煤系泥页岩生烃条件分析——以临清坳陷东部上古生界为例

页岩气资源逐渐成为矿产能源研究的热点,目前的研究大都集中在对海相和湖相页岩气的研究,而对煤系页岩气的研究较为薄弱。临清坳陷东部地区石炭系-二叠系煤系泥页岩主要发育在滨浅海、潟湖-潮坪和浅水三角洲环境,太原组泥页岩最为发育,以东北部和西南部厚度最大;泥页岩有机质含量高-特高,整体表现为自西北向东南方向逐渐增高,且太原组最高,本溪组次之;泥页岩干酪根主要为Ⅱ-Ⅲ,泥页岩的生烃效率整体偏低,且以太原组最高,本溪组次之。泥页岩经历了四次生烃过程,生烃高峰发生在新生代,具有晚期成烃特征;泥页岩有机质热处于低成熟-成熟阶段,页岩气主要为生物气和热解混合气。总体而言,太原组泥页岩生烃条件最佳。     

济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系煤系页岩气生烃潜力评价

为了研究济阳坳陷石炭–二叠纪煤系泥页岩生烃潜力,应用地球化学、石油地质学及煤地质学等方法,从济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系残留地层分布、泥页岩有机地球化学特征和泥页岩生烃潜力对比等方面进行研究。研究结果表明:济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系残余地层厚度一般在200~800 m,最厚可达900 m;煤系泥页岩有机质丰度较好,为Ⅲ型干酪根,有利于生气,有机质成熟度达到成熟–较高成熟阶段;本溪组和太原组生烃潜力较好;山西组烃源岩各凹陷均可见中–好油气源岩,但范围局限,整体评价仍为中等。与我国其他地区对比发现,济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系煤系泥页岩生烃能力总体处于中等水平,具有一定的页岩气勘探潜力。     

鄂尔多斯西缘羊虎沟组页岩气聚集地质条件分析

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘羊虎沟组页岩气成藏潜力,根据泥页岩厚度、有机质类型、有机质丰度与成熟度等因素,从暗色泥页岩地层空间展布特征、构造特征与热事件、生烃能力等方面分析页岩气聚集的地质条件。研究表明,羊虎沟组暗色泥页岩单层最大厚度约30m,区内发育的逆冲推覆构造使地层叠置形成厚的泥页岩层段,泥页岩干酪根以III型为主,II—I型也有发育,TOC平均值为3.25%,R0为1%~4%,这些条件均有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析认为呼鲁斯太南部、乌达及石炭井地区为页岩气聚集最有利的区域。     

阿尔金山南缘侏罗系页岩气生烃及储集条件

柴达木盆地阿尔金山南缘侏罗系发育,具备油气生成的条件,但尚未开展页岩气调查评价。通过野外地质测量和样品采集分析,调查了侏罗纪泥页岩发育的厚度、沉积环境,分析了页岩地球化学、储层物性等页岩气地质条件。研究表明,侏罗纪泥页岩累计厚度介于158~250m之间,单层最大厚度89m;沉积环境以深湖-半深湖为主;有机碳含量介于0.15%~7.96%之间,平均2.05%;镜质体反射率介于1.02%~2.50%之间,平均1.41%;有机质类型以Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型为主;泥页岩微裂缝及微孔隙发育,脆性矿物平均含量大于43%。综合分析认为,阿尔金山南缘侏罗系泥页岩具有较好的页岩气生烃和储集条件,可作为页岩气勘查开发的有利层系。     

塔里木盆地西南坳陷二叠系页岩油气地质条件分析

二叠系泥页岩是塔里木盆地西南坳陷重要的烃源岩层系,阿克莫木、柯克亚、柯东1、杜瓦等地区或钻井的油气均源自二叠系,然而其页岩油气地质条件研究鲜见报道。笔者在分析研究区构造和沉积发育及其演化特征的基础上,重点研究了二叠系泥页岩的厚度、分布、地球化学和储层特征等页岩油气地质条件,探讨了构造、沉积与泥页岩生烃之间的演化关系,研究结果表明:①塔西南坳陷二叠系泥页岩累计厚度介于50～400m,主要分布在叶城凹陷和和田凹陷,沉积环境以浅海陆棚相和海陆过渡相为主,第四纪喜山运动对二叠系泥页岩的生烃演化具有重要的促进作用。②塔西南坳陷二叠系泥页岩具有良好的页岩气生成和储集条件,是塔里木盆地页岩气勘查的潜在层系;叶城凹陷和和田凹陷是塔西南坳陷页岩油气勘查的有利区,需进一步加强钻探验证工作。     

重庆地区下古生界页岩气聚集条件及有利区预测

重庆地区是中国页岩气勘探开发取得突破的地区,页岩气赋存层位主要为下古生界上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组有机质泥页岩。依据露头、钻井岩心及测井资料,利用沉积学、有机地球化学等方法,分析研究区泥页岩沉积学特征与岩石学特征、页岩气聚集条件,并预测区内页岩气有利区。结果表明,区内暗色泥页岩厚度大,分布广,总有机碳含量大于2%,有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,热演化程度处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,说明该区泥页岩具有很好的生烃潜力;区内页岩气层上覆厚层泥页岩与下伏岩层灰岩对页岩气具有较好的保存效果;泥页岩含气量较高,平均为1.39cm~3/t。采用综合信息叠合法,可预测研究区页岩气发育有利区位于城口—巫溪一带与石柱—涪陵—武隆—彭水—南川—綦江一带。     

重庆地区下古生界页岩气聚集条件及有利区预测*

重庆地区是中国页岩气勘探开发取得突破的地区,页岩气赋存层位主要为下古生界上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组有机质泥页岩。依据露头、钻井岩心及测井资料,利用沉积学、有机地球化学等方法,分析研究区泥页岩沉积学特征与岩石学特征、页岩气聚集条件,并预测区内页岩气有利区。结果表明,区内暗色泥页岩厚度大,分布广,总有机碳含量大于2%,有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,热演化程度处于高成熟—过成熟阶段,说明该区泥页岩具有很好的生烃潜力;区内页岩气层上覆厚层泥页岩与下伏岩层灰岩对页岩气具有较好的保存效果;泥页岩含气量较高,平均为1.39,cm³/t。采用综合信息叠合法,可预测研究区页岩气发育有利区位于城口—巫溪一带与石柱—涪陵—武隆—彭水—南川—綦江一带。     

甘肃省庆阳地区页岩气地质特征分析

庆阳地区含有较厚的上三叠统长7段黑色(暗色)泥页岩,为了研究该区页岩气勘探潜力,根据对页探1井的测井及对样品的各种电子光学测试,从泥页岩层的电性特征、储层特征、地化特征、含气性特征等方面,对庆阳地区的页岩气地质特征做了分析研究。结果表明:该区泥页岩层可以通过常规测井的一般特征、Δlg R法、GR-KTh重叠法等综合的方法进行较好的识别;该区的暗色泥页岩厚度较大,脆性矿物以石英和长石为主,含量较高;储层属低孔低渗储层,物性较差,孔隙及裂隙均有发育;有机碳含量较高,有机质成熟度较高,具有较强的生排烃能力;有较大的含气量及较好的储气能力;综合分析认为,庆阳地区具有较好的页岩气勘探潜力。     

广西天峨-南丹地区中泥盆统罗富组页岩气地质条件研究

通过野外地质调查、样品有机地化分析、储层物性特征分析及钻井现场含气量解析等工作,研究了广西天峨-南丹地区中泥盆统罗富组页岩气地质条件。该组泥页岩发育于台间盆地相,厚度达72.45～397m;有机质类型以II2型为主;有机碳含量平均为2.69%;热演化程度达到过成熟阶段,具有较好页岩气生烃物质条件;储集特征有利于后期开发。而该组泥页岩现场解析气含量较低,且气体成分主要为氮气,主要由于区内复杂构造条件与岩浆活动影响导致保存条件较差。含气量未达到有利区段的下限标准,认为在现阶段技术条件下,存在工业化页岩气流的可能性较低。     

泥页岩热模拟实验及成岩演化模式

随着泥页岩油气勘探开发的不断推进,对泥页岩的成岩作用研究越来越受到重视。通过对三种不同干酪根类型的泥页岩样品的热模拟实验发现,随着有机质成熟度的增加,干酪根热解生烃产生的有机质孔及不稳定矿物溶蚀孔增加,是泥页岩储集空间增加的主要原因;泥页岩成岩作用类型主要有黏土矿物转化、不稳定矿物溶蚀作用和重结晶作用;结合镜质体反射率,建立了基于热模拟实验的泥页岩综合成岩演化模式。研究表明:不同类型的干酪根在生烃过程中演化特征不同,Ⅰ型干酪根以"解聚型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质边缘孔为主;Ⅲ型干酪根以"平行脱官能团型"的途径生烃,以产生有机质内部孔为主;Ⅱ型干酪根介于两者之间,既可以产生有机质内部孔,也可以产生有机质边缘孔。     

湖相富有机质泥质白云岩生排烃模拟及其对页岩油勘探的启示

富有机质湖相白云质泥岩、泥质白云岩及其贫有机质粉砂岩、白云岩夹层是我国陆相盆地页岩油勘探的重要领域,但目前针对湖相富有机质白云质泥岩或泥质白云岩在近地质条件下的生排烃一体化模拟研究尚属空白.以典型低熟富有机质泥质白云岩为例,开展了近地质条件下的生排烃一体化模拟实验,揭示了其呈现四阶段生排烃演化模式.结果表明,R_o ≤ 0.74%时为缓慢生油伴生烃气、排油能力有限阶段,0.74% < R_o ≤ 0.84%时为快速生油伴生烃气、排油能力逐渐增高阶段,0.84% < R_o ≤ 1.28%≈1.30%时为生烃气伴生油与油初始裂解、高效排油阶段,1.30% < R_o ≤ 2.00%时为油裂解烃气兼干酪根生烃气阶段;同时,R_o < 0.68%时滞留油主要以有机质吸附态赋存,而0.68% ≤ R_o ≤ 2.00%时滞留油主要以游离态赋存于矿物基质微-纳米级孔缝系统内.综合分析提出湖相泥质白云岩烃源层系有利页岩油勘探的成熟度范围为0.84%~1.30%.      

Gas generation and expulsion characteristics of Middle–Upper Triassic source rocks,eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,China: implications for shale gas resource potential

Frontier exploration in the Kuqa Depression, western China, has identified the continuous tight-sand gas accumulation in the Lower Cretaceous and Lower Jurassic as a major unconventional gas pool. However, assessment of the shale gas resource in the Kuqa Depression is new. The shale succession in the Middle–Upper Triassic comprises the Taliqike Formation (T₃t), the Huangshanjie Formation (T₃h) and the middle–upper Karamay Formation (T_2–3k), with an average accumulated thickness of 260 m. The high-quality shale is dominated by type III kerogen with high maturity and an average original total organic carbon (TOC) of about 2.68 wt%. An improved hydrocarbon generation and expulsion model was applied to this self-contained source–reservoir system to reveal the gas generation and expulsion (intensity, efficiency and volume) characteristics of Middle–Upper Triassic source rocks. The maximum volume of shale gas in the source rocks was obtained by determining the difference between generation and expulsion volumes. The results indicate that source rocks reached the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold of 1.1% VR and the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion reached their peak at 1.0% VR and 1.28% VR, with the maximum rate of 56 mg HC/0.1% TOC and 62.8 mg HC/0.1% TOC, respectively. The volumes of gas generation and expulsion from Middle–Upper Triassic source rocks were 12.02 × 10¹² m³ and 5.98 × 10¹² m³, respectively, with the residual volume of 6.04 × 10¹² m³, giving an average gas expulsion efficiency of 44.38% and retention efficiency of 55.62%. Based on the gas generation and expulsion characteristics, the predicted shale gas potential volume is 6.04 × 10¹² m³, indicating a significant shale gas resource in the Middle–Upper Triassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression.     

Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion of the Upper Triassic T3x5 Source Rocks in the Western Sichuan Depression: Assessment for Unconventional Natural Gas

Tight-sand gas in the Jurassic and shale gas within the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation(T3x5) in the Western Sichuan Basin(WSD) are currently regarded as the most prolific emerging unconventional gas plays in China. This study conducted a conventional evaluation of T3x5 source rocks in the WSD, and investigated their hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics, including intensity, efficiency and amount. The results show that, the T3x5 source rocks are thick(generally 200 m), and have a high total organic content(TOC), ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 wt%. It is thus indivative of a great hydrocarbon generation potential when they underwent high thermal evolution(Ro1.2%) in the area. In addition, an improved method of hydrocarbon generation potential is applied, indicating that the source rocks reached a hydrocarbon expulsion threshold with vitrinite reflectance(Ro) reaching 1.06%, and that the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency is about 60%. The amount of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from T3x5 source rocks is 3.14×1010 t and 1.86×1010 t, respectively, with a residual amount of 1.28×1010 t within them. Continuous-type tight-sand gas is predicted to have developed in the Jurassic in the Chengdu Sag of the WSD because of the good source-reservoir configuration; the Jurassic sandstone reservoirs are tight, and the gas expelled from the T3x5 source rocks migrates for very short distances vertically and horizontally. The amount of gas accumulation in the Jurassic reservoirs derived from T3x5 source rocks is up to 9.3×108 t. Geological resources of shale gas are up to 1.05×1010 t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by the volumetric method and those obtained by hydrocarbon generation potential method may be due to other gas accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with gas shales.     

柴达木盆地侏罗系煤系烃源岩生烃潜力分类评价

柴达木盆地侏罗系发育泥岩、炭质泥岩、煤和油页岩等多种类型煤系烃源岩。受沉积环境控制,不同类型烃源岩之间有机质丰度、有机质类型及生排烃模式等差别很大。传统的评价方法低估了炭质泥岩和煤的生烃潜力。提出了基于单位岩石烃源岩产烃率的定量评价方法,对不同类型烃源岩的总生烃量和总资源量定量预测表明:炭质泥岩对侏罗系生烃总量和油气资源的贡献率分别达到44.8%和41.7%,整体提升了柴达木盆地侏罗系烃源岩的资源潜力,煤型气的资源潜力大幅度提高,对柴达木盆地天然气勘探具有重要指导意义。      

Coupled accumulation characteristics of Carboniferous-Permian coal measure gases in the Northern Ordos Basin,China

The northern Ordos Basin provides a favorable geological environment for the accumulation and development of coal measure gases (CMG). The hydrocarbon generation potential and reservoir systems of the coal measures have been studied based on data from experimental tests and production and exploration wells, respectively. Further, the coupled accumulation characteristics were determined. The results show that the source rocks are characterized by favorable hydrocarbon generation potential, high thermal evolution (Ro%?=?1.3–2.3%), and mainly type III kerogen. Coals, typically aggregated organic matter, with a huge hydrocarbon generation potential (avg. 89.11 mg/g) and total organic content (TOC) (avg. 65.52%), are predominantly involved in gaseous hydrocarbon generation. Shales with good TOC contents (avg. 2.36%) and large cumulative thicknesses have an important role in gaseous hydrocarbon generation. Coal seams, shale layers, and sandstone layers occur as variably interbedded deposits, which form a favorable environment for CMG coupled accumulation. The porosity and permeability are ranked as follows: sandstone?>?coal?>?shale, with significant stress sensitivity and anisotropy. Two continuous gas generation peaks occurred in the Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous, with an abundant amount of coal-derived and thermogenic gas generation, respectively. Potential gas-bearing sandstone layers can be formed by gas migration via short distances from nearby coal seams and shale layers. Coupled accumulation of CMG occurred in three stages: (1) stacked and interbedded reservoirs formation stage; (2) gas generating and charging stage; and (3) coupled accumulation adjustment stage. Coalbed methane (CBM)–tight sandstone gas (TSG) assemblage is a favorable target for CMG accumulation and development.     

山东黄河北煤田中生代岩浆侵入与古生代多矿产成因机制

地层中常见到多种矿产富集的现象,特别是有岩浆侵入的地区,更有利于多种矿产的生成和保存,大大提升了矿产资源的勘探效益与开发价值。以山东黄河北煤田为例,开展中生代岩浆侵入与古生代多矿产(煤炭、煤层气、煤系页岩气、富铁矿)成因机制研究。结果表明:黄河北煤田石炭–二叠系构造条件和沉积环境利于煤层的发育,平面上煤层分布具有东多西少、东薄西厚、北薄南厚的特征,纵向上具有下厚上薄的特征;煤层气藏具有煤层厚度中等、煤级分布广、含气量中等、吸附性好、特低欠饱和、低孔较高渗、欠压、埋深适中的特点;煤系页岩气藏具有泥页岩累积厚度大、有机质丰度较高、生烃能力中等、Ⅱ型干酪根为主、成熟度中等、低孔特低渗的特点;中生代岩浆侵入奥陶系马家沟组灰岩地层中,含矿热液与围岩发生接触交代作用和磁铁矿化,形成了接触交代型富铁矿床;中生代岩浆的侵入与岩浆热变质作用,使得研究区上覆煤系中出现了以岩浆侵入体为中心的煤类分带和局部地区煤层气与煤系页岩气的大量产生与成藏。煤层和泥页岩含气量、孔隙率/孔径、有机质的热演化程度和生烃能力与距离侵入体的距离成负相关关系,且煤层距离侵入体越近,气体的吸附性能越弱,以游离态为主。综上,中生代的岩浆侵入作用控制了古生代多种矿产的形成与共存。      

Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of Lower Permian P1f source rocks in the Fengcheng area,northwest margin,Junggar Basin,NW China: implications for tight oil accumulation potential assessment

Combined with the actual geological settings, tight oil is the oil that occurs in shale or tight reservoirs, which has permeability less than 1 mD and is interbedded with or close to shale, including tight dolomitic oil and shale oil. The Fengcheng area (FA), at the northwest margin of the Junggar Basin, northwest China, has made significant progress in the tight oil exploration of the Fengcheng (P₁f) Formation recently, which indicates that the tight oil resources have good exploration prospects. Whereas the lack of recognition of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of Permian P₁f source rocks results in the misunderstanding of tight oil resource potential. Based on the comprehensive analysis of geological and geochemical characteristics of wells, seismic inversion, sedimentary facies, tectonic burial depth, etc., the characteristics of P₁f source rocks were investigated, and the horizontal distributions of the following aspects were predicted: the thickness of source rocks, abundance and type of organic matter. And on this basis, an improved hydrocarbon generation potential methodology together with basin simulation techniques was applied to unravel the petroleum generation and expulsion characteristics of P₁f source rocks in FA. Results show that the P₁f source rocks distribute widely (up to 2039 km²), are thick (up to 260 m), have high total organic content (TOC, ranging from 0.15 to 4 wt%), are dominated by type II kerogen and have entered into low mature–mature stage. The modeling results indicate that the source rocks reached hydrocarbon generation threshold and hydrocarbon expulsion threshold at 0.5% Ro and 0.85% Ro and the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency was about 46%. The amount of generation and expulsion from the P₁f source rocks was 31.85 × 10⁸ and 15.31 × 10⁸ t, respectively, with a residual amount of 16.54 × 10⁸ t within the source rocks. Volumetrically, the geological resource of shale oil is up to 15.65 × 10⁸ t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by the volumetric method compared with that by hydrocarbon generation potential methodology may be due to other oil accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with the oil shales. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同类型烃源岩排烃模式对比及差异性探究

烃源岩的排烃是准确预测含油气盆地油气资源必须涉及的一个非常重要的环节,为了得到不同有机质类型烃源岩的排烃效率、排烃机理,选取不同有机质类型烃源岩进行了黄金管模拟实验,总结了不同类型烃源岩在各演化阶段产物的变化特征与排烃效率。结果表明,烃源岩类型对总生成油与残留油中轻重烃的比例影响较大,但是对排出油中轻重烃的比例影响较低,排出油中均表现为在未熟—成熟阶段以重烃为主,在高熟—过熟阶段以轻烃为主。烃源岩的类型对生排油量的影响明显,烃源岩的类型越好,生排油量越高。Ⅰ型烃源岩的生排油量最高,Ⅲ型烃源岩最低。烃源岩类型越好,排油效率越高。Ⅲ型烃源岩排油效率低,与其生成气态烃较多、显微组分中镜质组含量较高有关。      

富有机质的黑色页岩和油页岩的有机岩石学特征与生、排烃意义

用近代有机岩石学与有机地球化学分析相结合的方法，对比研究了我国四川盆地等下古生界富有机质沉积的海相黑色页岩,和渤海湾盆地下第三系湖相油页岩的显微有机组成特征与热演化生烃、排烃作用的关系。观测分析结果表明:黑色页岩热演化程度很高，目前热解烃含量很低，但残余有机碳含量达1％～3％，黑色页岩中保存了早期生油阶段由无定型有机质生油作用转化而形成的微粒体有机质，和未排出的石油演变而来的残余沥青，表明其为原始生烃性能很好的烃源岩。根据黑色页岩中微粒体和残余沥青的含量，可用来了解已生—排烃量和再沉降埋深过程中古油藏储层沥青、微粒体和残余沥青再生气对古生界碳酸盐气藏的贡献。富有机质沉积的下第三系湖相油页岩热演化程度不高，游离烃（S1为0.2～1.4 mg/g）和热解烃（S2为8～44 mg/g），有机碳含量达2.4％～8％，是生油性能很好的烃源岩，油页岩中不仅存在强荧光的藻和无定型有机质，而且油页岩的纹层中广泛存在富有机质的荧光沥青，反映了有利于排烃运移的信息，表明是本区生油贡献最大的烃源岩。富有机质黑色页岩和油页岩的沉积结构构造特征、有机质的赋存形式、热演化中变化过程的对比观察结果表明:其生烃、排烃作用既有很多相似性，又有一定差别。     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩排烃效率研究

准噶尔盆地南缘下部成藏组合勘探日趋重要,其主力烃源岩生烃潜力和排烃效率的研究亟待加强。根据排烃门限理论,利用生烃潜力法建立了准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩的生、排烃模式,并计算了烃源岩的生烃量、排烃量和排烃效率。研究表明,准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系泥质烃源岩和煤层的排烃门限对应的镜质组反射率均为0. 7 %。侏罗系烃源岩的总生烃量为3 973. 84 x 108t,总排烃量为1 402. 71 x108t,其中八道湾组烃源岩排烃量占总排烃量的69.85%。准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩的平均排烃效率为35. 30%,不同层系不同岩性烃源岩,其排烃效率明显不同,泥质烃源岩排烃效率远大于煤层。综合分析认为,准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩生、排烃量大,排烃效率较高,下部成藏组合以侏罗系烃源岩为主力烃源岩,具有良好的资源潜力。