结构性吹填土压缩变形微观机理试验

吹填土是一种人造土,具有大孔隙比、压缩性强、低强度等特点,其微观结构对土的力学性质有很大的影响,是一种强结构性土。通过分析不同轴向应力下压缩土样的微观SEM照片,探讨了孔隙微结构参数与轴向应力之间的关系,得出在吹填土压缩变形过程中存在屈服应力。在所受应力大于和小于屈服应力时,吹填土的压缩性存在差异,其微观表现为微结构参数在压缩过程中产生了突变,其根源是在压缩变形过程中,吹填土的微观结构产生了破坏。简要分析了结构性吹填土压缩变形微观机理。结果表明,吹填土的压缩过程分为孔隙中气体的压缩与水份的运移、团粒的相对滑移和结构破坏与新结构形成3个阶段。     

真空预压处理吹填土的微结构特征试验

首先进行了吹填泥浆沉降柱试验,取得了未经真空预压处理的吹填土土样,并在天津滨海新区临港工业区真空预压处理后吹填场地上获取原状土样。其次,对所取土样进行了微观试验土样制作和电镜扫描,获取了未处理和经过真空预压处理土样的SEM照片,最后运用微结构处理软件,对其微结构进行定量化分析,研究了真空预压过程中吹填土的微结构变化规律。结果显示,经过真空预压作用,颗粒和孔隙等效直径、面积、周长、形态比和圆度明显减小,颗粒和孔隙数量明显增大,其原因是在真空预压处理过程中,吹填土的原始结构被破坏,进而形成了新的结构。      

考虑前期固结影响的吹填软土安全运营阶段微结构演化特征

天津滨海新区吹填土为高黏粒含量细粒土,具有孔隙比大、压缩性高、强度低等特点。虽然成土时间短,但具有一定的结构性。土体微观结构决定土体的力学性质,在工程实际中,经过固结处理后的吹填土在安全运营阶段由于上部荷载的持续作用,结构性也会发生变化。为了研究此过程中微结构演化特征,本文试验土样为天津滨海新区重塑土,将其进行先期固结与后期不排水蠕变试验,模拟固结排水地基处理后吹填土安全运营过程,并在此过程中取样进行微结构制样及电镜扫描,定量化分析微观参数的演化规律。试验结果表明:经过固结排水后的吹填软土在持续荷载作用下,土中颗粒和孔隙数量都呈减少趋势,颗粒等效直径、形态比都增大,孔隙等效直径、形态比则呈相反趋势,且在蠕变初期这些变化较为明显,后期变化逐渐趋于平稳。前期固结时间越长,蠕变开始时结构性参数体现出土体结构性越强,固结过程中偏压和固结时间对土体结构性的影响一致。     

不同应力路径下K_0固结结构性黏土微观结构特征试验研究

研究结构性黏土在不同应力路径下的微观结构变化可深入了解K_0固结下结构性黏土结构性特性变化的内在机制。在对衡水地区天然黏土进行不同应力路径条件下三轴剪切试验的基础上,利用微观定量化技术,对比不同应力路径条件下土样的微观结构,从微观角度对结构性黏土的微观结构特征变化机制进行了解释。结果表明:在不同应力路径下土体的孔隙直径、颗粒和孔隙的定向排列变化较大,而颗粒和孔隙的形状特征变化较小。增大球应力使土颗粒变得密实,使孔隙压缩,土体体积减小;减小球应力使土颗粒变得松散,孔隙直径增大,土体体积膨胀。增大或减小偏应力对土体微观结构的影响相似,在土体结构破坏前使土骨架变形产生一定压缩,在土体结构破坏后使颗粒错动、翻滚并相互搭接,扩大了粒间孔隙,使土体出现剪胀。土颗粒形状的不规则性导致球应力和偏应力对体应变和剪应变的交叉影响。研究结果揭示了不同应力路径下结构性黏土应力-应变特性的微观机制。     

固结与荷载耦合作用下吹填土力学性质与微结构参数关联性

固结条件与荷载条件对吹填土的力学特性具有明显的影响,且土的微观结构特征是决定其宏观力学性质的本质因素,为了研究吹填软土力学特性在不同固结条件和荷载条件下的变化规律及与微结构参数的关联性,对天津滨海新区重塑吹填软土进行不同初始固结条件与荷载效应综合作用下的蠕变试验和微观结构测试,研究此条件下吹填土力学特性的变化规律,并通过灰色关联度理论建立宏观力学参数与微结构参数之间的关联性。试验结果表明:稳定性蠕变对吹填软土强度的增长起到积极作用,有偏压固结较无偏压固结强度增长更快,且初始固结越充分,强度增长越快;随蠕变时间的增加,颗粒的等效直径、形态比和圆度呈增大的趋势,而颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度则呈减小的趋势;抗剪强度指标C,φ值随颗粒等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而增大,但随颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而减小。关联度分析表明,颗粒（孔隙）等效直径和圆度是影响吹填土力学性质演化的重要微结构参数,固结与蠕变越充分,土体微结构参数调整越稳定,强度越高。     

渗流作用下吹填土微观结构特征定量化研究

吹填土的工程性状受土体的物质组成和微观结构综合影响,而微观结构在以往的研究中涉及较少。以天津滨海地区吹填土为研究对象,进行室内渗流作用下吹填土的沉降试验。利用图像处理技术对土体的微观结构作定量分析,讨论天津滨海地区吹填土结构单元体、孔隙的大小、丰度和定向频率等评价指标在渗流作用下的变化情况及形成机理,可为评价吹填土的工程地质性质提供一定的理论依据。试验分析表明：随着渗流压力的增大,土中结构单元体从较为松散的状态转变为团聚状态,呈现出不同程度的扁圆形,但没有明显定向性;土体中的孔隙由于失去平衡,变为小而紧密的球形体,孔隙定向角集中分布在0°～10°。     

小偏应力作用下吹填土蠕变过程中微结构特征演变研究

为了解吹填土长时期稳定蠕变变形的本质机理,对天津滨海吹填土原状土与重塑土开展分级加载固结不排水三轴蠕变试验,在围压75 k Pa、偏应力10 k Pa下开展多组蠕变平行试验,并选取8个时间节点取样进行扫描电镜与比表面积试验,主要研究小偏应力作用下稳定蠕变过程中微结构变化规律。结果表明,天津吹填土富含黏粒与黏土矿物、大孔隙比与高压缩性的物理性质、片架结构和片堆结构的结构类型,这些特征使其具有明显的蠕变特性。蠕变过程中,随着时间的增长,颗粒体积变大,数量呈减小趋势,比表面积呈减小趋势;孔隙变化遵循大孔隙优先改变原理,孔径与体积减小;颗粒与孔隙的外形趋于"圆滑",复杂度减小,圆形度增加,整体向无序状态发展。吹填土蠕变现象总结为其内部结构不断改变自我调整再造以适应外力变化的过程。最后,依据受力大小和结构破损程度将蠕变过程分为2个阶段,结构压密增长阶段与结构减损破坏阶段。     

黄土沉积过程及微结构模型的非连续变形分析

黄土是一种具有特殊结构的多孔隙、弱胶结的松散沉积物,存在典型的微观架空结构,其力学行为是微观结构变形与破坏的宏观体现。从本质上揭示黄土的力学行为,需从黄土微结构出发,而黄土的物质组成和微结构特征受其特殊的风积成因所控制,基于此本文提出了一种模拟黄土沉积过程并构建其初始结构模型的方法。为了生成黄土沉积后所形成的微结构模型,并对其进行变形模拟,首先在确定黄土颗粒形态的基础上利用Monte Carlo法生成沉积前的黄土颗粒群,然后引入非连续变形分析方法(DDA)模拟颗粒的下落,该方法能够模拟颗粒下落过程中的相互碰撞及摩擦,由此建立与实际比较接近的黄土初始结构模型。从模型中可以识别出大、中、小3类孔隙结构和台阶(staircase)、重叠(stack)、点接触(point contact)、T型4种接触形式。对所生成的黄土结构模型进行不同压力下的压缩试验,选择不同部位的颗粒作出了径向分布函数,从微观角度说明了黄土在压缩过程中大孔隙和架空结构会首先被破坏。设计了与数值模拟相同条件下的物理模型试验,将两者试验结果进行对比,结果表明数值模拟与物理模型试验的e-lgp压缩曲线的趋势大致相同,表明所提出方法是可行的。该方法为进一步开展黄土力学行为的微观分析提供了基础。     

分级真空预压法加固吹填土过程中孔隙分布特征

针对实际工程中吹填土自重固结时间过长和真空预压加固过程中排水管容易淤堵、固结、速度减慢的问题,提出了分级真空预压即逐级施加真空荷载的加固方案,进行了室内模拟试验。试验结果表明：吹填土在固结过程中含水率逐渐减小,易溶盐含量逐渐减小,土体强度逐渐增大,吹填土的物理化学性质得到改善,土体固结效果较均匀;同时对吹填土固结过程中取样进行压汞试验,利用分形理论划分了吹填土孔隙分布区间。探讨了固结过程中孔隙分布特征的变化规律：随着固结压力的增加,吹填土中超大孔隙和大孔隙先被压缩成中孔隙,中孔隙再被压缩成小孔隙;孔径分布由大孔隙集中分布(占50%以上)向中孔隙(占35%以上)和小孔隙(占35%以上)发展。     

室内加固的吹填土微结构试验研究

在室内进行吹填土加固试验中,在吹填泥浆中分别掺入水泥和石灰两种外掺剂对吹填土进行加固,针对加固后的代表性吹填土样,利用扫描电子显微镜及图像处理技术对其进行微观结构测试。由微观结构照片可以看出,水泥处理后吹填土主要为团—絮状结构,而石灰处理后吹填土主要为团聚状结构。结构单元体的量化分析表明,生石灰处理后土样结构单元体等效直径较大,两种外掺剂处理后的吹填土中颗粒均以扁圆形颗粒为主,加压前土样结构单元体无明显定向性,而在受压后,土样定向性有所增强。孔隙定量化分析显示,压力作用下土体孔隙直径变小,受压前孔隙多为扁圆形,而受压后等轴孔隙数量增多,且受压前后土样孔隙均无明显的择优取向特征。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with