矿井单位涌水量比拟法在矿井涌水量预测中的应用

通过对风水沟煤矿矿井历年疏干排水资料的统计分析以及特征的研究,结合矿井水文地质条件,建立了不同开采水平、开拓面积的矿井单位涌水量比拟法计算公式,并对矿井的一、二采区的涌水量进行了分析预测。结果表明,矿井单位涌水量比拟法计算公式预测的2007、2008和2009年涌水量与实际疏干排水量之间的误差分别为6.5%、8.7%和7.9%,预测精度较高,值得借鉴推广。     

大丰煤矿水文地质特征分析及矿井涌水量预测

矿井涌水一直是煤矿安全的一个重大隐患,文章基于贵州省习水县大丰煤矿多年生产涌水量资料和矿井水文地质资料,对矿井水文地质特征进行分析,采用解析法和水文地质比拟法对矿井涌水量进行预测。结果表明,采用比拟法预测更为准确,可为下一步矿山开采设计提供参考。     

矿井涌水量预测的比拟法计算公式待定系数讨论

以典型矿山多年实际的开采及排水序列资料为基础、相关学科理论为指导,通过对开采及排水资料的"二次开发",探讨了不同水文地质类型矿床的矿井涌水量预测比拟法计算公式中待定系数的特点,以及随开采面积(F)和开采疏干降深(S)的变化趋势和规律。研究结果表明:参数"m"、"n"是随开采疏干降深(S)和开采面积(F)增加而加大的变量;不同类型矿床中参数n值均大于m值;岩溶水充水矿床中参数"m"、"n"相对稳定,而基岩裂隙水充水矿床具有明显的分段性特征。指出了单纯"面积比拟法"、"降深比拟法"对矿井涌水量预测的不合理性,以及在参数"m"、"n"取值中加强水文地质勘查资料综合研究的重要性。     

东刘家金矿矿区矿坑涌水量预测分析

东刘家金矿区位于山东省海阳市,依据矿区水文地质条件,详细分析影响矿坑涌水量的主要因素,选用水文地质比拟法和分析计算法两种不同的数学模型计算矿区矿坑涌水量,并对结果进行对比,从而找到比较准确的水文地质参数,为矿坑开采设计提供可靠依据,保证矿山生产安全。     

滇西某铅锌矿床矿坑涌水量预测与分析

滇西某铅锌矿是近年来新发现的隐伏大型矿床,矿区水文地质条件复杂,涌水量预测的准确与否将直接影响矿山的安全生产.本文在对矿区水文地质条件系统分析的基础上,建立了矿区水文地质概念模型,通过矿区边界条件概化和水文地质参数确定,采用数值法模拟预测了矿坑的涌水量.同时,为保证模拟结果的可靠性,采用“大井”法进行了矿坑涌水量计算,...     

广东省某市水泥用石灰岩矿山涌水量预测研究

广东某水泥用石灰岩矿山为水文地质条件复杂的岩溶充水型矿床。在矿山开采条件下,易形成高陡坡天然边坡,会导致强烈地下水运动并形成区域地下水位降落漏斗,预测矿坑涌水量对防治地质灾害极为重要。本文对该矿山水文地质条件、充水因素及矿坑涌水量进行预测分析,认为矿坑涌水量预测主要是预测未来矿坑枯季涌水量、平均涌水量和最大涌水量,而本矿床未来矿床为凹陷露天开采矿床,影响矿坑涌水的主要因素为矿坑涌水及大气降水,次要为地表水,绝大部分地表水对矿床影响不大,预测时可以不予考虑,预测矿坑涌水量只计算矿坑岩层涌水量及大气降水充水量。预测结果是开采部门制订疏干措施,确定排水设备及生产能力的主要依据。     

内蒙某露天煤矿首采区矿坑涌水量预测

准确预测矿坑涌水量,是矿床水文地质勘查的一项重要而复杂的工作,是矿床水文地质勘查中的根本任务。本文用大井法和狭长水平坑道法对某露天煤矿首采区进行了矿坑涌水量预测,预测结果为11174．15m^3／d．为地下水疏排工程设计提供依据。     

甘肃核桃峪煤矿矿井涌水量的计算与分析

核桃峪煤矿是目前甘肃陇东煤田在建的规模最大矿井,设计单位要求地质勘查部门提交采用不同计算方法对井田先期开采地段正常涌水量和最大涌水量进行预测。通过分析矿井水文地质条件,分别采用了大井法、水平廊道法和比拟法对矿井涌水量做出了预测,并对预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)解析法采用实测影响半径计算的涌水量与比拟法的结果相对接近,选用较大值,即为比拟法的结果,先期开采地段最大涌水量为28 800m3/d,正常涌水量为20 160m3/d;(2)在矿井涌水量预测中,用经验公式计算的承压水影响半径偏小,导致预算的涌水量结果偏大。在对各种预测方法应用条件分析比较的前提下,建议若有条件采用比拟法,应首选比拟法预算矿井涌水量。     

四川马边县老河坝磷矿二坝矿段涌水量预测

通过分析勘查区水文地质单元边界条件,查清勘查区地下水的补给、径流、排泄特征,对磷矿的充水水源和充水途径进行分析,结合磷矿开拓系统,分别对运输大巷和开采系统进行涌水量预测,计算最大涌水量和一般涌水量。通过对老河坝磷矿区涌水量预测方法的研究,对该富磷分布区磷矿的水文地质勘查和开采过程中排水具有一定的指导意义。     

坑道或露天采矿场涌水量计算公式的应用

坑道或露天采场涌水量计算是矿山开采的重要资料,也是矿山水文地质工作中最复杂而且最重要的任务之一,它决定矿床能否开采以及开采的方法和手段的选择.因此,矿山水文地质人员对于矿坑或露天采场的涌水量計算方法必须加以研究.矿坑或露天采场涌水量的计算公式很多,最近马斯洛夫专家在冶金部水文训练班给我们讲授了水文地质比拟法;含水系数测定法;被淹没坑道排水时予计涌水量的近似计算法;水力平衡法;电流动力学相似法;地下水动力学公式法等六种方法.这些方法在不同的矿床类型和水文地质条件下,分別的被用为计算     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).