FY-3C微波湿温探测仪辐射测量特性

2013年9月发射的FY-3C是我国第2代极轨气象卫星的第3颗星,其上装载的微波湿温探测仪在118 GHz氧气吸收线和183 GHz水汽吸收线设计了两组大气探测通道,在大气窗区设置了89 GHz和150 GHz探测通道。为保证微波湿温探测仪在轨定量应用,卫星发射前完成了地面热真空试验。该文介绍了热真空定标试验原理,并对FY-3C微波湿温探测仪正样产品真空试验数据进行了定量分析。数据分析结果表明:FY-3C微波湿温探测仪正样产品15个探测通道的灵敏度均满足设计指标要求,各通道观测亮温间相对独立,定标准确度优于1.6 K,真空试验过程中微波湿温探测仪定标结果稳定。FY-3C微波湿温探测仪发射前热真空定标特性分析结果为仪器在轨定量应用奠定了基础。     

Assimilation of Feng-Yun-3B Satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder Data over Land

The ECMWF has been assimilating Feng-Yun-3B(FY-3B) satellite microwave humidity sounder(MWHS) data over ocean in an operational forecasting system since 24 September 2014. It is more difficult, however, to assimilate microwave observations over land and sea ice than over the open ocean due to higher uncertainties in land surface temperature, surface emissivity and less effective cloud screening. We compare approaches in which the emissivity is retrieved dynamically from MWHS channel 1 [150 GHz(vertical polarization)] with the use of an evolving emissivity atlas from 89 GHz observations from the MWHS onboard NOAA and EUMETSAT satellites. The assimilation of the additional data over land improves the fit of short-range forecasts to other observations, notably ATMS(Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder) humidity channels, and the forecast impacts are mainly neutral to slightly positive over the first five days. The forecast impacts are better in boreal summer and the Southern Hemisphere. These results suggest that the techniques tested allow for effective assimilation of MWHS/FY-3B data over land.     

Estimating the Correlated Observation-Error Characteristics of the Chinese FengYun Microwave Temperature Sounder and Microwave Humidity Sounder

In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radiances. The observation errors of the Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS) onboard the FengYun-3A(FY-3A) and FY-3B satellites are empirically assigned and considered to be uncorrelated when they are assimilated into the WRF model's Community Variational Data Assimilation System(WRFDA). To assimilate MWTS and MWHS measurements optimally, a good characterization of their observation errors is necessary. In this study, background and analysis residuals were used to diagnose the correlated observation-error characteristics of the MWTS and MWHS. It was found that the error standard deviations of the MWTS and MWHS were less than the values used in the WRFDA. MWTS had small inter-channel errors, while MWHS had significant inter-channel errors. The horizontal correlation length scales of MWTS and MWHS were about 120 and 60 km, respectively. A comparison between the diagnosis for instruments onboard the two satellites showed that the observation-error characteristics of the MWTS or MWHS were different when they were onboard different satellites. In addition, it was found that the error statistics were dependent on latitude and scan positions.The forecast experiments showed that using a modified thinning scheme based on diagnosed statistics can improve forecast accuracy.     

FY-3A微波资料偏差订正及台风路径预报应用

我国极轨气象卫星FY-3A大大增强了对地球系统的综合探测能力,而偏差订正对卫星资料的应用非常必要。试验中FY-3A卫星微波资料的偏差订正方案是在Harris等的TOVS辐射资料偏差订正经验方法的基础上结合WRF-3DVAR系统发展的,偏差订正后微波资料各通道拟合结果基本位于主对角线上,大多数卫星观测数据与观测算子利用背景场计算的亮温值分布趋于合理,偏差得到很大程度的降低。偏差订正后,利用数值模式直接同化FY-3A气象卫星微波资料,通过对2008年和2009年的4个台风进行预报评估表明:同化FY-3A气象卫星资料后路径预报能力提高明显,尤其是36 h后路径预报结果;同化FY-3A气象卫星微波资料后台风预报路径误差平均降低20%,而只同化常规资料路径误差仅仅降低了4%。     

Satellite Data Assimilation of Upper-Level Sounding Channels in HWRF with Two Different Model Tops

The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A(AMSU-A) onboard the NOAA satellites NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites(EUMETSAT)Met Op-A, the hyperspectral Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS) onboard Aqua, the High resolution Infra Red Sounder(HIRS) onboard NOAA-19 and Met Op-A, and the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS) onboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership(NPP) satellite provide upper-level sounding channels in tropical cyclone environments. Assimilation of these upper-level sounding channels data in the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting(HWRF) system with two different model tops is investigated for the tropical storms Debby and Beryl and hurricanes Sandy and Isaac that occurred in 2012. It is shown that the HWRF system with a higher model top allows more upper-level microwave and infrared sounding channels data to be assimilated into HWRF due to a more accurate upper-level background profile. The track and intensity forecasts produced by the HWRF data assimilation and forecast system with a higher model top are more accurate than those with a lower model top.     

风云三号A星微波湿度计主探测通道辐射特性

微波湿度计装载在2008年5月27日发射升空的我国新一代极轨气象卫星风云三号A星上,完成全天候大气湿度信息的被动微波遥感探测。主探测通道中心频点位于183.31 GHz,设置有3个双边带探测通道。为保证风云三号微波湿度计在轨定量应用,研制过程中完成了地面真空试验。该文对风云三号A星微波湿度计正样产品真空试验数据进行了定量分析,数据分析结果表明:风云三号A星微波湿度计正样产品主探测频点183.31 GHz附近的3个探测通道等效噪声温差小于等于0.91 K;定标准确度优于1.05 K;真空试验过程中微波湿度计辐射定标结果稳定。风云三号A星微波湿度计发射前辐射定标特性分析结果,为仪器在轨定量应用奠定了基础。     

FY-3B/MWHS性能参数在轨实时监测

2010年11月5日发射的风云三号B星 (FY-3B) 是我国第2代极轨气象卫星的第2颗星。其上装载的微波湿度计 (MWHS) 在183 GHz水汽吸收线设计了3个大气探测通道,在大气窗区150 GHz设置了双极化通道。该文主要对FY-3B微波湿度计系统进行介绍,分析其在轨5年的性能,对仪器在轨关键性能参数进行了长时间序列分析,结果表明:仪器各通道灵敏度均优于0.4 K,其中通道1,2,4,5的灵敏度优于0.3 K,定标精度稳定在0.3~0.55 K,未出现恶化现象, 同类型在轨载荷星下点处匹配数据交叉比对,相关系数优于96%。分析表明,该仪器在轨性能和数据质量均优于FY-3A微波湿度计。同时,利用微波湿度计实测数据,着重分析2015年6—7月若干台风的生成、演化、增强和消亡的整个过程,并对台风区域强降雨监测进行分析。     

Insights into the Microwave Instruments Onboard the Fengyun 3DSatellite: Data Quality and Assimilation in theMet Office NWP System

正1Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK2National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China     

ACCURACY OF THE RETRIEVED TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY FIELDS FOR TYPHOON HAIYAN UTILIZING THE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE SOUNDER

One-dimensional retrieval was performed on Typhoon Haiyan utilizing the advanced technology microwave sounder onboard the satellite Suomi NPP to retrieve the temperature and water vapor profiles of the typhoon. Comparisons of the retrieved profiles and ECMWF reanalysis were made to assess the results. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The results have high spatial resolution and therefore can precisely represent the temperature and humidity distribution of the typhoon. (2) The retrieved temperature is low in the areas of low temperature and high in the areas of high temperature; similar patterns are observed for humidity. This means that systematic revision may be needed during routine application. (3) The results of the retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are generally accurate, which is quite important for typhoon monitoring.     

风云三号气象卫星数据传输体制分析

风云三号气象卫星 (FY-3) 是我国的新一代太阳同步轨道气象卫星, 其星-地数据传输体制采用了国际空间数据系统咨询委员会 (CCSDS) 推荐使用的先进在轨系统 (AOS) 规约和数据结构, 采用R-S编码和卷积编码级联的编码方式, 使用了L波段和X波段同时广播的方式。该文分析了FY-3星地数据传输体制, 将FY-3的传输体制与国外同类卫星传输体制进行了比较分析, 给出了FY-3的传输体制与风云一号 (FY-1) 的差别, 在此基础上提出了我国下一代气象卫星地面站建设的基本策略。     

Capability of Fengyun-3D Satellite in Earth System Observation

From the viewpoint of earth system science, this paper discusses the observation capability of the second-generation of Chinese polar-orbiting, sun-synchronous operational meteorological satellite observation systems, Fengyun-3(FY-3), based on the function and performance test results from the FY-3 D satellite observation system in orbit. The FY-3 series of satellites have numerous remote sensing instruments and a wide range of imaging and sounding electromagnetic spectrometers onboard. These instruments can obtain reflectivity data for land surface, soil, vegetation,water body, snow cover, ocean color, and sea ice on earth's surface over a wide spectral range, as well as information on the absorption and scattering radiative transfer of molecules and particles(clouds and aerosols) in earth's atmosphere. All of these data can be used to retrieve physical and chemical information about the land, ocean, and atmosphere of the earth system. Comprehensive observation of the earth system by the FY-3 meteorological satellites is preliminarily realized.     

FY-3A/MWHS冷空测值受月球影响分析及修正

为解决月球对风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实时辐射定标的影响问题,该文根据风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实时观测数据分析,通过多项式拟合分析技术,建立修正模型,消除月球影响,得到合理的辐射定标结果。风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实测数据分析表明:月球对风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨辐射定标结果影响最严重时一天内可干扰4~5条轨道,每条轨道有近100个扫描周期受到污染。月球影响致使冷空定标观测数据跳升1000个计数值,如果不进行污染滤除会造成对地观测亮温下降约20 K,导致辐射资料无法同化进入数值天气预报模式。通过与同类载荷的交叉比对分析,修正月球影响后,风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实时辐射定标结果精度与在轨测试结果相当。     

采用双权重算法进行FY-3A微波湿度计资料质量控制试验

针对FY-3A卫星微波湿度计MWHS(Microwave Humidity Sounder)资料的质量控制进行研究.选用2010年冬季1月17-23日FY-3A微波湿度计MWHS LlC格式的全球观测资料作为研究对象,采用双权重算法对观测增量O-B进行质量控制,其中O是Fy-3A微波湿度计观测的亮度温度,B是基于NCEP GFS全球预报系统6h预报场用辐射传输模式RTTOV模拟的亮度温度值,目的是剔除受地表发射率或云影响的离群资料.结果表明,通过双权重的质量控制后,FY-3AMWHS3、4、5通道O-B的标准差明显减小了2～3K,同时,质量控制后O-B偏差和标准差随时间窗变化也很稳定,可见该方法除去异常资料的效果较为理想,能够应用到卫星资料的质量控制中.     

Evaluation of Total Precipitable Water over East Asia from FY-3A/VIRR Infrared Radiances

Satellite retrieval of atmospheric water vapor is intended to further understand the role played by the energy and water cycle to determine the Earth's weather and climate. The algorithm for operational retrieval of total precipitable water (TPW) from the visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR) onboard Fengyun 3A (FY-3A) employs a split window technique for clear sky radiances over land and oceans during both day and night. The retrieved TPW is compared with that from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite and data from radiosonde observations (RAOB). During the study period, comparisons show that the FY-3A TPW is in general agreement with the gradients and distributions from the Terra TPW. Their zonal mean difference over East Asia is smaller in the daytime than at night, and the main difference occurs in the complex terrain at mid latitude near 30°N. Compared with RAOB, the zonal FY-3A and the Terra TPW have a moist bias at low latitudes and a dry-bias at mid and high latitudes; in addition, the FY-3A TPW performs slightly better in zonal mean biases and the diurnal cycle. The temporal variation of the FY-3A and the Terra TPW generally fits the RAOB TPW with the FY-3A TPW. The FY-3A TPW is more accurate at night, while the Terra TPW is more accurate during the daytime. Comparisons of correlations, root mean square differences and standard deviations indicate that the FY-3A TPW series is more consistent with the RAOB TPW at selected stations. As a result, the FY-3A TPW has some advantages over East Asia in both spatial and temporal dimensions.     

四川省FY-4A卫星反演大气水汽总量评估分析

为了解我国新一代静止气象卫星FY-4A辐射成像仪（AGRI）反演大气水汽总量（LPW）产品在海拔高度差异较大区域的适用性,利用2019和2020年6月20日~7月31日四川省11个探空站点观测数据计算大气水汽总量（TPW）,对FY-4A LPW进行评估分析。结果表明:FY-4A LPW整体平均偏差为负值,对研究区内大气水汽总量存在低估,低估主要集中在0~4.5 cm的水汽低值区;FY-4A LPW与探空TPW相关性较好,最大相关系数达0.95,在四川地区较为可靠;海拔高度对FY-4A LPW可靠性有直接影响,FY-4A LPW和探空TPW相关系数大小与海拔高度呈负相关。      

MWHS/FY-3资料同化在四川盆地暴雨预报中的应用研究

为了研究同化风云三号B星(FY-3B)和C星(FY-3C)的微波湿度计(MWHS及MWHS-2)观测资料在四川暴雨数值预报中的影响,本文基于Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)及其三维变分同化系统Weather Research Forecast Variatinal Data Assimilation System(WRFDA),实现了对MWHS/FY-3B和MWHS-2/FY-3C观测资料的直接同化。针对2018年7月的一次四川盆地区域性暴雨过程的同化试验结果表明:同化风云三号系列卫星的微波湿度计观测资料对试验开始时刻均有改善,对相对湿度和矢量风场等物理量场有一定的正向调整作用,尤其是同化MWHS-2/FY-3C资料对风场的调整较为明显。同化试验对龙门山北部降水有较明显的改善作用,改善了降水的分布与落区,其中同化MWHS/FY-3B对盆地中部到东北部的降水量级的预报更接近实况,雨区更为连续。同化试验证明了同化风云三号系列卫星的微波湿度计观测资料对于四川盆地暴雨数值预报有一定的业务应用价值。      

FY-3A微波资料在“莫拉克”台风预报中的同化试验

我国新一代极轨气象卫星FY-3A于2008年5月26日发射成功,携带的微波垂直探测仪与NOAA系列卫星的ATOVS性能相似。为研究微波垂直探测仪资料在台风数值预报中的作用,实现我国FY-3A卫星的微波探测资料的直接同化,达到改进台风预报的目的,利用FY-3A微波探测资料,以WRF-3DVar系统为基础,针对2009年第8号台风"莫拉克"路径和强度预报,开展数值预报直接同化技术研究。试验结果表明,直接同化FY-3A微波资料对数值模式初始场改进要优于仅仅同化常规观测资料,对缺乏观测资料的海洋上改进尤为明显,模式初始场更加合理地反映海上台风环流形势以及温湿条件,海上台风的模式初始位置也得到了校正;经过FY-3A微波资料三维变分直接同化后,区域中尺度模式对台风路径预报效果具有积极的改善作用。     

基于亮温通道变率的FY-3C微波湿度计陆地云检测新方法

云检测是卫星资料同化的重要前处理步骤,无论是晴空资料同化还是有云资料同化,都需要准确地区分有云和晴空资料。由于陆地地表发射率的多变性和微波能穿透部分云类的特点,微波湿度计资料在陆地上空的云检测研究一直是难点。利用快速辐射传输模式（CRTM）分析了不同云类条件下FY-3C微波湿度计（MWHS-Ⅱ）各通道亮温的通道间变率特征,根据MWHS-Ⅱ亮温通道间变率随云高以及云中液态水含量的增大而减小的特点,提出了一个基于亮温通道变率的MWHS-Ⅱ陆地资料云检测方法。与已有的云产品比较结果表明:新的云检测算法能有效地剔除大部分受云影响的资料,剔除后的晴空资料观测和模拟偏差更好地符合高斯分布。新方法对过冷水云、冰云、重叠云的检测能力较强,正确检测率可以达到80%,对卷云以及高度较低的水云的检测能力相对较弱。新方法能有效利用MWHS-Ⅱ观测资料自身完成云检测,在MWHS-Ⅱ资料同化中有很好的应用前景。      

利用卫星微波观测亮温与云辐射模拟亮温的台风定位分析北大核心

极轨气象卫星S-NPP、MetOp-A和FY-3B上搭载的微波湿度计观测资料可以反映出台风周围水汽和云雨结构。本文使用权重函数峰值在800 hPa附近的微波湿度计通道观测资料和ERA5再分析资料全天空模拟亮温,以飓风Sandy和Isaac为例,对用方位谱台风中心位置定位方法得到的观测和模拟中心位置进行了比较。利用下午星S-NPP搭载的先进技术微波探测仪(Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder,ATMS)和上午星MetOp-A搭载的微波湿度计(Microwave Humidity Sounder,MHS)观测亮温得到的飓风Sandy(Isaac)中心位置与最佳路径平均相差35.8 km(32.9 km),但用ERA5全天空模拟亮温得到的飓风Sandy(Isaac)中心位置与最佳路径平均相差73.3 km(82.1 km)。若按照热带风暴和台风等级来划分,ATMS和MHS观测和模拟亮温得到的台风中心位置与最佳路径的平均距离对热带风暴分别是36.5 km和105.9 km,对台风分别是25.8 km和56.4 km。若用FY-3B搭载的微波湿度计(以MWHS表示)替换ATMS,所得结果类似。ERA5作为全球大气再分析资料的典型代表,用方位谱台风中心位置定位方法得到的台风中心位置误差较大的原因是ERA5再分析资料全天空模拟亮温在台风中的分布结构与观测亮温相差较大,而模拟亮温与冰水路径分布结构极为相似。研究对台风数值预报中的全天空模拟亮温资料同化具有一定的参考意义。     

评估FY-3A微波湿度计O-B对云的识别能力

应用FY-3A微波湿度计2010年1月份的Level-1c观测亮度温度O,NCEP GFS 6 h的预报场作为背景场,用RTTOV 9.3版本辐射传输模式模拟的亮度温度B以及美国NOAA-18 MHS业务微波地表和降水产品,研究了双权重质量控制算法对FY-3A MWHS 通道3至5云和降水视场的识别能力。研究表明双权重质量控制算法判断的负观测增量O-B的离群点中,大多数都受云和降水影响。通道3约占60%,通道4约80%,通道5超过80%。当降水率大于0.2 mm·h^-1时,通道3负离群点可识别超过60%降水云,随着降水率增大识别率超过80%。而通道4对大于0.2 mm·h^-1的降水的识别率超过90%。通道5负离群点几乎可以剔除100%的降水影响资料。在目前还没有MWHS自身云检测产品的条件下,双权重质量控制算法可剔除大部分云和降水影响视野。