedforms on the backs of larger bedforms, aggradation rate, and changes in sediment supply. If the height of a bedform increases as it migrates downstream, so does the amount of OFG. Changes in the character of OFG on the lee‐side of unit bars depend on grain‐size sorting in the superimposed bedforms (dunes and bedload sheets). Thick deposits of cross‐stratified OFG require high bedforms (dunes, unit bars) and large amounts of aggradation. These conditions might be expected to occur during high falling stages in the deeper parts of river channels adjacent to compound‐bar tails and downstream of confluence scours. Increase in the amount of sand supplied relative to gravel reduces the development of OFG. Such increases in sand supply may be related to falling flow stage and/or upstream erosion of sandy deposits.     

Gravel overpassing on humpback bars supplied with mixed sediment: examples from the Lower Old Red Sandstone, southern Britain

ABSTRACT The Lower Old Red Sandstone (Downton to ?Emsian) in southern Britain is a largely fluviatile sequence of increasing upward sand-dominance. The highest beds at two groups of localities include many sedimentation units composed of gravelly foresets in depositional continuity with overlying topsets of parallel-laminated sandstone. These units are thought to have been fashioned by humpback bars having a crest a considerable way upstream from the brink at the top of a gravelly slipface. The overall textural composition but internally segregated character of the bar units suggests that a bimodal sediment load of mixed sand and gravel was supplied at the upstream end of the bar, but that this load became texturally differentiated as it moved downstream. Differentiation is suggested to have occurred because the comparatively large and well-rounded gravel particles behaved on the sandy topset as though on a smooth surface, and were transported under similar flow conditions to the sand, much of which eventually lodged on the topset instead of being passed on, like the gravel, to the slipface beyond. A quantitative model is outlined which justifies the proposed gravel overpassing. In terms of the control of sedimentary structures exerted by grain size under laboratory conditions, the association of cross-bedding (gravel) with simultaneously formed parallel lamination (sand) seems to be a natural consequence of the efficient textural differentiation of the supplied load by the overpassing of the gravel component under a single flow condition.