Entrepreneurial Regionalist Planning in a Rescaled Spain: The Cases of Bilbao and València

European politics and planning have recently been characterized by a shift to economic entrepreneurialism at sub-national scales, and the planned redevelopment of the city-region in pursuit of global competitiveness, which scholars have interpreted in light of political-economic “rescaling” or regionalization and the emergence of a “new regionalism.” Analyzing rescaling largely in terms of shifting economic and institutional structures, however, many accounts underestimate the complexity and enduring power of so-called ‘old’ regionalist politics of culture and identity as backdrop to urban redevelopment planning. In this paper we address how the urban planning process mediates between the seemingly dichotomous tendencies of regionalized entrepreneurialism and cultural regionalism. Using case studies of two Spanish autonomous regions and their major urban centers – the Basque Country or Euskadi (Bilbao) and the Comunitat Valenciana (València) – we review the historical geography of planning in the European region in order to explore how cultural regionalism collides with economic rescaling and entrepreneurialism, in and through the planned landscape. We propose that such emerging and hybrid politics and planning be understood as a form of entrepreneurial regionalism, a culturally inflected form of economic competitiveness characteristic of but not unique to the Spanish region. This specific notion of entrepreneurial regionalism may illuminate how planners mediate global and local imperatives within political discourse and landscapes that materialize them, and allow us to better reconceptualize the relationship between economic globalization, state restructuring, and cultural politics in a new Europe of the Regions.     

论新时代我国城市地下空间高质量开发和可持续利用

开发利用城市地下空间,开辟城镇化发展新资源,是解决城市病、改善城市生态环境、优化城市空间结构、提高城市韧性的重要途径。本文深入分析了新时代中国城市地下空间开发利用的现状,认为存在冒进式开发与总体供给不足、碎片化利用与协同规划缺位、被动式应对与科技支撑薄弱、无序化管理与法律法规匮乏等若干紧迫问题,明确了“立法为本、规划引领、调查先行、管理智能、科研支撑”的开发利用原则,提出了全面开展城市地下空间调查评价、尽快建立地下空间协同规划体系、加速构建地下空间智慧管理体系、超前布局地下空间科技发展战略、尽早健全城市地下空间法律法规等五个方面的具体对策建议,充分利用中国体制上的优势,集成国际城市地下空间开发利用先进的理念和技术,从而推动我国新时代城市地下空间产业快速发展、科技水平不断提高和地下空间体系日趋完善,在全球树立城市地下空间资源可持续开发利用的典范。     

Institutional geographies of the New Age movement

This paper is concerned with the production and reproduction of different institutional geographies of the New Age movement. Instead of taking institutional geographies to be given and fixed co-ordinates in the social field, the paper seeks to understand how they are relational outcomes and effects that require constant upkeep. After characterising the New Age movement, in terms of its central cosmology and visions of transformation, the paper takes an actor-network theory (ANT) approach to the understanding of institutional geographies. Through analysing how New Age knowledges and practices travel through time and space, and utilising ANT’s concept of ‘centres of translation’, institutional geographies are taken to be active space-times that are both enrolled into New Age teachers and practitioners programs of action, and space-times that actively enrol teachers and practitioners. It is argued that the intertwining of different engineered actor-networks in and through these space-times maintains the New Age movement itself and thus examining institutional geographies can tell of the movement’s shape or topology. A controversy over the work of David Icke is explored to reveal how institutional geographies are sites for regulation of what counts as New Age knowledge. Finally, this paper seeks, partially at least, to assess in terms of the ANT approach taken, the visions of transformation propounded by the New Age movement.     

Brussels: Five capitals in search of a place. The citizens, the planners and the functions

The paper describes the different capital city functions that are accomodated in Brussels. There are in fact five different capitals in Brussels in search of a place. Their locations are conditioned by Brussels' eventful history. The analysis subsequently focuses on the rather negative relation between the local public intellectuals and the city's European capital functions. The location of the European headquarters within the existing urban fabric – unlike Luxemburg and Strasbourg – has caused residential expulsion and further confrontations with the local community during all expansions.Brussels has the most politically decisive institutions. The competition with Luxemburg and Strasbourg has in the past given rise to dubious building processes and hidden agendas regarding the further construction of the necessary space for Europe.Unlike most other capitals Brussels has a low degree of esteem from its citizens. The After-May 68- Movement reacting initially against the CIAM-realisations during the 1970s, continues its activities up until today against two highly symbolic projects: the North Station area called the Manhattan Quarter and the European Headquarters. The movement launched the term Brusselization on the international forum and continues to promote the negative image of its city – notwithstanding the complete change of the official urban planning.The article is a plea for the integration of the actual one-sided advocacy planning within a more comprehensive urban planning approach where strong and soft functions are more in balance. This can also improve the quality of the new European campus now under consideration to accomodate the entry of the East European states in the Union.     

`Our resistance will be as transnational as capital': Convergence space and strategy in globalising resistance

This paper analyses the emerging globalising networks of communication, solidarity, and information-sharing between social movements and other resistance formations in opposition to neoliberal globalisation. In particular, the paper focuses upon People's Global Action – a network of various social movemnets and grassroots intitiatives from around the world. The paper argues that such a network represents not an organisation, but rather a convergence space – a heterogenous affinity of common ground between resistance formations wherein certain interests, goals, tactics and strategies converge. The paper analyses how space and strategy are negotiated in these globalising terrains of resistance, and argues that place-specific struggles are engaging with alliances and collaborations across diverse boundaries of gender, generation, class, and ethnicity – globalising the common ground between different struggles. Explaining how the internet has been crucial to the development of these networks, the paper argues that the strategies of such networks can be interpreted, in part, through the Taoist text, The Art of War, especially the Taoist notions of terrain, knowing others, and form/lessness. In addition, the paper argues that convergence spaces are fragmented by important issues of language, power, and mobility.     

基于震害统计的城市地下空间地震安全性评价

建筑物的地震安全性是城市规划和建设过程首先要回答的问题。我国城市地震安全性评价的方法理论多针对地上建筑物,而对地下空间的地震安全性研究较为薄弱,严重滞后于城市发展对地下空间的需求。活断层是诱发地震、导致建筑物破坏的的直接因素。考虑到空间关系上,地下空间与断层之间的交互关系为相交或相离。因此,本文将地下空间分为两类:与断层相交的地下空间称为跨断层地下空间,远离断层的地下空间称为远离断层地下空间。本文尝试将断裂带同震地表破裂、地震峰值加速度、地震烈度等地表地震安全性评价考量的要素与地下空间埋藏深度建立联系,并在此基础上总结基于震害统计的地下空间地震安全性评价方法。最后,本文选取地下空间利用需求较高的深圳和北京地区为实例进行介绍。     

The representation and calculation of the deviatoric component of the geological stress tensor

A new diagram for the representation of stress states is proposed and compared with Nadai's stress diagram. The diagram is a graph whose axes are labelled as the differences of the principal stresses (σ₂-σ₃ as ordinate axis, σ₁-σ₂ as the abscissa; where σ₁ > σ₂ > σ₃ are the principal stresses). The design of the plot has been deliberately modelled on that of the ‘log Flinn’ diagram which is used to represent finite strain ellipsoids. The position of the plotted stress state on this diagram depends on the nature of the deviatoric (non-hydrostatic) component of the stress tensor. The distance of the plotted stress from the origin corresponds broadly to the departure of the stress from a hydrostatic state and the parameter R, defined as the gradient of the line joining the plotted state to the origin, expresses the type of symmetry possessed by the stress tensor.It is explained how the diagram can be used to represent calculated palaeostresses and, in particular, how the parameter R can be found directly from some existing methods of stress analysis currently in use.Besides its proposed function to represent the results of such analyses it is felt that the use of the diagram may make clear the essential elements of the definitions of well-known terms used to describe particular stress states (e.g. plane stress, triaxial stress, axial compression, etc.).     

The uses of value

This paper proposes a new theory of value based on the observation of how people use this term. In everyday life the word value is commonly used to refer equally to what might be regarded as the incommensurable polarity between value as price, and value as priceless, sometimes portrayed as the contrast between value and values. My theory starts from trying to learn how people manage to use value as a means of bridging this divide. As such it opposes itself to ‘bottom-line’ theories of value. These range from vulgarised forms of Marx’s labour theory of value, to the way management consultants tried to impose a universal belief in shareholder value. An example is provided of how such bottom-line thinking undermined a UK government audit called best-value, and is also found in highly reductionist attempts to impose new-age values in management. By contrast, examples are given of how value is created in the process of bridging the divide between value and values, starting from the work of Zelizer and the case of concubines in 5th century BC Athens. Further examples range from the department store John Lewis to the Swedish social democratic state. Finally the application of this theory is considered in relation to a recent attempts to evaluate the impact of the mobile phone on low-income Jamaicans.     

The homonormalisation of white heterosexual leisure spaces in Bloemfontein, South Africa

The paper comprises a response to the overwhelming lack of geographical research into South African gay male leisure space development and augments the first detailed analyses of white gay leisure space development in this country by redirecting the geographic focus to a smaller provincial city. The image of gay leisure space that emerges in Bloemfontein is different from those identified and described in large metropolitan complexes. What emerges in this city is the development of gay-coded spaces in which heterosexual leisure spaces are queered, but not with the intent or outcome of generating exclusively gay spaces. Homonormalised spaces are created. It is contended that much of the current debates approach the so-called homonormalistion of gay leisure space from an unhelpful “gay/queer-disempowered” perspective which is inadequate to explain the development of a range of leisure spaces certain gay/queer cohorts created and/or seek out. It is suggested that homonormalised spaces are far more than heteronormativity infiltrating the gay (leisure) world through a range of consumption-led processes/events, or gay male capitulation to such normative hegemonies. It is argued that “homonormalisation” should be understood more reflexively.     

浅谈北京市地下空间的开发与利用

北京具有巨大的地下空间资源,但尚未得到大规模有效合理的开发,随着北京经济发展速度和国际化大都市步伐的日益加快,"城市综合症"越发突现.文章分析了北京地下空间开发利用的实际,对需求状况从几个方面做出预测,并针对北京的特点,就如何规范、有序地开发和利用好地下空间资源提出了看法.     

Monumental space and the uncanny

This paper takes up the attempt to theorize the relation between the subjectivity of the political actor and the ideological aura of the monumental site. It does this with reference to the spatial history of Strijdom Square in Pretoria, South Africa, a cultural precinct and monumental space which was the site of a series of brutal racist killings committed by the Square’s unrelated namesake, militant right-winger Barend Strydom. This troubling intersection of subjectivity, space and ideology represents something of an explanatory limit for spatio-discursive approaches, certainly in as much as they are ill-equipped to conceptualize the powerfully affective, bodily and fantasmatic qualities of monumental spaces. In contrast to such approaches I offer a psychoanalytically informed account which grapples with the individualized and imaginative identities of space, with space as itself a form of subjectivity. I do this so as understand the ideological aura of monuments as importantly linked to the ‘intersubjectivity’ of subject and personified space. I then turn to Freud’s notion of the uncanny as a theory able to explain a series of disturbing affects of monuments, such as those of ‘embodied absence’ and ‘disembodied presence’. These and similar affects of ‘ontological dissonance’ (such as unexplained instances of doubling or repetition) may function in an ideological manner, both so as to impose a ‘supernaturalism of power’, and to effect an uncanny form of interpellation.     

The Caesura: remarks on Wittgenstein’s interruption of theory, or, why practices elude explanation

This paper aims to bring the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein into contact with the growing interest and concerns over the status of practice, performance and non-representational ‘theory’ within human geography. Drawing predominantly on Wittgenstein’s later work, the aim is to use Wittgenstein’s comments to illuminate how certain presuppositions and idealisations over the nature of understanding and meaning are or have been built into our (social scientific) modes and methods of explanation. Thus Wittgenstein’s work is used as a diagnosis––a diagnosis of how the modus operandi of giving an explanation can, and often does, prevent us from acknowledging the practical and the performative, from witnessing the taking-place of meaning and understanding. The paper carries out this task by focusing first on Wittgenstein’s critique of the role of ‘rules’ and ‘rule-following’ in the construction of social scientific accounts and secondly, through a consideration of the implications of Wittgenstein’s ‘scenic’ style of writing through which he attempts to deconstruct the epistemo-methodological idealisations and representationalist desires of social analysis. The claim here is not that Wittgenstein’s work provides the solution to the problematics which confront us in considering the status (or otherwise) of practice, but rather that his work may provide us with other ways of going-on, ones more sensitive to the eventful, creative, excessive and distinctly uncertain realms of action.     

利用背景噪声层析成像研究济南浅层横波速度结构

城市地球物理探测面临众多人文挑战,像城市交通、密布电网、参差楼群等,对应用不同方法进行数据处理分析提出了技术挑战,需要用创新的方式和技术进行城市探测。为探索和发展适用于城市地下空间资源开发利用的地球物理探测新技术,中国地质科学院地球深部探测中心第一次启动了城市地下空间勘查评价试点工程,并选择济南市作为试点城市,试验短周期密集台阵噪声层析技术,并取得了较好成效。获得的主要认识如下：(1)在非弥散场或非均匀噪声场源的人文干扰较为严重的城市区域,通过长时间的噪声信号的采集,可获得高信噪比的面波信号,因此密集台阵噪声成像技术适应于城市地下空间的背景岩层结构探测工作。(2)本次研究提取出了周期范围为0.2～1.5 s的高信噪比面波信号,并取得与实际地质特征相一致的横波速度结构信息。(3)从横波速度结构特征来看,研究区300 m以浅,主要岩性为灰岩且主要分布于研究区西侧,而侵入岩体主要分布于东侧,中间存在一个明显的分界面,指示存在一个近南北向的隐伏断裂。随着深度的增加,大面积的侵入岩体展布于深层,灰岩只在北侧局部有显现。总体来说,本项研究证明了密集台阵噪声层析方法能够适用于人文干扰严重的城市地下空间背景岩层结构探测,这一成果对认识研究区地下结构、地震防灾、工程应用具有重要指导意义。     

The effect of place

The effect of space cannot be demonstrated simply by relying on the dialectic of nature and culture but only careful analysis. The complexity of the problem is exemplified by discussing the diversity of perception attaching to the iron and steel assemblage, at Mondeville near Caen, where each group — managers, workforce, wives and local people — have different images of the assemblage, giving it a composite identity. Usage permits a classification of place into five types: production, habitation, exchange, play and power. Social space consists of associations of places. In simpler societies all types of usage are present at or near one site; in the countryside and in old European towns usages are separate but closely located. With industrial urban societies, with high personal mobility, places with different usage are widely separated. Associated with this third type of association are landscapes of high uniformmity — banal and undifferentiated. Space thus bears the imprint of society. The effect of space is more a social product than a spatial product.Translated by editorThis paper is an extract from a work to be published in spring 1984 by Masson: Chevalier, J.; Frémont, A.; Hérlin R.; Renard, J.: La géographie sociate.     

城市地下空间三维地质模型可视化技术研究

目前,城市地下空间信息化发展面临着海量数据组织、管理和可视化显示等亟需解决的关键问题。本文顺应国家新型智慧城市建设趋势,提出并实现了城市地下空间三维地质模型可视化技术,构建地质三维模型分级数据,按照不规则四叉树结构形成LOD数据;基于构建的三维空间网格码规范编码,运用降维、非布尔运算的方法,实现最大精度化的地下空间模型数据无限逼近的融合;并采用多渲染引擎的混合渲染架构,支持DirectX、WebGL（OpenGL ES）、OSG（OpenGL）和游戏引擎（Unreal Engine）等多引擎渲染,实现TB级地下时空数据的真实感可视化与高效调度,为城市地下空间开发利用提供数据支持和辅助决策分析支撑。     

Response to Thrift's “The future of geography”

Reviews and observations about the status of the discipline of geography, no matter how positive, invariably raise programmatic concerns. These concerns have a long history that arise from geography's struggles to find an identity that embraces its many parts and yet are consistent with the logic by which the academy partitions knowledge. Pedagogy and research historically claimed by geography is currently being reinvented and relabeled under such headings as “integrated environmental science” and “spatial science”, and these developments have the potential to change the breadth of the “geographic imagination”. Several observations about dominant explanatory perspectives and substantive domains of geographic enquiry are also provided.     

Translocal assemblages: Space, power and social movements

In this paper, I deploy an analytic of ‘translocal assemblage’ as a means for conceptualising space and power in social movements. I offer a relational topology that is open to how actors within movements construct different spatial imaginaries and practices in their work. In using the prefix ‘translocal’, I am signifying three orientations. First, translocal assemblages are composites of place-based social movements which exchange ideas, knowledge, practices, materials and resources across sites. Second, assemblage is an attempt to emphasise that translocal social movements are more than just the connections between sites. Sites in translocal assemblages have more depth than the notion of ‘node’ or ‘point’ suggests – as connoted by network – in terms of their histories, the labour required to produce them, and their inevitable capacity to exceed the connections between other groups or places in the movement. Third, they are not simply a spatial category, output, or resultant formation, but signify doing, performance and events. I examine the potential of assemblage to offer an alternative account to that of the ‘network’, the predominant and often de facto concept used in discussions of the spatiality of social movements. I draw on examples from one particular translocal assemblage based in and beyond Mumbai which campaigns on housing within informal settlements: Slum/Shack Dwellers International.     

Exhibiting the New Mussolinian City: Memories of empire in the World Exhibition of Rome (EUR)

The aim of this paper is to show how fascist imperialist discourses were articulated in a new urban space, just on the outskirts of Rome, and how they affected its design, use and representation. This new city, which should have been the spatial expression of the regime's political, cultural and economical achievements, since its beginning was conceived almost as a mirror image of classical Rome. As her fascist alter-ego, it was imagined as the modern realisation of the ancient dream of reconnecting Rome to the Mediterranean, of bringing Rome to the sea and the sea to Rome, as Mussolini used to say. This was a city that had to represent a strong political desire and ended up as an image of mere representation, a city that was founded to contain a world exhibition and became in itself merely an exhibit. Here I am interested not only in the story the EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma) buildings tell, but also in what they do, according to a performative view of cultural production. In other words, they are not simply new monuments to be added to Fascism's already powerful iconography, but an integral part of those processes of incorporation and rule at work in the construction of Italy's national/imperial identity.     

Morphological evolution of a macrotidal back-barrier environment: The Amazon Coast

Coastal barriers provide sheltered, low-energy settings for fine-grained sediment deposition and retention, although the process of back-barrier infilling and how tidal-channel connectivity impacts this process is not well-understood. Understanding how back-barrier environments infill and evolve is necessary to predict how they will respond to future changes in sea-level and sediment supply. With this motivation, in situ observations and sedimentary signatures from an Amazonian tidal-channel system are interpreted to create a conceptual model of morphological evolution in a macrotidal back-barrier environment that is rich in fine-grained sediment, vegetated by mangroves and incised by tidal channels with multiple outlets. Results indicate that within a high-connectivity back-barrier channel, tidal processes dominate sedimentation and morphological development. Sediment cores (<60 cm) exhibited millimetre-scale tidalites composed of sand and mud. High-connectivity channels allow tidal propagation from multiple inlets, and in this case, the converging flood waves promote delivery of sediment fluxing through the system to the mangrove flats in the convergence zone. Sediment preferentially deposits in regions with adequate accommodation space and dense vegetation, and in these zones, sediment grain size is slightly finer than that transiting through the system. The greatest sediment-accumulation rates (3 to 4 cm yr⁻¹), calculated from steady-state ²¹⁰Pb profiles, were found in the convergence zone near the mangrove-channel edge. As tidal flats aggrade vertically and prograde into the channels, accommodation space diminishes. In effect, the channel’s narrowest stretch is expected to migrate along the path of net-sediment flux towards regions with more accommodation space until it reaches the tidal-convergence zone. The location of recent preferential infilling is evidenced by relatively rapid sediment-accumulation rates, finer sediment and significant clustering of small secondary tidal channels. These findings shed light on how sediment transported through vegetated back-barrier environments is ultimately preserved and how evidence preserved in surface morphology and the geological record can be interpreted.