近60 年黄河入海水沙多尺度变化及其对河口的影响

基于1950-2008 年利津站月均径流量和输沙量的时间序列资料,采用小波分析的方法研究了黄河入海水沙多尺度变化,并结合不同年份的黄河口岸线和口门地形资料分析了水沙变化对河口演变的影响。结果表明：黄河入海水沙具有3 个不同时间尺度的显著周期变化,其与厄尔尼诺事件有关,不同尺度下的入海水沙丰枯变化不同;受流域降水和人类活动的影响,入海水沙长期呈减少趋势,并具有阶段变化的特征;入海水沙变化深刻影响着河口演变,不同时期行水河口的岸线延伸速率与河口来沙量有关,亿t 泥沙岸线延伸量与来沙系数显著相关,自1976 年清水沟流路入海以来,河口水下三角洲表现为淤积,淤积程度与入海水沙量密切相关。     

长江宜昌-武汉河段泥沙年冲淤量对水沙变化的响应

运用泥沙收支平衡 (Sediment budget) 的概念确定长江中游宜昌-武汉河段的泥沙冲淤量,并运用数理统计方法,研究了泥沙冲淤过程对水沙变化的响应。研究表明,所研究河段的输沙具有“多来多排”的特性,在平均的意义上,年输入沙量为年输出沙量的1.1345倍,由此求得总净来沙中有11.85%淤积在河道中。河段出口输出沙量随时间而增大,大致在1980年达到峰值,然后再减小。1980年以前河段出口输出沙量的增大,与3口分沙减少 (等价于河段净来沙增多) 和下荆江人工裁弯 (使河道输沙能力增大,因而可以将更多的泥沙输送到河段出口以下) 有关,1980年以后的减少,则与宜昌站来沙量的显著减少有关。建立了1980~1997年间宜昌-汉口#河段年冲淤量与宜昌站年来沙量之间的回归方程,通过该方程估算出使宜昌-汉口河段不淤的宜昌站临界来沙量为3亿t/a。为了定量评价宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量的变化对于河段冲淤量的相对贡献,我们以1980~1997年和1955~1997年两个时间系列的数据分别建立了多元回归方程。1980~1997年间的方程表明,宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量的变化对宜昌-汉口河段年冲淤量的贡献率分别为6.23%、31.56%、25.77%、32.71%和3.73%。     

人类活动对长江上游近期输沙变化的影响

利用1956-2007年径流—输沙序列,分期定量研究了长江上游近期主要干支流输沙变化及其原因,结果显示:①长江上游1994-2002年输沙量减少1.43亿t/a,人为减沙占91.2%,主要来自嘉陵江措施减沙;2003-2007年减沙4.50亿t/a,径流减沙占14.1%,前期持续的人类活动减沙占39.8%,三峡水库蓄水拦沙、金沙江措施减沙等新增人为减沙占46.2%。②金沙江1983-2000年输沙量增加0.48亿t/a,人为增沙占74.7%,主要是工程增沙;2001-2007年输沙量减小1.183亿t/a,全部为人为减沙,包括二滩等各型水库拦沙、水保减沙和工程增沙减少。③嘉陵江1985-1993年输沙减少0.827亿t/a,人为减沙占81.4%,主要人为减沙包括农村社会经济因素变化导致的土壤减蚀和水库拦沙;1994-2007年输沙量减少1.285亿t/a,其中自然径流减沙占29.6%,前期持续人类活动减沙占42.1%,宝珠寺等新增水库拦沙和水保减沙占23.4%,另有4.9%的人为减水减沙。     

长江三角洲前缘近十余年的冲淤演变及工程影响研究

根据1994-2008年国家专业部门测量的长江口口门区水下地形图及相关数据资料,分析了长江河口三角洲近十余年的冲淤过程:1)在长江来沙显著减少的背景下,三角洲出现了由淤到冲的转换,1994-2000年、2000-2008年,长江口门研究区(1 500 km2)净淤积量分别为7.25亿m3(1.21亿m3/a)和-1.23亿m3(-0.15亿m3/a),冲淤转换的临界输沙率约为2.97亿t(大通站).冲淤转换的时间大约发生在2000-2002年;2)三峡水库蓄水加速了长江来沙的减少,近几年入海泥沙减少和河口口门区出现的冲刷有一半左右归因于三峡工程的运行;3)2000年以来,河口口门外水深超过7 m的大部分区域处于蚀退,尤以10～20m区域侵蚀最为强烈,但0m以上潮间带滩地较前一时段淤积加强,1994-2008年,四大滩地的面积平均增长了约34.2％.研究结果表明:入海泥沙减少是长江三角洲由淤积转为侵蚀的主要原因,三峡水库蓄水加剧了长江入海泥沙的减少及三角洲的侵蚀,河口滩地的逆势淤积是近年一系列的河口重大工程影响的结果.     

近60年来汾河入黄河水沙演变特征及驱动因素

基于汾河河津站1950～2005年的实测径流和输沙数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验等多种统计方法分析了汾河入黄河的水沙演变特征及驱动因素.结果表明:入黄河水沙量年际波动较大,呈明显减少趋势,且输沙减少的趋势性要强于径流;径流与输沙发生重要突变的时间都是1980年,说明径流量的减少在一定程度上直接影响着输沙量的变化.降水量的减少是径流减少的重要原因,但二者的变化并不是完全一致的, 20世纪60年代以来尤其是1980年以后,降水对径流的影响有所减弱,在其他自然条件(如蒸发)相对不变的情况下,人类活动是径流减少的主要驱动因素.根据理论分析,受人类活动的影响, 1961～1980年的累积减沙量为108 610×104 t,平均每年减少5 430.50×104 t, 1981～2005年的累积减沙量为93 324×104 t,平均每年减少3 732.96×104 t.     

黄河下游河道萎缩对冲淤临界的影响

通过实测年系列水沙资料分析,运用统计分析方法,按照非萎缩期(1950~1985年)和萎缩期(1986~1999年)两个时期,分别得到黄河下游河道的冲淤临界值。对于年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗泥沙含沙量、年均来沙系数而言,冲淤临界值均有不同程度减小。这意味着河道萎缩后,由于输沙功能减弱,在年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗沙含量、年均来沙系数处于比非萎缩期更低的水平时,下游河道就有可能出现淤积,从而使得控制河道淤积抬高变得更为困难,使河道防洪面临新的问题。     

基于DEM的西江磨刀门水道近40年来河床演变特征研究

建立了西江干流磨刀门水道1962年、1977年、1999年的DEM,研究珠江三角洲磨刀门水道近40年的河床演变.结果表明:1962-1999年磨刀门水道总体表现为冲刷状态,净冲刷量约576万m3/a,年均冲刷率16万m3/a,单位河长冲刷率约13万m3/km,断面面积减小,河床深槽范围扩大,平均水深、河宽均增大,宽深比减小,断面向窄深发展;但不同时段冲淤特性表现不同,1962-1977年表现为淤积,淤积量2033万m3;1977-1999年处于冲刷状态,冲刷量2 617万m3.磨刀门水道不同阶段河床冲淤演变与流域人类活动引起的来水来沙变化、三角洲网河联围筑闸、河床采砂以及由此引起的三角洲网河水沙分配变化等因素密切相关.整体看,磨刀门水道近期演变趋势仍将表现为以冲刷为主的自适应调整.     

黄河中游河口龙门区间水沙变化特征分析

黄河中游河口-龙门区间是我国乃至世界上水土流失最严重的地区,多年来大规模的水利水保工程建设使得该区产流产沙条件发生明显变化,因此,分析该区水沙变化特征及水沙变化原因具有重要意义。选取黄河中游河口-龙门区间下游龙门站1957—2005年水沙量水文观测资料代替区间资料,进行一致性检验后,运用小波分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、均差累积等统计方法对河口-龙门区间水沙变化特征进行分析,结果表明:该区水沙年内分配不均匀,年际变化大;该区水沙都呈显著的减少趋势,径流量和输沙量分别具有两个和4个明显的阶段性变化特征;水沙双累积曲线显示该区沙特性发生明显变化。在此基础上,通过分析该区水土保持面积与减水减沙量的相关关系表明,其具有良好的线性关系,进一步验证了水利水保措施是该区水沙减少的主要原因这一结论。     

滦河下游河道及三角洲地貌的近期演化

自20世纪80年代滦河上中游大型水库的修建以及下游农业用水量的激增,滦河下游水沙锐减。至桃林口水库修建后,滦河入海水量减至5.96亿m³/a,下泻泥沙减至2.43万t/a,滦河断流趋势日益严重。本文选择1979年至2007年多期遥感影像,探讨在大规模水资源开发影响下滦河下游河道及三角洲地貌的演化。结果表明:20世纪90年代以后滦河下游水沙量的大幅减少直接导致下游河道萎缩。由于上游水库的拦截以及下游河道搬运能力下降,入海泥沙量大幅减少几至断绝,致使滦河三角洲主汊道1984年改道后并未发育形成新的三角洲叶瓣,入海汊道由多汊萎缩为单汊,三角洲逐渐转入全面侵蚀阶段。     

黄河宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量时空变化及其影响因素

通过对黄河宁蒙河段6个水文站1952~2003年间的实测悬移质泥沙资料,运用输沙平衡方法,对划分的5个时段和5个区段的悬沙冲淤量进行了计算分析,探讨宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量的时空变化规律。黄河上游无大型水库的1952~1959年间和水库建成坝下河道充分调整后的1994~2003年间,宁蒙河段强烈淤积,年均悬沙淤积量分别为0.9588亿t/a和0.9503亿t/a;而期间的三个时段,年均悬沙分别为净侵蚀0.6127亿t/a、微淤0.0161亿t/a和较强淤积0.7475亿t/a。年均悬沙淤积量在宁蒙河段为0.345亿t/a;在宁夏河段为0.076亿t/a,其中下沿河~青铜峡区段微淤,青铜峡~石嘴山区段冲淤平衡;在内蒙古河段总和为0.269亿t/a,石嘴山~巴彦高乐、巴彦高乐~三湖河口、三湖河口~头道拐三个区段分别为0.0084亿t/a、0.113亿t/a和0.147亿t/a,沿程增大。悬沙淤积量的时间变化主要受到区间支流来沙量变化和水库建设的双重影响,而空间变化主要受到青铜峡水库拦沙以及刘家峡、龙羊峡水库消减洪峰的影响。黄河宁蒙河段处于构造沉降区,淤积是总趋势,人类活动可以引起个别时段、区段发生侵蚀,但无法改变其沉积的总趋势。     

近60年黄河水沙变化及其对三角洲沉积的影响

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

Response of delta sedimentary system to variation of water and sediment in the Yellow River over past six decades

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

2000-2017年河龙区间输沙量锐减归因分析

2000年以来,黄河输沙量锐减。科学认识黄河输沙量变化原因,具有重要意义。以河龙区间为研究对象,分析了河龙区间输沙量变化趋势,构建了梯田、淤地坝以及植被等大规模生态建设措施的减沙贡献率计算方法,阐述了2000-2017年河龙区间输沙量锐减原因,针对河龙区间输沙量变化趋势和治理格局,提出了河龙区间治理对策。主要结论为：① 1952-2017年,河龙区间年降水量无显著变化趋势,研究区年输沙量呈现极显著减少趋势（p < 0.001）;② 1979年和1999年为研究区输沙量发生突变的两个时间节点（p < 0.05）,1952-1979年区间年均输沙量为9.30亿t,1980-1999年区间年均输沙量为4.20亿t,2000-2017年均输沙量大幅降至1.03亿t,降幅达89%;③ 受植被和梯田共同影响,2000-2015年研究区坡面土壤侵蚀量变化介于1.90亿~5.13亿t之间,且呈下降趋势;2000-2011年河龙区间淤地坝年均拦沙量为1.38亿t;④ 植被恢复是河龙区间输沙量减少的主要原因,贡献率为54%,梯田和淤地坝合计贡献了34%,水库拦沙和引水取沙贡献了12%;⑤ 植被恢复主要导致径流含沙量降低,而淤地坝建设主要降低了流域泥沙输移比。     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of w...     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of water discharge and sedi- ment load into the sea, which might be related to the periodic variations of El Nino and Southern Oscillation at long-term timescales. Variations of water discharge and sediment load were varying in various timescales, and their periodic variations were not significant during the 1970s-2000s due to strong human disturbances. (2) The long-term variation of water discharge and sediment load into the sea has shown a stepwise decrease since the 1950s due to the combined influences of human activities and precipitation decrease in the Yellow River Basin, and the human activities were the main cause for the decrease of water discharge and sediment load. (3) The water discharge and sediment load into the sea greatly influenced the evolution of the Yellow River Estuary, especially the stretch rate of coastline and the deposition rate of the sub-aqueous topography off the estuary which deposited since 1976.     

基于径流还现的洮河流域径流变化特征研究

河川径流还现计算是准确反映区域水资源状况的基础,同时也是水资源规划和决策的重要依据。选取甘肃省洮河流域李家村、红旗2个代表水文站长系列径流资料作为基础数据,在还原计算的础上,对洮河流域径流进行还现计算,同时对径流变化特征进行研究。结果表明:1956-2016年洮河流域李家村、红旗多年平均实测径流量分别为39.52×10^8 m^3、44.66×10^8 m^3,还原后多年平均天然径流量分别为39.69×10^8 m^3、46.11×10^8 m^3,多年平均还原水量分别为0.17×10^8 m^3、1.45×10^8 m^3,2站消耗水量主要用于农业灌溉;2站天然径流突变趋势基本一致,突变点均为1990年;李家村、红旗站径流多年平均天然径流量修正还现后分别为31.76×10^8 m^3、38.77×10^8 m^3,减少径流量分别为7.93×10^8 m^3、7.04×10^8 m^3,分别减少20%、15%;还现后李家村站年径流呈现略微增加趋势,而红旗站年径流量呈现略微减小趋势;径流量呈现20世纪50年代和70年代-21世纪00年代低于多年平均值,21世纪10年代高于平均值和不同丰、平、枯状态的年代际特证。研究结果为流域水资源调查评价提供基础支撑,对促进流域水资源高效利用和优化配置,指导区域水资源综合管理与社会经济发展具有重要作用。     

黄河三角洲造陆过程中的陆域水沙临界条件研究

黄河三角洲发育是河口区河流动力及陆域物质通量与海洋动力及海域物质通量相互作用的产物 ,三角洲造陆速率取决于上述两方面的对比关系。当上述两方面处于平衡时 ,三角洲造陆处于临界状态 ,即净造陆速率为零 ,与之相联系的入海泥沙量和径流量可视为黄河三角洲造陆过程的临界水沙条件。运用经验统计方法估算出 :当入海年沙量Qs为 2 78亿t/a、入海年水量Qw为 76 7亿m3时 ,或者当关系式 3 1934Qs+ 0 0 85 6Qw=17 94得到满足时 ,黄河三角洲造陆过程处于临界平衡状态。在黄河流域的环境管理中 ,应将上述两项临界值作为约束条件。黄河流域生态用水量的内涵应予以扩展 ,维持三角洲造陆平衡所必须的入海径流量 ,应作为黄河流域的生态用水量。     

黄河流域环境对水资源开发承受力的思考

根据黄河1919－1999年系列水沙资料，系统分析了其下游水沙变化时空过程，揭示了其发生断流原因及由此引发的环境问题，模拟了不同历史时期水情条件下环境用水需求量，并对如何提高黄河水资源开发承受能力，如何满足其环境用水提出看法。     

Analysis of the contribution of multiple factors to the recent decrease in discharge and sediment yield in the Yellow River Basin,China

The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion tons before 2000, but has significantly decreased to 0.3 billion tons over the last 10 years. Changes in discharge and sediment yield for the Yellow River have attracted the attention of both the Central Government and local communities. This study aimed to identify the individual contributions of changes in precipitation and human activities (e.g. water conservancy projects, terracing, silt dams, socio-economic and needs, and soil and water conservation measures) to the decrease in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. The study used both improved the hydrological method and the soil and water conservation method. The study focused on discharge analysis for the upper reaches and the investigation of sediments for the middle reaches of the river. The results showed that discharge and sediment yield have both presented significant decreasing trends over the past 50 years. Precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend over the same period. The annual average discharge decreased by 5.68 billion m³ above Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2012; human activities (e.g. socio-economic water use) contributed 43.4% of the total reduction, whereas natural factors (e.g. evaporation from lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) accounted for 56.6%. The decrease in annual discharge and sediment yield of the section between Hekouzhen station and Tongguan station were 12.4 billion m³ and 1.24 billion tons, respectively. Human activities contributed 76.5% and 72.2% of the total reduction in discharge and sediment yield, respectively, and were therefore the dominant factors in the changes in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River.