生态水文学视角下的山地海绵城市规划方法研究——以重庆都市区为例

海绵城市是我国新型城镇化和生态文明建设的重要内容,在城市内涝灾害频发的背景下,具有缓解雨洪灾害和水资源短缺问题、构建城市水文安全体系的重要意义。山地作为海绵城市建设的主体区域之一,其海绵城市建设受到自然地形、气象水文和城市建设等多方面因素的制约。本文以重庆都市区为研究对象,在系统梳理山地水文过程特征的基础上,将生态水文体系与海绵城市规划两者间的理论性和技术性耦合,提出重庆都市区海绵城市规划建设的一般途径,从建设目标、生态空间、雨水单元、场地规划等角度制定规划管控措施,落实海绵城市建设要点,实现山地海绵城市规划的理论创新和实践指导价值。     

基于雨洪综合管理的上海临港新城降雨径流水文模拟

针对当前城市严峻的雨洪生态环境问题,在多目标雨洪控制利用的视角下,确定了径流削减、洪涝控制、水质保障、雨水资源化利用的雨洪综合管理体系.基于GIS平台,结合上海市临港新城总体规划愿景,建设研究区雨洪综合管理GIS数据库.在两级集水区层面,对研究区未来的地表径流产流、洪水与内涝淹没、径流污染负荷进行了空间模拟,进而判别出研究区的径流削减重点控制区域、洪水与内涝高危区域、水质保障重点控制区域,并通过雨水资源化利用需求分析,确定了研究区雨水回收利用重点区域的雨水存储设施建设规模.结果表明:1)LEED标准降雨事件下,开发后相比开发前,研究区径流产流总量增加了637 776.87 m3 (23.44％);两级集水区中,径流削减重点控制区域分别占研究区总面积的43.10％、55.05％.2)研究区分别有10.61％、26.98％的用地存在较高的洪水和暴雨内涝风险.3)WQv标准降雨事件下,研究区NHa-N、TP、TSS 3种污染物的总负荷量分别达2.27 t、1.03 t、797.33 t;两级集水区中,水质保障重点控制区域分别占研究区总面积的39.24％、18.52％.本研究可为后续的城市雨洪综合管理提供依据,对城市水资源的可持续发展具有重要意义.     

生物炭作为海绵城市雨水滞留池填料的效果初探

生物炭吸附性强、抗氧化,在海绵城市建设中具有广阔的应用前景。通过模拟渗水实验,对土壤、生物炭和土壤生物炭混合物等对雨水吸持和净化效果进行研究。结果表明:以生物炭作为滞留池填料,具有较好的储水能力,储水量达0.45 mL/mL;能够缓冲酸性地表径流雨水的pH值,模拟雨水pH值从6.34提升至7.82;对雨水中总氮、总磷和铵氮的截留率分别为34.4%、48.0%和35.0%。因此,生物炭可作为海绵城市建设中雨水滞留池的新型填料。     

山地城市海绵型绿地立体构建途径

随着海绵城市建设理念的提出以及试点城市建设的开展,针对特殊类型海绵城市建设的研究越来越受到重视。本文以山地城市为研究对象,在梳理其降雨径流过程特征的基础上,分析了山地城市在雨洪管理方面所存在的问题,阐述了基于降雨径流过程的山地城市山、水、城、绿地之间的关系,总结了山地城市四类海绵型绿地(山顶绿地、斜坡绿地、平台式绿地和沟谷绿地)的特征及其在雨洪管理方面的作用,依据降雨径流"产流-汇流"的过程,结合"源头-过程-终端"的不同环节,提出山地城市海绵型绿地立体构建的途径,以此提升山地城市绿地系统的雨洪调蓄功能。     

中国城市LID技术设施的成本效益区域差异

随着城市化进程不断加快,人口和城市规模不断扩张,对现代城市雨洪管理提出了新要求。本文运用情景分析法研究中国城市典型低影响开发(Low Impact Development, LID)技术设施的成本效益。分别以80%与95%降雨场次控制率对应的场次降雨为情景,以30年为服务期计算技术设施的雨水管理效益。研究发现：北方城市的建安成本与维护费用均值高于南方城市,同时受区域降雨量差异的影响,南方城市LID技术设施的雨水处理效益普遍高于北方。而北方城市之间效益差异亦较大,其中京津冀地区及西北地区的城市雨水处理效益尤低。不同技术设施之间差异表现为：原地入渗设施的雨水处理成本在6~188元/m3之间,显著高于具有汇流功能的设施。对降水较少的北方城市建议采用成本低、效果好的下沉式绿地结合雨水湿地的方式;对雨量大、雨强高的南方城市建议采用生物滞留设施结合调节塘的方式,可增大调蓄能力达到降雨场次控制率的要求,同时能够净化地面径流、增强雨水下渗。     

城市生态住宅小区分散式雨水人工湿地处理研究

以小区为单位的城市雨水分散式收集利用有利于减轻城市洪涝灾害,减小城市排水管网长度和管径,缓解城市供水压力,对改善城市水环境和生态环境具有重要意义。本文提出利用人工湿地处理小区地表径流并回用于城市地下水补给、绿化的思路,论述了城市雨水人工湿地再生处理利用系统中主要工艺的设计计算方法,为缓解城市用水压力提供有效途径。     

浅谈杭州市城市雨水的生态利用

随着城市化的快速发展,城市面临的水资源问题加剧。通过对杭州城市雨水资源实际情况的调查分析,借鉴国内外的先进雨水利用现状,对杭州市城市雨水资源化的可行性和潜力进行了分析与评价,并提出了实现杭州市城市雨水资源化的基本途径及应采取的措施,为实现杭州市城市雨水生态利用和建设节水型城市提供思路。     

基于雨洪安全格局的城市低影响开发模式研究

城市调蓄用地总量减少、泄洪网络被建设用地割裂、汇流用地与建设用地重叠等是造成城市内涝灾害的主要原因。本文尝试在产流源头、产流途径以及汇流地三个层面,充分利用原有自然雨洪调蓄系统,建立能够消纳极端暴雨水的城市低影响开发模式,以长沙市苏圫垸为例,基于地形数据、水文气象数据,运用ArcGIS空间分析和SCS水文模型,模拟极端降雨的雨洪淹没区和雨洪廊道,并建立雨洪安全格局。根据年径流总量控制率85%的海绵城市建设目标,结合模型模拟确定苏圫垸低影响开发设施位置及规模,即开发后应保留雨洪斑块面积228.2 hm²,控制水量107.5万m³,雨洪廊道面积51.5 hm²,控制水量10.1万m³。可为探索基于极端气候下内涝防控的海绵城市建设新模式提供参考。     

基于GIS的西安市雨水收集潜力估算

随着城市化进程的加快,城市地表水污染的加重,地下水超量开采引发的一系列问题,城市用水量严重不足,开发利用雨水资源已经成为解决城市缺水问题的一个重要的途径。定量研究城市雨水资源可供收集利用量可为开展城市雨水资源化利用提供理论基础。以西安市绕城高速以内为研究区域,把其汇水面划分为九类,以GIS为工作平台,计算出每种类型汇水面的面积,并确定了各自的径流系数。通过对西安市近45年降雨量的分析,结合降雨总量、理论可收集雨水量和实际可收集雨水量的计算公式,在降水保证率为50%和75%的条件下,估算出西安市绕城高速公路内1年可收集的雨水量分别为1.11×108m3和0.93×108m3,大约相当于西安市2005年用水量11.4×108m3的9.7%和8.1%。     

河北雄安新区建设的区域地表本底特征与生态管控

河北雄安新区建设对于实施京津冀协同发展战略及有机疏解北京非首都功能、优化区域空间格局,提升京津冀城市群生态系统服务和改善人居环境具有重要意义。本文基于多期遥感图像、土地利用/覆盖变化数据、生态系统服务评估数据以及高精度城市地表信息等专题数据集,从雄安新区建设涉及的京津冀城市群区域背景和规划区覆盖范围两个层面揭示了新区建设的区域地表本底状态,并提出了相应的生态保护与管控建议。结论表明：京津冀城市群正呈现建设用地快速扩张以及由此导致的下垫面不透水地表高密度连绵集聚式态势,城镇用地和城市不透水地表较2000年分别增长了1.27倍和1.43倍,且接近15%的子流域水生态系统健康状况受到不透水地表的严重影响。雄安新区建设涉及的雄县、容城、安新三县以农田、乡镇及农村聚落和水域及湿地生态系统为主,其开发建设应围绕实现疏解北京非首都功能为目标,适度控制人口、产业规模,建设宜居生态健康城市。规划初期,应将其纳入国家海绵城市建设试点范畴,参照国际低影响度开发模式,加强城市绿色基础设施建设。基于当前下垫面特征,前期规划应考虑构建新区与保定、北京和天津城市之间的绿化生态斑块和生态廊道;新区内建设用地不透水地表整体比例应控制在60%之内,核心区不超过70%。新区建设过程中需确立“以水定城”理念,在新区基础设施建设、供排水方面充分考虑雨水收集和循环利用。     

Intelligent Identification of Building Patches and Assessment of Roof Greening Suitability in High-density Urban Areas: A Case Study of Chengdu

With the expansion of a city, the urban green space is occupied and the urban heat island effect is serious. Greening the roof surfaces of urban buildings is an effective way to increase the area of urban green space and improve the urban ecological environment. To provide effective data support for urban green space planning, this paper used high-resolution images to (1) obtain accurate building spots on the map of the study area through deep learning assisted manual correction; and (2) establish an evaluation index system of roof greening including the characteristics of the roof itself, the natural environment and the human society environment. The weight values of attributes not related to the roof itself were calculated by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The suitable green roof locations were evaluated by spatial join, weighted superposition and other spatial analysis methods. Taking the areas within the Chengdu city’s third ring road as the study area, the results show that an accurate building pattern obtained by deep learning greatly improves the efficiency of the experiment. The roof surfaces unsuitable for greening can be effectively classified by the method of feature extraction, with an accuracy of 86.58%. The roofs suitable for greening account for 48.08%, among which, the high-suitability roofs, medium-suitability roofs and low-suitability roofs represent 45.32%, 38.95% and 15.73%. The high-suitability green buildings are mainly distributed in the first ring district and the western area outside the first ring district in Chengdu. This paper is useful for solving the current problem of the more saturated high-density urban area and allowing the expansion of the urban ecological environment.     

Start, end and dry spells of the growing season in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe

Smallholder agriculture in semi-arid Zimbabwe is dependent on the seasonal characteristics of rainfall. The determination of start, end and length of the growing season, and the pattern of dry spells during the season is useful information for planning land preparation and planting activities. This study was designed to assess whether there has been any changes in the start, end and length of growing season and the pattern of 14 and 21 day dry spells during the season. Daily rainfall data were collected from five meteorological stations located in southern Zimbabwe. Results indicated that no significant changes in the start, end and subsequent length of growing season occurred over the past 50-74 years. There was no significant change in the number of wet days per season over the period reviewed. There is a high probability of 14 and 21 day dry spells during the peak rainfall months. The relationship between start and end of growing season is stronger as aridity increases. We conclude that growing seasons have not changed significantly over the past 50-74 years in southern Zimbabwe. As smallholder agriculture continues to be affected by dry spells and droughts, there is scope in exploring rainwater management technologies in rainfed cropping systems.     

Examining urban land-cover characteristics and ecological regulation during the construction of Xiong’an New District,Hebei Province,China

Development of Xiong'an New District (XND) is integral to the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Integration Initiative. It is intended to ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, optimize regional spatial patterns, and enhance ecosystem services and living environment in this urban agglomeration. Applying multi-stage remote sensing (RS) images, land use/cover change (LUCC) data, ecosystem services assessment data, and high-precision urban land-cover information, we reveal the regional land-cover characteristics of this new district as well as across the planned area of the entire BTH urban agglomeration. Corresponding ecological protection and management strategies are also proposed. Results indicated that built-up areas were rapidly expanding, leading to a continuous impervious surface at high density. Urban and impervious surface areas (ISAs) grew at rates 1.27 and 1.43 times higher than that in the 2000s, respectively, seriously affecting about 15% area of the sub-basins. Construction of XND mainly encompasses Xiongxian, Rongcheng, and Anxin counties, areas which predominantly comprise farmland, townships and rural settlements, water, and wetland ecosystems. The development and construction of XND should ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, as well as moderately control population and industrial growth. Thus, this development should be included within the national ‘sponge city’ construction pilot area in early planning stages, and reference should be made to international low-impact development modes in order to strengthen urban green infrastructural construction. Early stage planning based on the existing characteristics of the underlying surface should consider the construction of green ecological patches and ecological corridors between XND and the cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Tianjin. The proportion of impervious surfaces should not exceed 60%, while that of the core area should not exceed 70%. The development of XND needs to initiate the concept of ‘planning a city according to water resource amount’ and incorporate rainwater collection and recycling.     

A three-step approach of simplifying 3D buildings modeled by CityGML

CityGML (City Geography Markup Language), the OGC (Open Open Geospatial Consortium) standard on three-dimensional (3D) city modeling, is widely used in an increasing number of applications, because it models a city with rich geometrical and semantic information. The underlying building model differentiates four consecutive levels of detail (LoDs). Nowadays, most city buildings are reconstructed in LoD3, while few landmarks in LoD4. For visualization or other purposes, buildings in LoD2 or LoD1 need to be derived from LoD3 models. But CityGML does not indicate methods for the automatic derivation of the different LoDs. This article presents an approach for deriving LoD2 buildings from LoD3 models which are essentially the exterior shells of buildings without opening objects. This approach treats different semantic components of a building separately with the aim to preserve the characteristics of ground plan, roof, and wall structures as far as possible. The process is composed of three steps: simplifying wall elements, generalizing roof structures, and then reconstructing the 3D building by intersecting the wall and roof polygons. The first step simplifies ground plan with wall elements projected onto the ground. A new algorithm is developed to handle not only simple structures like parallel and rectangle shapes but also complicated structures such as non-parallel, non-rectangular shapes and long narrow angles. The algorithm for generalizing roof structure is based on the same principles; however, the calculation has to be conducted in 3D space. Moreover, the simplified polygons of roof structure are further merged and typified depending on the spatial relations between two neighboring polygons. In the third step, generalized 3D buildings are reconstructed by increasing walls in height and intersecting with roof structures. The approach has been implemented and tested on a number of 3D buildings. The experiments have verified that the 3D building can be efficiently generalized, while the characteristics of wall and roof structure can be well preserved after the simplification.     

城市屋面绿化对城市气候影响预评价

本文用移植法和数值模拟法分析了屋面绿化气候的影响过程，并用局地系统的热量平衡方程和水分平衡方程对城市屋面绿化后对温度、湿度及风、云、雾、降水等作了预评价。     

Quality issues in harvested rainwater in arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau of northern China

Loess soils cover vast areas in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. Due to the lack of reliable surface water and ground-water, rainwater harvesting has played a prominent role in farmers’ domestic usage and agricultural irrigation. An economical and valid type of water storage cistern with optimum design of components has been introduced to rural areas in the Loess Plateau. Different collection alternatives showed apparent variations in rainwater quality. By using different catchments, such as mortar roofs and cement-paved courtyards, compacted land or road surfaces, rainwater can be effectively collected for storage in cisterns. This study focused mainly on the quality of rainwater harvested from the different catchment systems and stored for different periods of time. By analysis of the water samples stored in these cisterns, it was evident that rainwater quality could be improved significantly by self-purification during the storage. With emphasis on rainwater quality affected by the different catchment systems, it was found that the measured inorganic compounds in the rainwater harvested from roof-yard catchment systems generally matched the WHO standards for drinking water, while the concentrations of some inorganic compounds in the rainwater collected from land and road surfaces appeared to be higher than the guideline values for drinking water, but generally not beyond the maximum permissible concentrations. However, Fecal Coliform, which is an important bacteriological parameter for the three catchment systems, exceeded the limits of drinking water to a greater extend. Trace amounts of 55 organic pollutants were identified, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and phthalate esters, etc. The analytical results indicated that roof-yard catchments that included the “first flush” usually provided safe drinking water with low organic contents, even for rainwater collected immediately after rainfall. In contrast, rainwater harvested from road surfaces had poor quality with respect to the organic constituents, regardless of stored time.     

科尔沁沙地沙丘水分深层渗漏量和侧向运移量

沙丘水分的深层渗漏和侧向运移与深层土壤水、地下水及相邻丘间低地的水分状况密切关联。以科尔沁沙地典型流动沙丘迎风坡坡底，迎风坡坡中、坡顶、背风坡坡中和背风坡坡底监测点为例，采用自制的水分渗漏量及侧向运移量的监测装置，测定了科尔沁沙地流动沙丘各坡位入渗到0~100 cm土层雨水沿坡面的侧向运移量及入渗到100 cm以下的深层渗漏量。结果表明：生长季（5—10月）流动沙丘坡顶、迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处累积深层渗漏量分别为44.46、78.65、61.84、147.6 mm，分别占同期降雨量的17.03%、30.12%、23.68%、56.53%；迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处的累积侧向运移量分别为32.35、96.47、82.59 mm，分别占同期降雨量的12.39%、36.95%、31.63%。迎风坡坡中（P<0.01）和坡顶（P<0.05）的月深层渗漏量与月降雨量均显著正相关；背风坡坡中（P<0.01）和背风坡坡底（P<0.05）的月侧向运移量与降雨量均显著正相关。     

广州市环境噪声总体水平分析及其控制：以越秀区为例

随着广州市改革开放的深入发展，作为广州市中心区的越秀区环境噪声总体水平居高不下，而且还有上升趋势。本文分析了越秀区环境噪声现状和发展，对环境噪声总体水平的控制提出建议和对策。