Tracer tests, hydrochemical and microbiological investigations as a basis for groundwater protection in a remote tropical mountainous karst area, Vietnam

The Tam Duong karst area in NW Vietnam is among the poorest and remotest regions in the country. The local population largely depends on water from two main karst springs. Due to agricultural activity and untreated domestic wastewaters, the spring water is often microbiologically contaminated. In order to provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection in the area, different field methods have been applied including hydrogeological framework investigations, tracer tests, and hydrochemical and microbiological sampling and analyses. All methods had to be adapted to the conditions of a poor and remote area. These adaptations included, amongst other measures, the use of a portable microbiological water_testing kit and the involvement of the local population in the sampling campaign. The tracer tests showed simple and direct connections between two important swallow holes and the two main springs, and made it possible to determine the linear groundwater flow velocities, which are extremely high (up to 875 m/h). The hydrochemical and microbiological data confirmed the strong impact of the streams sinking into the swallow holes on the spring water quality. Future groundwater source protection strategies should consequently focus on the reduction of polluting activities near the sinking streams and within their catchment areas.     

Formation mechanism of large sinkhole collapses in Laibin,Guangxi, China

On June 3, 2010, a series of karst sinkholes occurred at Jili village surrounded by Gui-Bei highway, Wu-Ping highway and Nan-Liu High-Speed Railway in Laibin, Guangxi, China. The straight-line distances from an large sinkhole pit, 85 m in diameter and 38 m in depth, to the above mainlines are 200, 600 and 500 m, respectively. Several investigation methods including geophysical technology, borehole and well drilling, groundwater elevation survey and hydrochemistry analysis of groundwater were used to study the formation mechanisms of these sinkholes. Based on the results, the spatial distribution of the Jili underground river was confirmed with a strike of SN along the middle Carboniferous limestone bedrock and the Quaternary deposits controlled the sinkhole formation. In addition, both historical sinkhole events and analysis of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring data installed in the underlying karst conduit system indicate that sinkholes in this area are more likely induced by extreme weather conditions within typical karst geological settings. Extreme weather conditions in the study area before the sinkhole collapses consisted of a year-long drought followed by continuous precipitation with a daily maximum precipitation of 442 mm between May 31 and June 1, 2010. Typical geological conditions include the Jili underground river overlain by the Quaternary overburden with thick clayey rubble. Especially in the recharge zone of the underground river, a stabilized shallow water table was formed in response to the extreme rainstorm because of the presence of the thick clayey rubble. When the underground conduit was flooded through the cave entrance on the surface, air blasting may have caused the cave roof collapse followed by formation of soil cavities and surface collapses. Borehole monitoring results of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring show that the potential karst sinkhole can pose threats to Shanbei village, the High-Speed Railway and the Wu-Ping highway. Local government needs to be aware of any early indicators of this geohazard so that devastating sinkholes can be prevented in the future. The results also suggest that groundwater–air pressure monitoring data collected both the Quaternary deposits and the bedrock karst system provide useful indicators for potential sinkhole collapses in similar karst areas where sinkholes usually occur during rainy season or karst groundwater level is always under the rockhead.     

城市化对岩溶水系统化学组分演化的影响——以重庆市南山老龙洞地下河为例

为研究城市化作用下的岩溶区地下水水质演变状况,基于2008-2012年对老龙洞地下河的pH值、电导率、水温、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、PO43-等水物理化学指标的连续监测,分析了老龙洞地下河流域水质的演变趋势,并对2011年8月的单场降雨条件下地下河水质的动态变化进行主成分分析(PCA)。结果表明,在城市化过程中,地下河水Na+、Cl-、PO43-、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-等离子浓度受人类活动影响而明显上升,NO3-、SO42-浓度则因为城市化效应增强和农业活动强度的降低而下降。老龙洞地下河水补给来源复杂,其中碳酸盐岩地质背景、人类活动及水土流失对地下河水质变化起着决定作用。城市化水平的提高、区域环境的变化,使得老龙洞地下河的水质也处于不断变化中,从硝酸盐、硫酸盐的年际变化看,地下河水质已有较大改善。      

不同补给条件下裂隙-管道介质间水流交换的示踪试验研究

为探究岩溶含水系统中裂隙-管道介质间不同补给方式下水流交换情况,在实验室内借助高精度摄像仪和有色示踪剂对其进行可视化观测。设计多组试验对单独补给裂隙、共同补给、裂隙和落水洞分开同时补给三种补给方式下水流交换情况进行探讨,从而定性地分析水流交换情况。试验结果表明:落水洞对裂隙水扩散的影响随裂隙距离落水洞的距离增大而减小;相较于共同补给情况,单独补给裂隙情况下落水洞对裂隙水扩散影响较大;在分开同时补给情况下裂隙与落水洞补给水量相同时,仅呈现裂隙对落水洞的单向补给。     

西南某岩溶区地下水系统示踪试验与解析

以西南某典型岩溶区为例,解析示踪试验在岩溶管道连通性以及获取水文地质参数中的应用。选择落水洞为投放点,分别从落水洞西侧和东侧寻找地下水出露点作为接收点,判别落水洞地下径流的实际去向以及落水洞与接收点之间的水力联系。结合Qtracer2软件对示踪试验成果进行定量解析,确定示踪剂回收率、地下水平均流速、最快流速,估算出岩溶管道结构特征和水文地质参数。结果表明:落水洞与接收点JS01、JS03之间不存在直接水力联系;落水洞与接收点JS02存在水力联系且岩溶管道极为发育,含水介质不均匀,地下水运移路径较为通畅,为典型的紊流流态;落水洞地下径流的主要方向是由西向东,但在丰水期雨量较大期间,接收点JS04能够接收到荧光素钠,说明丰水期水位上涨后两者间会有水力联系,导致部分水量向落水洞西侧排泄。     

高精度地下水示踪技术及其应用——以毛村地下河流域为例

笔者以桂林毛村岩溶地下河流域的示踪试验为例, 探索高精度地下水示踪方法在岩溶水文地质研究中的应用。实践证明, 该方法较传统示踪方法具有较大优势。试验中, 从地下河主出口回收I号示踪剂为34%, 地下水平均流速为35.3 m/h, 全部回收率约为60%~70%。示踪结果证实毛村地下河流域具有典型河间地块特征, 存在多个排泄出口, 水文地质边界较复杂; 主出口处示踪剂浓度变化呈宽域多峰, 说明具有多管道、沿途多个较大溶潭特征; II号示踪剂在所有接收点都没有收到, 其原因较为复杂和不确定。枯季部分地下水有沿西南方向断层排泄迹象, 雨季是否存在较大径流, 还需用示踪试验来证实; 流量不均衡, 排泄区可能存在潜流。     

滇东南南洞地下河系统源区洞穴特征及其成因演化机制

滇东南岩溶地貌发育,岩溶洞穴是该区典型空洞体系。文章以滇东南南洞地下河系统源区典型岩溶洞穴为研究对象,基于地学理论和地球化学分析,对该区地貌特征、成因及演化机制开展科学研究。研究表明,NW向的张性断裂、区内可溶部分最高个旧组碳酸盐岩以及杨柳河向西流动的水动力作用是南洞地下河系统源区洞穴发育的主要成因;全新世中期6 kaBP以来,该地区洞穴演化过程经历了三个阶段,其中,主体形成时间为6~4 kaBP;此外,建立石洞洞穴与地下河发育模式。本次研究对南洞地区地下水资源评价具有实际意义。      

贺州市合宝地下河系统的定量示踪试验与分析

在岩溶水文地质调查中,示踪试验的应用是较为广泛且行之有效的方法。为确定地下河系统的岩溶含水介质结构,采用高精度在线监测技术在广西壮族自治区贺州市合宝地下河主管道上进行示踪试验。试验采用的示踪剂为荧光素钠,在线监测设备为GGUN-FL30野外荧光分光光度计。试验结果显示: 合宝地下河入口S₁与出口S₄之间地下河以管道流为主要特征,结构相对简单,不存在溶潭等地下储水体; 示踪剂回收率为63.18%,说明该地下河还有其他排泄途径,很有可能为地下潜流。基于Qtracer2数据分析可知,合宝地下河枯季水流的最大流速为156.00 m/h,平均流速48.09 m/h,岩溶管道储水量26 714 m³,管道过水断面面积13.70 m²,平均直径4.18 m,弥散系数0.505 m²/s,纵弥散度37.81 m,摩擦系数0.178,雷诺数48 937,舍伍德数1 875.4,施密特数1 140。合宝地下河岩溶极其发育,含水介质不均一性强,为规模较大的单一管道系统。地下水流态呈紊流型,且局部具备承压特征。研究数据及成果为建立地下河系统数值模型提供了依据。     

云南南洞地下河系统边界及性质研究

地下河系统具有固定补给范围和资源要素,是岩溶地下水进行独立循环的基本单元,控制了岩溶水的运移富集、水化学演化特征、资源构成以及环境地质问题。开展地下河系统研究首要任务是确定系统边界位置及其水文地质性质。以南洞地下河系统为研究对象,据野外调查、勘探、试验资料,以地球系统科学理论为指导,运用现代岩溶学、地质学及水文地质学的分析方法,确定南洞地下河系统是由1号暗河和2号暗河系统组成的,其中2号暗河还有叠置于其上的平石板和黑龙潭两个全排型暗河子系统;其含水岩层主要为三叠系个旧组（T2g）灰岩、灰质白云岩、白云质灰岩;根据边界的水文地质性质可以划分为地表分水岭边界、地下分水岭边界、隔水边界、岩溶含水层深埋滞留型边界。      

明月峡背斜南部张关—排花洞岩溶水系统地下水径流模式解析

川东明月峡背斜地下岩溶发育的强烈非均质性造就了独特的地下水径流模式,孕育出区域复杂的岩溶工程水文地质问题,查明明月峡背斜南段地下水径流模式对指导区内隧道工程选址及建设具有重要意义。文章在已有研究基础上,以“张关—排花洞”岩溶水系统为研究区,通过系统厘清区内水文地质条件,深入剖析区内地下水水文地球化学特征及水动力条件,明确区内岩溶含水介质不均一性控制下的地下水小尺度径流规律。结果显示:研究区地下水在平面上表现为形似“扫帚状”的径流模式:在补给、径流区,三叠系下统嘉陵江组一段（T₁j1）、嘉陵江组三段(T₁j3)地层（强岩溶化）与嘉陵江组二段（T₁j2）、嘉陵江组四段 （T₁j4）地层（弱岩溶化）呈间互状分布的特点导致相邻地层之间水力联系较弱,以地层为单位形成多个相对独立的岩溶水子系统;在研究区排泄区,受控于势汇最强的T₁j3内部管道流对其他地层地下水持续的袭夺效应,地下水统一汇聚至排花洞暗河出口向御临河排泄,各岩溶水子系统最终整合为一个岩溶水系统。      

泸西喀斯特断陷盆地地表水与地下水流域边界与水动力性质

在详细调查基础上,采用系统科学及水文地质分析方法,依据地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、示踪试验、地下水排泄基准面、喀斯特发育条件及发育规律等剖析论证流域边界,并通过钻探及示踪试验进行验证。研究结果:（1）对泸西喀斯特断陷盆地南东部的水系统边界向北移进行了修正,证实了三塘一带深部不发育的喀斯特是地下水分水岭边界,使得泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域的径流系统和边界圈化更加准确;（2）泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域地表水、地下水转化频繁,地表水径流特征主要以小江河在水库、河流、伏流间的径流转化过程为体现,地下水在侵溶山区接受大气降水补给后,上层径流以泉、暗河的形式在泸西盆地底面排泄后转化成地表水,最终汇集于盆地南部、通过工农隧洞及落水洞排向小江,而下层径流则以小江水面为基准,通过深层径流排泄。      

Relationship Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Liujiang Basin—Hydrochemical Constrains

The interaction between surface water and groundwater is not only an important part of the water cycle, but also the foundation of the study on regional water resources quantity. The field hydrogeological investigation and sampling in the Liujiang basin were conducted in the dry season, in April, 2015. The isotopic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen and ion compositions as well as the hydrogeochemical characteristics indicated that the groundwater in the basin was mainly HCO₃-Ca and HCO₃-Ca·Mg type low salinity water. The groundwater of each region had a unified connection, experiencing the same or similar hydrochemical formation, and the surface water had the same hydrochemical type and source of hydrochemical composition as groundwater. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of surface water and groundwater were close to each other, which were mainly from the atmospheric precipitation. In the runoff process, the river water was affected by the evaporation concentration so that the heavy isotopes were slightly enriched. Under the influence of topographical, geological and hydrogeological conditions, the interaction between groundwater and surface water in the basin had obvious segmentation and mutual transformation. The river was recharged by both sides of groundwater in upstream region of Dashi River and Donggong River basin while river water supplied groundwater on both sides of it in downstream region of Dashi River.     

桂林毛村地下河流域雨季与旱季定量示踪分析

以典型岩溶地区广西桂林市毛村地下河流域为例,基于在线高分辨率监测进行雨季与旱季定量示踪试验,精细刻画流域内含水介质特征。根据示踪试验研究及毛村地下河系统内地下水的径流和分布特征,可将毛村地下河系统划分为社更岩、扁岩地下河系统,大冲里-背地坪系统和大岩前落水洞-毛村出口系统。这三个子系统分布于毛村流域的上游和下游,其示踪剂浓度历时曲线为陡升陡降的尖峰,地下管道相对单一,无较大岔道和溶潭发育。各段地下河水动力作用以对流作用为主,且水流一般呈现为紊流流态。雨季流速快、流量较大,平均运移时间短,示踪剂回收率比旱季高。流域中游含水介质相对均匀,无管道发育,地下水主要赋存于溶蚀裂隙。      

贵州深切峡谷区典型岩溶地下河水文水化学特征

黔中水利枢纽水源工程——平寨水库位于贵州高原三岔河深切峡谷型岩溶区,是保障黔中地区水资源安全的重要水利基础设施。文章采用水文水化学自动监测技术,对前期水文地质基础研究较为薄弱的平寨水库区间流域内的重要支流——三塘地下河系统的水文水化学变化规律进行了研究,在此基础上探讨了深切峡谷型岩溶地下河系统的岩溶发育规律及管道模式。研究结果表明,该地下河系统水化学动态主要受覆被CO₂效应、有效降雨稀释效应和径流-排泄通道开放效应三者的控制。在不同时间尺度和大气降水条件下,水化学动态的总体变化特征不同,起主导作用的效应也有所不同。水温在年尺度上呈夏季高冬季低的变化规律,日尺度上呈昼高夜低的变化规律。电导率和水中CO₂分压的动态变化,年尺度下,在覆被CO₂效应与稀释效应的共同作用下总体呈现平水期较高丰水期较低;月尺度下,降雨初期可见明显的覆被CO₂效应,降雨后则为有效降雨的稀释效应主控;在旱季无雨条件下的日尺度上,可见由径流-排泄通道的开放效应造成的水化学日动态。径流-排泄通道开放效应的识别,可为今后在岩溶水系统模型化研究中判断岩溶管道的承压状态提供水化学方面的依据。本研究对今后该区开展地表与地下水库联合调度、水资源合理利用研究提供了一定的水文地质基础。     

广西平南赤泥堆场地下水渗流特性试验研究

渗漏污染是建干岩溶地区赤泥堆场的主要环境工程地质问题。解决这一问题的关键是通过查明地下水的渗流特性，从而确定其渗漏通道。试验研究表明，堆场内各水点之间、堆场与外部各水点存在一定的水力联系，其流速受季节影响，在枯水期较为缓慢；地下水流向主要取决于地下暗河的走向；堆场区地下水流向总体是自堆场向北流向右江，局部地下水的流向受构造和岩溶裂隙控制；岩溶管道是渗流的主要通道。因此，存在因赤泥渗流污染居民生产与生活水源地的可能，污染物的扩散途径主要是岩溶通道。     

Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater using self-organizing maps in the Hangjinqi gasfield area,Ordos Basin,NW China

Water resources are scarce in arid or semiarid areas,which not only limits economic development,but also threatens the survival of mankind.The local communities around the Hangjinqi gasfield depend on groundwater sources for water supply.A clear understanding of the groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics and the groundwater quality and its seasonal cycle is invaluable and indispensable for groundwater protection and management.In this study,self-organizing maps were used in combination with the quantization and topographic errors and K-means clustering method to investigate groundwater chemistry datasets.The Piper and Gibbs diagrams and saturation index were systematically applied to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater from both rainy and dry seasons.Further,the entropy-weighted theory was used to characterize groundwater quality and assess its seasonal variability and suitability for drinking purposes.Our hydrochemical groundwater dataset,consisting of 10 parameters measured during both dry and rainy seasons,was classified into 6 clusters,and the Piper diagram revealed three hydrochemical facies:Cl-Na type(clusters 1,2 and 3),mixed type(clusters 4 and 5),and HCO3-Ca type(cluster 6).The Gibbs diagram and saturation index suggested thatweathering of rock-forming mineralswere the primary process controlling groundwater chemical composition and validated the credibility and practicality of the clustering results.Two-thirds of 45 groundwater samples were categorized as excellent-or good-quality and were suitable as drinking water.Cluster changes within the same and different clusters from the dry season to the rainy season were detected in approximately 78%of the collected samples.The main factors affecting the groundwater quality were hydrogeochemical characteristics,and dry season groundwater quality was better than rainy season groundwater quality.Based on this work,such results can be used to investigate the seasonal variation of hydrogeochemical characteristics and assess water quality accurately in the others similar area.     

基于表层岩溶带调控的峰丛洼地低影响开发构建

岩溶峰丛洼地地区石漠化、饮水困难和水污染等环境问题高发,生态环境十分脆弱。低影响开发概念的引入有助于规范开发行为,促进水资源的高效利用,降低石漠化和地下河污染风险。根据水文条件和开发方式岩溶洼地空间分为坡耕地水土流失敏感区、表层岩溶泉水源地敏感区和落水洞污染输入敏感区。低影响开发模式总体是在3类敏感区实现5个管理目标。坡耕地敏感区的低影响开发目标设置为降低农田耗水量和减少水土流失,开发途径是减少蒸发和调控坡面洪水径流。表层岩溶泉敏感区的管理目标是降雨－径流资源化利用和饮用水安全保障,通过实施雨水收集回用工程和设置水源地保护区来实现。落水洞敏感区需要通过设置径流缓冲区和沉淀过滤池来预防污染物进入。我国南方石漠化地区探索和总结出以表层岩溶带降雨－径流管理为特征的低影响开发模式。该模式要求峰丛顶部留置生态保护区涵养水源。岩溶洼地底部为落水洞排洪预留缓冲区,利用岩溶裂缝设置下凹式绿地,实现自然渗透和净化。“峰”、“洼”之间过渡区划定水源地保护区边界,同时设法增加雨水资源化利用率,补充生态和生活缺水量。低影响开发模式也适用于峰丛洼地发育的东南亚和中美洲等地区。      

Mise-a-la-masse method,tracer tests and cave detection analysis of underground-river karst-conduit distribution and structure: a case study of the Dafengdong conduits in Guizhou Province,China

In karst areas, groundwater movement is dominated by conduit flow; thus, understanding the distribution and structure of karst conduits has great significance for water research, groundwater protection and engineering construction. With the Dafengdong (Guizhou Province, China) underground river karst as an example, a mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection were conducted to study the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Combined with information on the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the geological factors that form karst conduits were determined. It can be concluded that: (1) Under the influence of faults, karst conduits usually develop towards or along faults; (2) multiple karst conduits form easily on both sides of tectonic fracture zones; (3) both lithology and geological structure affect the formation of blue holes, and when the directions of karst conduits change, blue holes easily form in weak parts of the structure; (4) at springs where two aquifers intersect, with strong chemical dissolution of the lower karst aquifer and mechanical collapse of the upper aquifer, blue holes also form easily; and (5) integrated mise-a-la-masse method, tracer tests and cave detection can accurately discern the distribution and structure of karst conduits. Geological factors can be used to preliminarily delineate the distribution and structure of karst conduits in similar areas based on hydrogeological conditions. Such methods hold great significance for groundwater extraction and protection and engineering construction in karst areas.

     

不同时间段青木关岩溶地下河水化学变化主导因素分析

利用多参数水质分析仪,对典型岩溶槽谷区重庆青木关岩溶地下河出口姜家泉的月尺度、农耕期和暴雨期3个不同时间段的水化学动态变化特征进行监测,通过主成分分析法,研究这3个不同时间段水化学变化主导因素的异同。结果表明:月尺度期间,电导率、pH值和Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、HCO_3~-受雨水稀释作用,使丰水期低于枯水期;水化学变化主要受5个主成分影响,累积方差贡献率为90.75%,但其主导因素是水-岩作用。农耕期,降雨携带残余的粪肥、氮磷钾肥汇入地下河,电导率和Cl~-、NO_3~-、K~+、Na~+浓度升高;水化学变化主要受3个主成分影响,累积方差贡献率为87.81%,但其主导因素是施肥活动。暴雨期间,各离子浓度变化经过平稳期、上升期、稳定期、特殊期4个阶段。上升期,降雨对地下河影响最大,导致水-岩作用增强,电导率和Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-浓度上升;对地表土壤和化肥的冲刷淋溶作用显著,导致Al、Fe、Cl~-、K~+、Na~+和NO_3~-浓度明显上升。水化学变化主要受4个主成分影响,累积方差贡献率为80.09%,但其主导因素是水-岩作用、地表土壤和养分流失。