全新世以来里下河地区古地理演变

里下河地区是苏北平原的重要组成部分，全新世以来，本区古地理环境经历了巨大的变化。据作者研究，大致可分为三个阶段：早全新世，本区受海侵影响，7－6kaB.P．左右海侵达到高峰，整个里下河地区成为一个大的浅水海湾；中全新世，海面相对稳定，长江、淮河等河流挟带大量泥沙入海，古海湾被岸外砂堤所包围，形成泻湖；晚全新世，海岸东迁，古泻湖演变为湖泊沼泽，在人类活动与黄河夺淮的影响下，本区逐渐演变为里下河平原。     

天津平原第四纪微体化石群及其古地理意义

近年来,我国地质、地理和考古工作者对渤海湾沿岸平原第四纪海侵问题进行了大量的研究。李凤林等提出中更新世以来渤海湾北岸至少有4—5次海侵,有3次海侵曾抵达玉田、宝坻等县境。天津自然博物馆等单位提出了7000年前海侵的最大范围。随     

珠江三角洲生物埋葬群与环境变迁

本文将珠江三角洲第四纪环境与现代环境的生物埋葬群进行对照，重建晚更新世中期和全新世中期的古沉积环境，划分出两期的海侵区、海侵波及区、海侵影响区。并对中更新世海侵期表示存疑。     

广东黄圃镇海蚀遗址的形成年代及古地理环境

广东中山市黄圃镇海蚀遗址是广东沿海至今为止所发现最大规模的海蚀遗址之一,古海蚀地貌延伸范围超过200米,海蚀洞、海蚀崖、海蚀平台等海蚀地貌仍保持得较为完好。根据地形特征、地层（钻孔）资料、海侵范围、史料记载进行综合确定了古海蚀遗址的形成年代和古地理环境。古海蚀崖所在的尖峰山由白垩系陆相红色碎屑岩系构成。黄圃附近地区在晚更新世末期第一次海侵前已经是一隆起地块,在晚更新世和全新世两次海侵时都处在较高的位置,出露的白垩系地层（尖峰山）为蚀余的低矮山地。这些残余山地在全新世海侵大部分时段内为珠江口古海湾中的岛屿,黄圃镇作为大陆岸线的时间很短,海蚀地形主要形成于晚全新世前海侵时（距今约6100～1600年）的岛屿时期。     

杭嘉湖平原全新世沉积环境的演变

通过分析钻孔资料了解,杭嘉湖平原全新世沉积之下,有两层硬土层。上层硬土层的顶板为本区全新世沉积的下限。晚更新世末,本区为缓起伏的丘陵、台地。南缘为古钱江谷地;西侧(湖州至杭州之间)为古钱江的一条支谷,呈南北向。在这个基础上,全新世早、中期海侵时南缘成为海湾,西侧为河口湾。海侵最盛期时,全区除小块区域外,多属潮坪或潟湖。全新世晚期,西侧的河口湾淤浅阻塞,全区被淤积为淡水湖沼平原。     

河北沿海全新世海侵与岸线变迁探讨

通过考古和地质资料分析，论述河北省沿海平原的全新世海侵范围、海面高度和海岸线变迁     

河北沿海全新世海侵与岸线变迁探讨

通过考古和地质资料分析，论述河北省沿海平原的全新世海侵范围，海面高度和海岸线变迁。     

全新世以来黄土高原侵蚀环境研究述评

全新世以来黄土高原的侵蚀问题,历来是国内外学者研究的热门．黄土高原的环境演变和水土流失问题也是黄土高原研究的难点和重点．本研究从全新世以来黄土高原植被变化、降水量变化和土壤侵蚀量变化等几个方面,简要回顾了国内学者在上述领域的研究成果,针对领域内的成就和问题提出了粗浅看法和建议．文章认为,全新世以来黄土高原总体植被景观以草原为主;降水量也有显著变化,总体呈现东南高,西北低的态势,400mm等降水量线大致沿东南-西北方向移动;土壤侵蚀强度也有阶段性变化,全新世早中期主要受自然因素影响,晚期受自然因素和人为因素双重影响．     

中国内陆区湖泊沉积所反映的全新世干湿变化

湖泊沉积记录的环境演变是全球变化的重要研究领域之一,通过对中国内陆区中30 个湖泊研究成果的总结和梳理,探讨了全新世以来该地区干湿变化的规律和区域分异。通过降水量结合传统分区方法将中国内陆区分为西北干旱区、东亚季风边缘区和青藏高原区。对每个湖泊样点以500 年为时间间隔,以孢粉为主要干湿指标,综合氧同位素、有机质及碳酸盐等,将湖泊干湿状况划分3 个干湿等级（干旱,半湿润,湿润）,建立区域干湿指数。结果表明,中国内陆不同区域全新世可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：①西北干旱区基本上是早中全新世干旱,中晚全新世相对湿润,但区域差异明显;②东亚季风边缘区早全新世早期干旱,早全新世晚期和中全新世相对湿润,晚全新世干旱;③青藏高原区的湿润时期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同地区有所不同。对比分析显示：西北干旱区的干湿变化可能受西风环流控制,但在时间和强度上区域内部差异较明显;东亚季风边缘区可能主要受东亚季风控制;青藏高原地区早中全新世的湿润可能与印度季风的增强相关。     

海河河口地区全新世环境及其地层

全新世初期本区为淡水湖沼或冲积平原，距今9200年前海侵开始影响到本区，约8000年前海面急剧上升，本区成为古渤海的一部分，至7700年前发生海退，嗣后较稳定，大规模海侵发生在6300—5800年前，当时这里成为浅海，5400年前再次海退成陆。5000年以来，海面仍有波动，在环境演变中主要表现为岸线不断地向东退却。全新世下限以距今12000年为宜，本区地层可分上、中、下全新统，下和中全新统又可分为上、下两段。     

Environmental evolution in the salt-water intru-sion area south of Laizhou Bay since late Pleisto-cene

The south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay is one of the typical salt-water intrusion areas in China, the occurrence and development of which was closely related with the pa-laeoenvironment evolution. Systematic analyses of pollen, foraminifera and grain size com-position based on 14C and luminescence dating from two sediment cores were performed for the purpose of understanding the salt-water intrusion in the coastal plain of Laizhou Bay from the perspective of environmental evolution since late Pleistocene. It could be classified into seven evolution stages since 120 kaBP: 120–85 kaBP was a transition period from cold to warm; 85–76 kaBP was a period with warm and wet climate having swamp lakes developed in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 76–50 kaBP was characterized by grassland vegetation and coarse sediments in terrestrial environment, which was the early stage of Dali Ice-Age; 50–24 kaBP was a period with alternate sea deposition in the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 24–10 kaBP was the late stage of Dali Ice-Age with coldest period of Quaternary, the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was dry grassland and loess deposition environment; 10–4 kaBP was another warm and wet climate period, sea level was high and regressed at 4 kaBP; and has been the modern sedimentary environment since 4 kaBP. Among the three warm stages, including 85–76 kaBP, 50–24 kaBP and 10–4 kaBP, corresponded to late Yangkou, Guangrao and Kenli seawater transgression respec-tively. The duration of the latter one in south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was longer than that in west coast of Bohai Sea and east coast of Laizhou Bay. The three periods of seawater transgression formed the foundation of salt-water intrusion in this area.     

莱洲湾南岸咸水入侵区晚更新世以来的古环境演变

The south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay is one of the typical salt-water intrusion areas in China, the occurrence and development of which was closely related with the palaeoenvironment evolution. Systematic analyses of pollen, foraminifera and grain size composition based on ^14C and luminescence dating from two sediment cores were performed for the purpose of understanding the salt-water intrusion in the coastal plain of Laizhou Bay from the perspective of environmental evolution since late Pleistocene. It could be classified into seven evolution stages since 120 kaBP： 120-85 kaBP was a transition period from cold to warm; 85-76 kaBP was a period with warm and wet climate having swamp lakes developed in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 76-50 kaBP was characterized by grassland vegetation and coarse sediments in terrestrial environment, which was the early stage of Dali Ice-Age; 50-24 kaBP was a period with alternate sea deposition in the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 24-10 kaBP was the late stage of Dali Ice-Age with coldest period of Quaternary, the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was dry grassland and loess deposition environment; 10-4 kaBP was another warm and wet climate period, sea level was high and regressed at 4 kaBP; and has been the modern sedimentary environment since 4 kaBP. Among the three warm stages, including 85-76 kaBP, 50-24 kaBP and 10-4 kaBP, corresponded to late Yangkou, Guangrao and Kenli seawater transgression respectively. The duration of the latter one in south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was longer than that in west coast of Bohai Sea and east coast of Laizhou Bay. The three periods of seawater transgression formed the foundation of salt-water intrusion in this area.     

下辽河平原和辽东半岛海岸带晚更新世以来的海侵

本文根据钻孔资料、¹⁴C测年数据、微体古生物及孢粉组合特征,讨论了研究区晚更新世以来海侵的次数、规模、时间以及岸线变化。     

莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区晚更新世以来的古环境演变

莱州湾南岸是我国典型的咸水入侵区,古环境变化构成了现代咸水入侵发生的背景。本文通过对潍河下游地区A1、A5孔岩芯系统的孢粉、有孔虫、粒度、¹⁴C及热释光测年资料的分析,结合100余个钻孔的沉积特征,论述了莱州湾南岸地区晚更新世以来的古环境演化特征。本区经历了三次明显的冷暖气候波动,三次显著的暖湿期为85～76kaBP、50～24kaBP、10～4kaBP,为海陆过渡相沉积环境,这三个时期分别与晚更新以来的三次海侵相对应,与相邻区域相比,全新世海侵开始早、结束晚;两次冷干期为76～50kaBP、24～10kaBP,分别对应于早大理冰期、晚大理冰期,为陆相沉积环境。     

黄河三角洲利津超级叶瓣时空范围的再认识

黄河三角洲是世界著名的河流三角洲之一。自有学者首次系统地提出黄河三角洲全新世10期超级叶瓣的时空分布范围后,这一观点近30年来未见明显的改进。借助渤海湾南岸研究区获得的4个20~30 m钻孔地层资料和相应的AMS ¹⁴C测年数据,以及前人部分钻孔的研究成果,本文对黄河三角洲利津超级叶瓣的沉积演化框架和时空分布特征进行了重新厘定：研究区全新世沉积环境由早期的河道和泛滥平原沉积,逐渐向海侵过程中盐沼、潮坪和浅海相演化。海平面上升速率减缓之后三角洲开始发育并逐步成陆,直至最后被陆相沉积所覆盖。黄河下游古河道在9000-8000 cal a BP左右可能在黄骅南部入海;大约8000 cal a BP之后,黄河主河道南迁到滨州—惠民一带,并在7000-5500 cal a BP之间发育利津超级叶瓣;利津超级叶瓣的北界可能在马山子和阳信一界,而南界在郭井子和弥河之间;约5500 cal a BP之后,黄河下游古河道可能重新过黄骅入海,于5500-3500 cal a BP 左右形成黄骅超级叶瓣;约3500 cal a BP之后,黄河古河道北迁至天津,直至~700 BC左右主流河道入海口再次南迁至河北岐口附近。     

渤海莱州湾南岸平原黄土阜地貌及其古地理意义

在莱州湾南岸滨海平原上发现一种新地貌类型黄土阜。研究表明，它形成于晚更新世晚玉木冰期。在此寒冷时期，渤海曾水退为平原，由于极少植被覆盖，形成陆架荒漠。裸露的海底松散沉积物被强劲的北风向南吹扬搬运，于南岸平原有利地形位置上沉积下来，形成厚层砂质黄土，并顺风向形成了阜状黄土地貌。     

莱州湾东岸河流的分形特征与流域地貌发育研究

莱州湾东岸发育有分形特征典型的小尺度河流,受区域内陆海相互作用影响显著。基于前人对莱州湾东岸的研究以定性描述为主,而缺乏定量分析这一现状,以莱州湾东岸3条典型河流为例,采用分形分析和GIS技术相结合的方法,对区域内流域地貌特征进行了定量分析。结果表明,分形分析同样适用于研究小尺度河流,可很好地揭示区域内陆海相互作用特征及流域地貌所处的发育阶段。基于分形方法所反映的流域地貌特征与数字高程模型所提取的流域地貌信息较吻合,最终结果能较客观地反映出流域地貌的发育特征。     

长江河口地区第四纪古地理古环境变迁

通过对钻孔样品的粒度、层理揭片、矿物、微体古生物、孢粉、地球化学元素及古地磁等项目的实验室分析,着重探讨长江河口地区第四纪古地理、古环境变迁特征和长江三角洲的发育过程。     

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON THE YELLOW RIVER AND ITS DELTA,CHINA

The Yellow River is unique among the major rivers of the world because of its extremely heavy sediment load in relation to its small discharge. The Yellow River has changed courses numerous times during the past 5000 to 6000 years. With its large sediment load, most of which comes from the Loess Plateau of central China, the river has created a number of deltas along the coast of northern China. The abandoned deltas are eroding, whereas the present delta being formed in Bohai Bay is growing rapidly. Human activity, including extensive agriculture, heavy water consumption, the use of river-control structures, and war, has been responsible for many of the changes occurring in the Yellow River and its delta. [Key words: hydrology, loess, floods, Yellow River, Bohai Bay, China.]