地质雷达在溪洛渡浙西800kV特高压直流输电线路工程塔基勘察中的应用

溪洛渡浙西800kV 特高压直流输电线路经过的湘西地区交通极为不便,地形起伏较大,地质条件复杂,在这一地区开展工程钻探工作,困难重重。初勘资料表明,线路经过的灰岩区,岩溶发育强烈,对塔基稳定构成安全威胁,同时线路经过的砂岩区中部分塔基覆盖黏土层中含有风化碎屑,普通麻花钻难以准确判定覆盖层厚度。为了查明塔基下方岩溶发育情况,基岩面埋深等工程地质问题,经综合试验比选,采用地质雷达进行探测。岩溶探测过程中为了进一步查清桩孔基底之下至少5m以内的岩溶情况,除了地面工作外,还进行了桩底探测。钻探及施工开挖结果表明地质雷达能有效探查地下隐伏岩溶、基岩面、风化带、断裂及破碎带等,为合理选择塔位、设计基础深度提供了科学依据,取得了良好的应用效果。     

A new approach in assessing recharge of highly karstified terrains–Montenegro case studies

The recharge of a karst aquifer, in terms of its quantity and spatial distribution, depends on various natural factors such as climate, topography, vegetation, soil, and geology. Selection of an adequate method for assessing recharge in karst is often a matter of dispute. Multi-parameter methods using Geographical information systems tools have recently been successfully developed and applied in karstic terrains of Spain and Lebanon. Specific local conditions such as highly karstified terrains could additionally complicate such an assessment. The Montenegro karstified terrains in the southern part of the External Dinarides are characterized by a very high precipitation rate, irregular seasonal distribution, and absence of surface waters (extremely high infiltration capacity of karst). Considering such conditions, an attempt to apply existing knowledge and experiences to the development of an appropriate multi-parameter method for assessing spatial distribution of autogenous recharge has been made. The KARSTLOP method has been developed, applied, and calibrated at catchments of several large karst springs of Montenegro. Obtained results in tested catchment areas confirm that with some further improvements the KARSTLOP method could be a useful tool to support research of karstic aquifers in similar highly karstified terrains.     

Karst unit mapping using geographic information system technology,Mower County,Minnesota, USA

Mower County is in southeastern Minnesota in an area underlain by sedimentary bedrock. These rocks are karsted Middle Devonian and Middle Ordovician limestone and dolomite. The karst features of the county were inventoried. These features include sinkholes, disappearing streams, caves, dry valleys, and springs. Previous karst mapping efforts for other counties in Minnesota have produced sinkhole probability maps and a springshed map. In Mower County, we have developed a new type of karst map using a geographic information system (GIS) to produce a karst unit map. Karst units are discrete three-dimensional bodies in which solution of the bedrock has resulted in the integration of surface water and groundwater. The field mapping and hydrologic investigations were done with conventional methods. The karst unit delineation was done using GIS technology, which allowed us to examine the county's karst using two-dimensional and three-dimensional views. Many different overlays of the karst elements were combined to better understand the landscape dynamics. Ultimately, it was the overlay of the karst features, hydrologic information, and depth-to-bedrock mapping on a shaded relief landscape morphology map which allowed us to best delineate the individual karst units.     

基于SDCORS的车载RTK高程注记点连续采集精度分析

为提高航测法数字线划图（DLG）的生产效率,尽可能减少外业作业时间,基于山东省卫星定位连续运行综合服务系统（SDCORS）的车载RTK技术进行高程注记点采集。采用不同时间（白天、晚上）、不同车速条件进行高程注记点连续采集,并与常规方法（全站仪、单基站RTK）采集高程点进行比较,求取高程中误差,认为在夜间以不大于20 km/h的车速进行采集精度较高。在数字海阳基础地理信息数据采集项目中,利用车载RTK采集346 km2范围内的沿路高程注记点,结果表明能够满足1∶500航测法成图精度要求。     

Characteristics of high-mountain karst based on GIS and Remote Sensing

Spatial data were used to develop complex characteristics of a high-mountain karst. The numeric elaboration was conducted using the analytical capabilities of GIS software. Analysis was based on spatial data gained by elaborating aerial photography. The results were presented in map sets, as well as Geographic Information System format. The set of matched numerical methods used and the proposed algorithm for data analysis may be applied at other karst sites.     

线性工程岩溶塌陷危险性评价研究

近年来,越来越多的高等级公路、铁路、石油管线等线性工程穿越岩溶发育区,岩溶塌陷已成为这些线性工程建设面临的主要隐患之一。目前,线性工程项目前期都会进行全线地质灾害危险性评价工作,但大部分是定性的,也没有专门针对岩溶塌陷的评价,因此本文从岩溶塌陷的影响因素出发,结合线性工程的各个阶段,从点、线、面三个层次提出线性工程岩溶塌陷危险性评价的方法和指标,并列举了实例,为今后穿越岩溶区的线性工程提供借鉴。面上和线上评价充分利用GIS技术和层次分析法进行。前者适合于地质资料不详细的可行性研究阶段,评价区为线路两侧1km的区域,评价因子有岩溶发育程度、地质构造发育程度、地貌类型、岩溶塌陷、地下河、垂直型岩溶形态、岩溶泉和开采井分布。后者适合于地质资料较详细的初步设计阶段,评价区为线路两侧15m的范围,以基岩岩性、线岩溶率、土层厚度、土层性质、地下水位和地下水位与基岩面的关系作为评价因子。点上评价适合于重点地段,采用岩溶塌陷动力条件与土层抗塌性能相结合的综合分析方法,以反映地下水动力特征的临界坡降、临界速度和临界水位这3个指标作为评价因子。      

贵阳市某岩溶地区地下汽油污染物运移特征分析

岩溶地区地质环境脆弱,防污能力差,特别是浅埋藏岩溶发育地区,地下水具有易污染性。本文以贵阳市某加油站10年前发生的油灌泄漏污染为例,分析了汽油污染物在岩溶水中的运移特征。调查结果表明(1)汽油污染物运移受包气带的岩性、结构、厚度以及地形坡度、地下水流速等的影响,主要沿岩溶管道、基岩面、裂隙运移;(2)汽油污染物优先在断裂、裂隙、溶缝、溶洞等通道中迁移扩散,以侧向运移为主,垂向次之;(3)有机污染物除了随地下水流动而迁移外,还会发生弥散作用,在基岩隆起部位或地形较高部位,这种现象更为明显;(4)受限于红粘土本身对污染物的拦截吸附作用,污染物向上浸染扩散程度并不高,只有最靠近基岩面的那一部分才会遭受油类污染物的浸染;(5)汽油污染物长期着在岩溶管道壁、岩溶裂隙、土岩接触面上,具有难迁移、难消除的特点。      

Spatial analysis of anthropogenic impact on karst geomorphology (Slovenia)

The objective of this contribution is analyzing, visualizing, interpreting and discussing the impacts of anthropogenic influences on karst geomorphology through various geomorphologically based environmental indicators. The primary data sources are digital terrain models (DTMs) as continuous surface data, supported by aerial photographs, satellite images, topographic maps and databases of natural and anthropogenic features. The sources are supplemented by written information about surface changes and in situ inspections. Spatial analyses as quantitative methods in combination with enhanced visualizations as qualitative methods performed in a geographical information system (GIS) on different data sets are introduced as an important methodology. This enables explaining many anthropogenic influences on the terrain surface (landform), which were not perceived before by classical surveying techniques and verifications.     

Tectonic process analysis in Zagros Mountain with the aid of drainage networks and topography maps dated 1950–2001 in GIS

In this study, a digital elevation model was used for hydrological study/watershed management, topography, geology, tectonic geomorphology, and morphometric analysis. Geographical information system provides a specialized set of tools for the analysis of topography, watersheds, and drainage networks that enables to interpret the tectonic activities of an area. The drainage system maps of Zagros Mountains in southwest Iran have been produced using multi-temporal datasets between 1950 and 2001 to establish the changes between geomorphic signatures and geomorphic aspect during time and to correlate them with recent neo-tectonics. This paper discusses the role of drainage for interpreting the scenario of the tectonic processes as one of important signatures. The study shows variation in drainage network derived from topography maps. Thus, changes in drainage pattern, stream length, stream gradient, and the number of segment drainage order from 1950 to 2001 indicate that Zagros Mountain has been subjected to recent neo-tectonic processes and emphasized to be a newly active zone.     

高密度电法三电位电极系装置勘察适用性研究

为了对比分析高密度电法三电位电极系α、β和γ排列针对工程中常见的基岩面、充水断层以及充填型地下空洞等类型地质体适用性的差异,首先建立相关地电模型进行正演模拟计算,并对计算电阻率进行加噪二维反演,再以工程应用实例进行验证和进一步讨论。正演与实例对比结果表明:β排列在地形等干扰条件较小时对充水断层以及充填型地下空洞分辨能力较强;α排列为基岩面探测最理想装置,而当存在一定地形等干扰条件时,α、γ排列应分别为地下空洞和近直立断层勘探的最佳装置。      

基于有限元计算的岩溶区CFG桩复合地基分析

分析了岩溶区复合地基的形成机理,并采用Plaxis有限元软件对岩溶区CFG桩复合地基的加固机理进行了研究,同时结合相关资料对岩溶区CFG桩复合地基在应用中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,得出的主要结论有:岩溶区CFG桩复合地基具有较高的承载力和有效控制沉降的能力;支承于基岩面的桩体属于摩擦端承桩或端承桩,倾斜基岩面对单桩承载力具有较大影响,建议在条件允许的情况下按照摩擦桩进行单桩承载力计算;岩溶区上覆土层土性变化大,地基处理规范中第9.2.5条CFG桩复合地基承载力的设计计算公式尚值得商榷,且规范中第9.2.8条加固区复合土层压缩模量计算公式亦值得商榷,建议采用桩长范围内土层承载力特征值的加权平均值f_sk计算复合地基承载力f_spk。      

Assessment of the feasibility of utilizing Landsat for detection and monitoring of landfills in a statewide GIS

Use of satellite data could be beneficial and cost effective in detecting and monitoring landfills in a state-wide geographic information system (GIS). To assure the feasibility of this approach, multitemporal Landsat data were used to detect several selected active and inactive landfills in central and southwest Missouri. The landfills were visually delineated from aerial photography of approximately the same two dates. A classification procedure based on homogeneity of the digital numbers was performed on each landfill scene for each time period using four spectral bands: two visible, one near-infrared, and one mid-infrared. The mid-infrared band proved more useful in delineating landfills, especially when spectral change was compared to the near-infrared band. The active landfills were spectrally different from surrounding land cover as were the two landfills which closed after the collection of the first Landsat scene. These landfills showed considerable areal change between the two selected time periods as verified by the aerial photographs. The inactive landfills were more difficult to discern from surrounding land cover types because they were grass covered and spectrally similar to pasture. Consequently, areal change could not be assigned to these older landfills because the reclamation process was practically complete.     

基于数字高程模型的中国岩溶地貌研究进展及前景分析

数字高程模型（DEM）蕴含丰富的地形地貌信息,基于DEM的数字地形分析方法为岩溶地貌研究提供了科学、有效的技术手段。文章针对前人应用DEM研究中国岩溶地貌所涉及的关键技术方法,从岩溶地貌识别的尺度效应、岩溶地貌的识别与分类、岩溶地貌的形态及格局分析、岩溶区生态环境变化等方面进行了梳理和分析,提出未来应构建科学的岩溶地貌数字分类体系,对岩溶地貌进行多尺度、深层次的地形分析和定量表达,并从地形现状研究拓展到地形演变的过程与机理研究,发掘出DEM在岩溶地貌研究中更多的应用。      

Identification of buried sinkholes using refraction tomography at Ft. Campbell Army Airfield,Kentucky

Karst aquifers are highly susceptible to contamination, with numerous points of entry for contaminants through recharge features such as sinkholes, swallow holes and solutionally enlarged fractures. These recharge features may be filled or obscured at the surface, requiring the use of geophysical or remote sensing techniques for their identification. This study uses seismic refraction data collected at the Ft. Campbell Army Airfield (CAAF), Kentucky, USA, to test the hypothesis that refraction tomography is a useful tool for imaging bedrock depressions beneath thick overburden (greater than 20 m of unconsolidated sediment). Southeast of the main taxiway of CAAF seismic velocity tomograms imaged a bedrock low, possibly a closed depression, at a depth of 25 m that had been earlier identified through delay-time analysis of the same refraction data. Tomography suggests the bedrock low is about 250-m wide by 10-m deep at its widest point. High rates of contaminant vapor extraction over the western extension of this feature suggest a high concentration of contaminants above, and within, this filled bedrock low, the base of which may contain solutionally enlarged fractures (i.e. karst conduits) that could funnel these contaminants to the upper or lower bedrock aquifers. This study thus demonstrates the viability of seismic refraction tomography as a tool for identification of filled sinkholes and bedrock depressions in karst areas.     

基于无人机遥感信息的地质解译方法及在地质调查中的综合应用研究

为了更加系统、全面地从无人机航拍资料中提取相关地质信息,让无人机更好地服务于地质调查工作。本文研究了利用无人机航拍影像资料进行地质宏观分析的思路以及基于三维彩色数字地面模型进行地质点、线、面、体等信息获取的工作流程,同时形成了一套利用无人机进行辅助地质调查工作的技术方法。通过在滑坡灾害地质调查实际工作中的具体应用验证了基于无人机辅助开展地质调查工作的可行性和高效性。该方法对如何基于无人机航空地质测绘进行全面系统地质资料的有效获取和地质综合调查具有一定指导意义。     

Hypogeal geological survey in the “Grotta del Re Tiberio” natural cave (Apennines, Italy): a valid tool for reconstructing the structural setting

As karst systems are natural windows to the underground, speleology, combined with geological surveys, can be useful tools for helping understand the geological evolution of karst areas. In order to enhance the reconstruction of the structural setting in a gypsum karst area (Vena del Gesso, Romagna Apennines), a detailed analysis has been carried out on hypogeal data. Structural features (faults, fractures, tectonic foliations, bedding) have been mapped in the ”Grotta del Re Tiberio” cave, in the nearby gypsum quarry tunnels and open pit benches. Five fracture systems and six fault systems have been identified. The fault systems have been further analyzed through stereographic projections and geometric-kinematic evaluations in order to reconstruct the relative chronology of these structures. This analysis led to the detection of two deformation phases. The results permitted linking of the hypogeal data with the surface data both at a local and regional scale. At the local scale, fracture data collected in the underground have been compared with previous authors’ surface data coming from the quarry area. The two data sets show a very good correspondence, as every underground fracture system matches with one of the surface fracture system. Moreover, in the cave, a larger number of fractures belonging to each system could be mapped. At the regional scale, the two deformation phases detected can be integrated in the structural setting of the study area, thereby enhancing the tectonic interpretation of the area (e.g., structures belonging to a new deformation phase, not reported before, have been identified underground). The structural detailed hypogeal survey has, thus, provided very useful data, both by integrating the existing information and revealing new data not detected at the surface. In particular, some small structures (e.g., displacement markers and short fractures) are better preserved in the hypogeal environment than on the surface where the outcropping gypsum is more exposed to dissolution and recrystallization. The hypogeal geological survey, therefore, can be considered a powerful tool for integrating the surface and log data in order to enhance the reconstruction of the deformational history and to get a three-dimensional model of the bedrock in karst areas.     

Construction and application of coastal zone image map based on uncontrolled point technology

Using the tight connection of direct geolocation technique and large-scale digital aerial photography system, the authors carried out the high-precision aerial remote sensing survey in Binhai New Area of Tianjin and Caofeidian New Area of Tangshan, West Bohai Bay. The application of uncontrolled point technology gets rid of the dependence on the base station for aerial remote sensing, and also overcomes the shortcoming of the rarity of ground stations in the surrounding areas of the coastal zone. Utilizing the 0.3 m high-resolution true-color aerial photography images and high-precision positioning and orientation elements, the authors have successfully constructed the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM), which meet the requirements of 1:10 000 scale indexes in plane and altitude. These fill the gap in the basic geological information of high-precision aerial remote sensing in Binhai New Area and the intertidal belt of Caofeidian Coastal Zone. On the basis of high-resolution satellite data, remote sensing interpretation has been used for land type classification and coastline extraction, which provides detailed and reliable geographic information for the thematic maps of remote sensing geological interpretation, geological ecological environment and disasters. The results show that the application of tightly coupled airborne position and orientation system (POS) and uncontrolled technology shortens the mapping cycle of DEM and DOM, reduces a lot of ground measurement workload and saves manpower and material expenditure. The research can provide some new technical support and working ideas for geological survey in coastal zone working areas.     

基于无控技术的海岸带影像图构建与应用

运用直接地理定位技术和大幅面航空数字摄影系统的紧密捷联,开展渤海湾西部天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区的高精度航空遥感调查工作。无地面控制点技术的应用摆脱了航空遥感对基站的依赖,也克服了海岸带周边地区地面基站稀少的局限。利用获取的0.3 m高空间分辨率真彩色航摄影像和高精度定位定向元素,成功构建了平面与高程均符合1:10 000比例尺指标要求的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和数字正射影像图(digital orthophoto map,DOM),填补了天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区海岸带潮间带高精度航空遥感基础地质信息的空白,同时结合高分卫星数据,在土地类型分类、海岸线提取等方面开展了遥感解译应用,为进行遥感地质解译、地质生态环境与灾害等要素的专题图制作提供详实可靠的地理信息基础数据。研究结果显示,紧耦合机载定位定向系统(position and orientation system,POS)无控技术的运用缩短了DEM和DOM成图作业周期,减少了大量地面测量工作,节约了人力和物力支出,为海岸带工作区开展地质调查提供了新的技术支撑和工作思路。     

The role of buried bedrock valleys on the development of karstic aquifers in flat-lying carbonate bedrock: insights from Guelph, Ontario, Canada

A spatial relationship between high capacity municipal production wells (>5,000 m³/day), completed in a deep bedrock aquifer, and a buried bedrock valley was recognized in the city of Guelph, southwestern Ontario, Canada. Most production wells are completed in a discrete zone, ～60 m below ground surface, within flat-lying dolostones of the Silurian Amabel Formation. Thick overburden and limited subsurface data make characterization of the karstic aquifer difficult. This study integrates hydrogeologic data with models of karst formation, deriving a conceptual model of porosity development as it relates to valley incision. Bedrock valley incision likely occurred prior to the early Wisconsinan age (>60–75 ka). Incision created steep hydraulic gradients within the flat-lying bedrock, and provided the driving force required to integrate regional groundwater flow into karst conduits that drained at the base of the valley. Dissolution in production zone dolostones was favoured over dissolution in shallower bedrock due to abundant bedding plane partings and fossiliferous facies with high intercrystalline porosity. Burial of the valley during subsequent ice advances reduced the valley’s hydraulic influence and the efficacy of the flow system to cause dissolution. The high capacity municipal wells near the buried bedrock valley tap into the now dormant karst aquifer system.     

瞬态瑞雷面波勘探中隐伏溶洞的响应特征研究

瞬态瑞雷面波法勘探中,掌握隐伏溶洞的响应特征是进行野外探查分析的基础。结合两类填充状态隐伏溶洞,使用有限差分法进行数值模拟,分别构建不同发育介质溶洞模型。并利用贵广铁路隐伏溶洞探测实例验证探测效果。分析认为:瑞雷面波法对面波相速度差异反映敏感,精度较高,对基岩面和两种类型隐伏溶洞分辨率高;对于填充溶洞,速度响应由溶洞中充填介质的物性决定,一般为低速反映;对于空溶洞,速度较粘土层及基岩均为低速反映;两种溶洞探测面波频散曲线在溶洞位置都会出现较为形象明显的“之”字形拐曲。取得的结果可为工程应用提供借鉴。