织金马桑林铝土矿床地质特征及找矿标志

本文以马桑林铝土矿为例,通过对典型矿床的研究分析,总结归纳了黔中地区铝土矿的成矿要素及找矿标志,此结论对黔中地区铝土矿的靶区预测、深部找矿突破均有一定的指导意义。     

黔北大竹园―隆兴地区铝土矿遥感地质调查研究

研究区位于贵州省道真县东南部,铝土矿资源丰富,找矿前景好。本文利用Landsat8卫星多光谱遥感数据,开展中大尺度遥感地质解译、含矿层位追索、找矿信息提取和野外验证,快速圈定了控制铝土矿分布的向斜构造以及铝土矿相对富集的地段,为进一步开展矿产资源地质调查工作提供了基础资料。     

修文长冲铝土矿的成矿沉积环境分析

分析研究修文长冲铝土矿的沉积序列、结构构造、粒度等特征之后,认为其沉积环境为近海湖盆边缘冲积扇沉积,这种沉积类型铝土矿首次在黔中地区发现,对贵州铝土矿找矿具有重要的意义。     

豫中地区隐伏铝土矿资源潜力预测

豫中地区是河南省铝土矿的主要产区,通过总结该区铝土矿的成矿规律、分布特征、找矿标志及已有铝土矿及煤矿的勘查资料,系统地编制石炭系上统本溪组铝土矿含矿岩系的底板埋深等深线图,对不同埋深的隐伏铝土矿资源量进行了定量预测,划分了预测区类型。指出该区隐伏铝土矿潜在资源量112142.90万吨,尚有未探明资源量76641.48万吨。     

贵州省道真县桃园铝土矿床地质特征及找矿预测

桃园铝土矿床位于贵州省务正道地区北部。为产于韩家店组或黄龙组古侵蚀面之上的一水硬铝石沉积型矿床,位于渝南-黔中铝土矿成矿带上。通过对桃园铝土矿区进行勘查研究,推测桃园向斜铝土矿古地理环境为浅水环境,其古地形地貌为南东高,北西低,且底部南北向分布有规模大小不一的岩溶洼地,结合铝土矿在低洼处形成富矿的基本特点,预测矿区向斜中部偏西翼有较大的找矿前景。     

贵州修文红黄铝土矿矿床地质特征及控矿因素

贵州修文红黄铝土矿床位于黔中铝土矿成矿带,铝土矿体产于下石炭统九架炉组中部或中下部,产状与地层产状基本一致。矿石按自然类型可分为碎屑状、半土状、致密状三种,一水硬铝石为主要矿物,为沉积型铝土矿床。通过野外地质观察及资料综合分析,总结了红黄铝土矿地质特征及矿体的变化规律,矿体与含矿岩系的厚度变化呈正相关关系。区内铝土矿严格受地层岩性、构造、岩相古地理、古气候等控矿因素的制约。提出了该区铝土矿找矿标志。     

黔北地区铝土矿找矿标志与找矿模式研究

在阐述了黔北务—正—道地区铝土矿成矿地质背景和成矿地质特征的基础上,总结了该区铝土矿的11个找矿标志：层位标志、底板岩性标志、含矿层标志、古侵蚀间断面标志、褶皱构造标志、地貌标志、植被标志、铝土矿标志、伴生矿产标志、脱硅、排铁标志、民采标志,进而初步建立了该区铝土矿的四个典型找矿模式：＂瓦厂坪模式＂、＂新木—晏溪模式＂、＂新民模式＂、＂三清庙模式＂。     

黔北地区桃园向斜铝土矿矿床地质特征及找矿方向

桃园向斜铝土矿位于道真县东部,是务川-正安-道真地区铝土矿的一个组成部分.该铝土矿产于二叠纪梁山组地层中,属于沉积型铝土矿床,其中地质历史时期的沉积间断对铝土矿的形成有重要作用.通过对其成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征的分析,总结了桃园向斜铝土矿的控矿因素及其找矿标志,并指出向斜的深部及西翼中部和南部具有较大的找矿潜力.     

黔北务正道铝土矿找矿标志及找矿模式

黔北务正道铝土矿产于上石炭统大竹园组的中上部,其成矿时代归属晚石炭世马平期。根据矿床就位机制,铝土矿成因类型划属古风化壳型异地堆积铝土矿床。在总结构造、地层、岩石、矿物、放射性、地貌找矿标志的基础上,建立了找矿模式。认为务正道地区地表工作程度一般较高,今后的主要任务是根据区域性的找矿标志及找矿模式,并遵循“从已知到未知”的原则,预测和重视深部找矿,此乃扩大区域铝土矿远景规模的重要途径。     

贵州务正道铝土矿区域成矿规律及其对整装勘查的意义

贵州大竹园是近年来取得重要找矿进展的大型铝土矿之一,黔北务正道地区也已被国家列入首批整装勘查区。为确保进一步找矿取得突破,迫切需要对大竹园铝土矿典型矿床及务正道铝土矿矿集区的成矿条件分析和成矿规律进行总结。本文通过含矿地层、构造、古气候、地貌和岩相古地理条件的分析,将大竹园组含矿岩系的分布、韩家店群成矿母岩的存在、基底黄龙组灰岩的溶蚀和向斜轴部构造的稳定延伸作为最重要的区域成矿要素,进而梳理出栗园－鹿池、张家院、大塘、新模、道真、桃园、安场和浣溪等向斜构造展布区作为整装勘查的主要目标,并分别建立了成矿模式,明确了重点勘查的找矿方向。通过2010年以来的整装勘查工作,目前已新增铝土矿资源量4.7亿吨,新发现3个超大型、4个大型和3个中型铝土矿,取得了显著的找矿效果。本文在找矿勘查实践基础上总结的成矿规律和成矿模式,为整装勘查提供了科学依据,也为今后的找矿提供了理论指导。     

Phanerozic bauxite epochs

The Early Cambrian, Middle and Late Devonian, Middle and Late Carboniferous, Permian, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, Late Cretaceous, Paleocene-Eocene, and Miocene epochs of bauxite formation have been the most productive. They lasted for no less than 10 Ma. The scope of bauxite deposition of various epochs is shown in the diagram, and the present-day localization of Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic bauxites is depicted in separate maps. The Cenozoic bauxite deposits are located in tropical and subtropical zones of the Southern and Northern hemispheres. The Mesozoic deposits occur in the Northern Hemisphere as far north as 50°N, and the Paleozoic deposits, as far north as 70°N. Palinspastic reconstructions show that during all the aforementioned epochs, bauxites were deposited at paleotropical latitudes. The current localization of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic bauxites at high latitudes up to the Polar Circle is caused by continental drift to the north in the Phanerozoic.     

Subaerial leaching process of sedimentary bauxite and the discussion on classifications of bauxite deposits

Bauxite is the ultimate fine-grained products of chemical weathering,and thus it is closely linked with the intense chemical weathering. Based on variations of parent rock and weathering processes,the weathering products can be subdivided into laterite and terra rossa,of which the former is formed by weathering of aluminosilicates and the latter is produced by the weathering of carbonates. During the intense chemical weathering,minerals in original subaerial sediments(parent rocks)would suffer a series of processes(dissolution,hydrolyzation,hydration,carbonation,and oxidation)and be destroyed or transformed,leading to formation of new minerals. In the favorable environment,continuously intense chemical weathering would cause the loss of most mobile elements(e.g., K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si)and the enrichment of Al,resulting in the formation of bauxite. Although sedimentary bauxites are closely linked with the weathering curst,they show obvious differences in formation processes. Sedimentary bauxites are composed of intense chemical weathering products that are transported from outside of the basin and re-deposited in the basin,while most weathering crusts are transformed from saprolite and/or deluvium in-situ,and they can only form low-grade bauxites. Sedimentary environments also differ in bauxite ore layers and bauxitic claystone layers. Bauxite ore layers are formed in the subaerial environment and controlled by the leaching process of groundwater in the vadose zone. Based on the analysis of bauxitization,this study proposes to use multiple parameters,such as provenance,sedimentation and mineralization,to build the new classification of Chinese bauxite deposits. In this classification,lateritic and karstic types of bauxite deposits are autochthonous or parautochthonous saprolite and/or deluvium,while sedimentary type is dominated by heterochthonous provenance.     

试论广西靖西县新圩铝土矿区堆积型铝土矿体的分布特征

靖西堆积型铝土矿,就是指其境内赋存于上二叠统合山组底部古风化壳型铝土矿（亦称原生铝土矿）,在新生代的表生条件下,遭受长期性的岩溶作用和红土化作用,使原生铝土矿剥蚀、崩落、迁移,同碳酸盐岩的溶蚀残留物堆积于岩溶洼地、谷地中或缓坡上的一套含铝土矿的堆积组合物。堆积型铝土矿主要分布在以石炭系、二叠系下统地层为基底的岩溶洼地及缓坡地上。堆积铝土矿体的形成、规模、含矿率、矿石质量受原生沉积铝土矿体、岩溶洼地大小、矿源层所处位置、地形地貌及地层等因素控制。峰丛洼地是堆积铝土矿最主要的分布区段;原生铝土矿体规模越大,则形成的堆积铝土矿体规模越大;含矿洼地封闭性较好,则矿体厚度大,含矿率较高。     

Karst bauxite region of Turgay

Paleogeographical-paleohydrogeological reconstructions, rhythmic structures of bauxite ore bodies, and other observations prove a synchronism of karstization and bauxitization, against the background of epeirogenic oscillations by which positions of the ground water table, drainage, and orientations of the two processes were essentially controlled, in the northern part of the Turgayan downwarp. -- V.P. Sokoloff     

沉积型铝土矿的陆表淋滤成矿作用: 兼论铝土矿床的成因分类*

铝土矿是化学风化作用的细粒终极产物,与强烈的化学风化作用密切相关。根据母岩的类别及作用过程,风化作用进一步分为铝硅酸盐岩强化学风化形成的红土化作用和碳酸盐岩强化学风化形成的钙红土化作用。在强烈的化学风化过程中,地表的原始沉积物(母岩)的原生矿物发生溶蚀、水解、水化、碳酸化、氧化,破坏原始的矿物结构,形成新的细粒矿物(主要是黏土质矿物)。在适合的地质条件下,持续的强烈化学风化作用会造成大部分活动的元素(如K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si)的流失与Al的残留富集从而形成铝土矿。现在观察到的沉积型铝土矿,虽然与古风化壳具有密切联系,但沉积型铝土矿多数是由沉积过程搬运到沉积盆地中所形成的强化学风化产物的沉积层,与古风化壳的残坡积层具有显著差别,只有少数工业价值不大(品位低、品质差)的残坡积相铝土矿。铝土矿含矿岩系的沉积环境与铝土矿(尤其是高品位、高品质的铝土矿)的成矿环境不尽相同。铝土矿主要形成于暴露于大气中的陆表环境(而非水下环境),由地下水淋滤作用形成(在渗流带由活动元素流失、Al等稳定元素残留富集而成)。本研究在铝土矿成矿作用分析等基础上,提出了以铝土矿沉积物等物源和沉积、成矿作用为依据的中国铝土矿床分类方案,包括原地或准原地残坡积物成因的红土型和喀斯特型,和异地物源沉积成因的沉积型。     

Dynamic models of lateritic bauxite formation

2D dynamic models of bauxite formation in the weathering mantle covering denudation areas drained by river systems are discussed. The role of relief-forming factors (tectonic uplift, river erosion and denudation of drainage divides), the interrelation of hydrogeological and lithologic structure of the bauxitebearing weathering mantle, and the dynamics of zoning formation above and below groundwater level are described in the models. Creative and destructive epochs of lateritic bauxite formation differing in tectonic regime are distinguished. During the creative epochs, lateritic weathering develops against a background of decreasing denudation and an increase in areas of bauxite formation. The destructive epochs are characterized by intense denudation, cutting down the areas of lateritic bauxite formation and eventually leading to the complete removal of the weathering mantle. Different morphogenetic types and varieties of bauxite-bearing weathering mantles develop during creative and destructive epochs. The morphology of the weathering mantle sections at the deposits of Cenozoic lateritic bauxite in the present-day tropical zone of the Earth corresponds to the destructive epoch, which is characterized by declining areas of lateritic bauxite formation and will end with complete denudation of lateritic bauxite.     

Genesis of certain bauxite profiles from India

An attempt is made to reveal a geochemical compatibility with paleoenvironment to understand the genesis of bauxite deposits that are derived from two different parent rocks. For this purpose two in situ bauxite profiles, one developed over basalt and another over sandstone, have been taken. Gibbsite is the major mineral in all these bauxites with minor occurrences of goethite, hematite, anatase, kaolinite, etc. From the study it is evident that the paleoenvironment and geochemical processes are vital factors that could lead to the formation of bauxites. The significance of this is fully discussed.     

A mass transfer model of bauxite formation

The formation of bauxite due to weathering of a granitic protolith has been simulated by means of a one-dimensional flow and reaction model based on the mass transfer principle. The model couples mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions, speciation in solution, and advective solute transport in a porous medium. A very important aspect of the modeling study is the use of mineral reaction rates determined experimentally in the laboratory. The important effects of solution saturation state and pH have been incorporated into the kinetic rate laws governing the heterogeneous reactions. The values of these parameters have been obtained from the scientific literature to guarantee that realistic reaction rates are used in the simulations. Albite and quartz are the minerals that make up the parent rock in the model. Gibbsite, kaolinite, and a Na-mica (as a surrogate for smectite) are the secondary minerals that have been taken into account. Long-term simulations (>1 Ma) have been run, and the formation of a bauxitic profile, with an upper gibbsite-rich and a lower kaolinite-rich zone, is predicted. In early stages of the process (up to a few hundreds of thousands of years), both gibbsite and kaolinite precipitate directly from solution as a consequence of albite dissolution. In later stages, the bulk of gibbsite precipitation derives from the incongruent dissolution of kaolinite, while kaolinite precipitation is still caused by the dissolution of albite. This is also reflected by the formation of two reaction fronts in the profile. These results are compared with weathering sequences from the Los Pijiguaos bauxite deposit, Venezuela. The overlap between the gibbsite and kaolinite zones and the replacement of kaolinite by gibbsite are consistent with model calculations. Mechanical denudation has to be called upon to explain the limited thicknesses of the weathering profiles in the field. The role of mechanical erosion is supported by the presence of microsedimentary structures in the bauxite and the balance between dissolved and suspended loads in the streams draining the area.     

滇东南地区铝土矿分布成因浅析

滇东南地区是云南省重要铝土矿成矿区,铝土矿床区含铝岩系主要为上二叠统吴家坪组(龙潭组)和第四系,矿床类型为原生沉积型和堆积型两类.铝土矿矿床(点)主要集中分布于屏马古陆与丘北-富宁一线区域内,该线以北东南盘江区偶见铝土矿矿床(点),且吴家坪组多发育硅质岩.滇东南不同地区矿床成因、地质特征、控矿因素均具有一定差异性.