Numerical modeling of porosity waves in the Nankai accretionary wedge décollement,Japan: implications for aseismic slip

Seismic and hydrologic observations of the Nankai accretionary wedge décollement, Japan, show that overpressures at depths greater than ～2 km beneath the seafloor could have increased to near lithostatic values due to sediment compaction and diagenesis, clay dehydration, and shearing. The resultant high overpressures are hypothesized then to have migrated in rapid surges or pulses called ‘porosity waves’ up the dip of the décollement. Such high velocities—much higher than expected Darcy fluxes—are possible for porosity waves if the porous media through which the waves travel are deformable enough for porosity and permeability to increase strongly with increasing fluid pressure. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that porosity waves can travel at rates (kilometers per day) fast enough to cause aseismic slip in the Nankai décollement. The hypothesis was tested using a one-dimensional numerical solution to the fluid mass conservation equation for elastic porous media. Results show that porosity waves generated at depths of ～2 km from overpressures in excess of lithostatic pressure can propagate at rates sufficient to account for aseismic slip along the décollement over a wide range of hydrogeological conditions. Sensitivity analysis showed porosity wave velocity to be strongly dependent on specific storage, fluid viscosity, and the permeability–depth gradient. Overpressure slightly less than lithostatic pressure could also produce porosity waves capable of traveling at velocities sufficient to cause aseismic slip, provided that hydrogeologic properties of the décollement are near the limits of their geologically reasonable ranges.     

Investigating the role of hydromechanical coupling on flow and transport in shallow fractured-rock aquifers

Fractured-rock aquifers display spatially and temporally variable hydraulic conductivity generally attributed to variable fracture intensity and connectivity. Empirical evidence suggests fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are sensitive to in situ stress. This study investigates the sensitivity of fractured-rock hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow paths, and advection-dominated transport to variable shear and normal fracture stiffness magnitudes for a range of deviatoric stress states. Fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity are solved for analytically using empirical hydromechanical coupling equations; groundwater flow paths and ages are then solved for numerically using groundwater flow and advection-dispersion equations in a traditional Toth basin. Results suggest hydraulic conductivity alteration is dominated by fracture normal closure, resulting in decreasing hydraulic conductivity and increasing groundwater age with depth, and decreased depth of long flow paths with decreasing normal stiffness. Shear dilation has minimal effect on hydraulic conductivity alteration for stress states investigated here. Results are interpreted to suggest that fracture normal stiffness influences hydraulic conductivity of hydraulically active fractures and, thus, affects flow and transport in shallow (<1 km) fractured-rock aquifers. It is suggested that observed depth-dependent hydraulic conductivity trends in fractured-rock aquifers throughout the world may be partly a manifestation of hydromechanical phenomena.     

页岩气藏微裂缝表观渗透率动态模型研究

为研究页岩气藏开发过程中介质变形和滑脱效应对微裂缝表观渗透率动态变化的影响规律,分析有效应力和多孔介质结构参数等对气体渗流影响机制,采用光滑平板模型,结合分形及气体微观渗流理论,建立了介质变形和滑脱效应耦合作用下的微裂缝表观渗透率动态模型,并对模型进行可靠性验证和参数敏感性分析。研究表明,页岩气藏降压开采过程中受介质变形和滑脱效应“一负一正”耦合影响,微裂缝表观渗透率呈先减小后增大趋势,且临界压力值约为5 MPa;不同有效应力状态下,由于介质变形和滑脱效应耦合机制的差异性,导致表观渗透率变化规律不同,从微观作用机制角度对实验中不同加载条件下页岩应力敏感性的差异做出了理论解释;微裂缝最大开度越小,表观渗透率曲线“凹槽”越深,同时微裂缝孔隙度及开度分形维数越高、迂曲度分形维数越低,表观渗透率值越大。     

A simple method of estimating rock mass porosity and permeability

Conclusion A simple method of estimating fracture porosity and permeability based on empirical relations between fracture aperture andJRC andJCS can be developed. This shows very close correlation with existing data, using simple discontinuity models. There is quite a good correlation between fracture porosity and permeability and depth for larger initial apertures.     

A coupled compressible flow and geomechanics model for dynamic fracture aperture during carbon sequestration in coal

This paper presents the development of a discrete fracture model of fully coupled compressible fluid flow, adsorption and geomechanics to investigate the dynamic behaviour of fractures in coal. The model is applied in the study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration and differs from the dual porosity model developed in our previous work, with fractures now represented explicitly using lower-dimensional interface elements. The model consists of the fracture-matrix fluid transport model, the matrix deformation model and the stress-strain model for fracture deformation. A sequential implicit numerical method based on Galerkin finite element is employed to numerically solve the coupled governing equations, and verification is completed using published solutions as benchmarks. To explore the dynamic behaviour of fractures for understanding the process of carbon sequestration in coal, the model is used to investigate the effects of gas injection pressure and composition, adsorption and matrix permeability on the dynamic behaviour of fractures. The numerical results indicate that injecting nonadsorbing gas causes a monotonic increase in fracture aperture; however, the evolution of fracture aperture due to gas adsorption is complex due to the swelling-induced transition from local swelling to macro swelling. The change of fracture aperture is mainly controlled by the normal stress acting on the fracture surface. The fracture aperture initially increases for smaller matrix permeability and then declines after reaching a maximum value. When the local swelling becomes global, fracture aperture starts to rebound. However, when the matrix permeability is larger, the fracture aperture decreases before recovering to a higher value and remaining constant. Gas mixtures containing more carbon dioxide lead to larger closure of fracture aperture compared with those containing more nitrogen.     

广义平面应力条件下径向渗流的液固耦合

考虑了多孔介质渗透率随孔隙变化的特点,建立了基本方程;对于广义平面应力条件下的径向渗流问题,提出了解耦方法,并求出了耦合条件下的孔隙压力及介质应力、应变、位移的解析解。实例计算表明,耦合效应不容忽略。      

Stress-Dependent Fluid Flow and Permeability in Fractured Media: from Lab Experiments to Engineering Applications

Summary. Permeability is a physical property in rocks of extreme importance in energy engineering, civil and environmental engineering, and various areas of geology. Early on, fractures in fluid flow models were assumed to be rigid. However, experimental research and field data confirmed that stress-deformation behavior in fractures is a key factor governing their permeability tensor. Although extensive research was conducted in the past, the three-dimensional stress-permeability relationships, particularly in the inelastic deformation stage, still remain unclear. In this paper, laboratory experiments conducted on large concrete blocks with randomly distributed fractures and rock core samples are reported to investigate fluid flow and permeability variations under uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial complete stress-strain process. Experimental relationships among flowrate, permeability and fracture aperture in the fractured media are investigated. Results show that the flowrate and stress/aperture exhibit “cubic law” relationship for the randomly distributed fractures. A permeability-aperture relationship is proposed according to the experimental results. Based on this relationship, stress-dependent permeability in a set of fractures is derived in a three-dimensional domain by using a coupled stress and matrix-fracture interactive model. A double porosity finite element model is extended by incorporating such stress-dependent permeability effects. The proposed model is applied to examine permeability variations induced by stress redistributions for an inclined borehole excavated in a naturally fractured formation. The results indicate that permeability around underground openings depends strongly on stress changes and orientations of the natural fractures.     

天然地应力作用下不同产状岩体裂隙渗流特性研究

为了研究天然地应力作用下裂隙产状等因素对深部岩体裂隙渗流特性的影响,基于单裂隙面渗透性服从负指数变化规律,建立了三维应力作用下不同产状裂隙的渗透系数计算公式,利用Lagrange乘子法分析裂隙面产状变化对其渗透性的影响,并分析了岩体裂隙有、无充填物对其渗透性的影响及敏感性;然后,以我国大陆地区地应力统计规律为例,分析了地表以下5 000 m范围内在天然地应力作用下裂隙渗透性随深度、产状的变化规律。结果表明：裂隙产状的变化对其渗流特性有明显影响,对于浅层岩体,在大主应力大致呈水平方向分布时,随着裂隙面倾角的增加,裂隙渗透系数逐渐降低;但随着深度的增加,在裂隙深度超过约200 m和裂隙面走向与大或中主应力方向大致一致时,裂隙渗透性反而会随着裂隙面倾角的增加逐渐增加,在裂隙面走向与小主应力方向垂直时增加最为明显;对于深部岩体,裂隙的渗透性很小,裂隙面产状的变化对其渗透性影响很弱;对于有充填物裂隙,岩块与充填物的弹模比和充填物泊松比的变化对裂隙渗透性的影响很小。研究结果可为深入研究我国深部岩体渗透特性变化规律提供借鉴意义。     

利用定向岩心进行AE法原地应力测量

在北京市房山区迎风坡花岗闪长岩300m深钻孔中,采用以水泥端帽法为主的岩心定向技术,并在钻进和取心过程中采取特殊措施,在钻孔中距地表25m~301m整个深度段内取得了直径86mm的定向岩心。对深度294m的定向岩心进行了声发射Kaiser效应试验。岩石试件为圆柱形,直径30mm,高度75mm.在垂直方向,利用声发射Kaiser效应估计的垂直主应力为7.7MPa;在294m岩体静岩压力为7.9MPa;两者基本相同。在水平面内,对4个方向的试件进行声发射Kaiser效应试验,得到相应的各个方向的压应力,由此估算的水平最大和最小主应力分别为21.2MPa和12.1MPa.水平面内最大主应力的方向基本为SN方向。将声发射Kaiser效应测量结果与水压致裂法的测量结果进行对比,二者具有很好的一致性。      

用渗透性随深度变化规律确定大尺度岩体变形模量

采用渗流场-应力场耦合的观点,用表征渗透性的单位吸水量数据,反求了岩体宏观力学参数——岩体变形模量。裂隙岩体的渗透性大小是裂隙宽度的函数,而岩体不同深度的裂隙宽度由应力大小和变形模量决定,因此可以通过裂隙宽度把渗透性参数和岩体力学参数结合起来。以小浪底水库左岸砂泥岩裂隙岩体T41地层为实例研究表明,该方法求得的岩体变形模量符合随着应力增大而增加这一规律,也符合风化岩体变形模量相对较小这一规律,并且数量级与收集到的相近岩体的变形模量一致,因此所求结果是可靠的。     

一种适用于孔隙体积应变的有效应力方程

土力学奠基石Terzaghi有效应力原理被广泛应用于油藏孔隙和渗透率应力敏感研究中,然而其对于岩石孔隙体积应变的适用性存在争议。对颗粒不可压缩和颗粒可压缩的多孔介质分别进行了受力分析,推导了总体积、颗粒骨架、孔隙体积的有效应力表达式,与Biot、Skepmton有效应力方程对比,建立了适用于孔隙体积应变的新型有效应力方程,并进行了试验论证和应用举例。研究表明:在颗粒不可压缩多孔介质中,有效应力为超出平衡孔隙流压之外的颗粒间宏观等效应力;在颗粒可压缩变形多孔介质中,有效应力为其相同应变下的等效应力,有3种有效应力分别适用于总体积应变、颗粒体积应变、孔隙体积应变;新提出的孔隙体积有效应力方程与孔隙度、岩石总体积压缩系数、颗粒压缩系数、总应力和流压相关,4个理论计算式计算结果在3种多孔介质试验测试结果中的偏差均在5%以内;孔隙体积有效应力系数解决了如何定量增总应力来等效模拟储层降流压生产过程这一关键问题,3个压缩系数关系式理论计算准确方便。     

Characterization of Continental Intercalaire aquifer (CI) in the Tinrhert-East Area-Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan Border

This paper addresses the characterization of the Continental Intercalaire aquifer (CI) in the Tinrhert-East area of Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan border, which belongs to the SASS1 system, one of the biggest transboundary aquifers in the world. This study concerns a superficies of 4 300 km2. On the basis of Mud Logging borehole data conducted in this part of the aquifer, a realistic characterization of the aquifer was done. The thickness of the CI aquifer varies from 300 m in the south to 700 m in the north, and the depth ranges from 180 m to 320 m. The interpretation of the logs showed that the aquifer is characterized by a maximum net thickness in its southwestern part (more than 600 m), the porosity is very high, ranging from 30% in the west to 24% at the Libyan borders, the permeability is low to medium around 10-5 m/s, and the maximum transmissivity values of about 8×10-3 m2/s were recorded at the center of the study area. The depth of water varies from 235 m to 312 m, and the water flows from south to north, in accordance with the general direction observed in the CI aquifer in the Northern Sahara Aquifer System (SASS). The porosity values obtained from the interpretation of the sonic and density logs permit to estimate the water reserves of this aquifer considered fossil, at thresholds much higher than what was considered until now.     

华南南岭地区石英脉型钨矿床蚀变晕形成机制

中国地质工作者在20世纪80年代已发现南岭地区许多石英脉型钨矿床的蚀变晕宽度随深度递减,然而这一蚀变特征的形成机制至今仍未得到较好的解释。通过模拟热液运移和硅从裂隙带向邻近围岩的扩散过程,发现流体温度和围岩孔隙度是影响石英脉型钨矿床蚀变特征的重要变量。高温和高孔隙度会加速硅从裂隙向邻近围岩扩散,从而形成较宽的蚀变。在围岩孔隙度均一分布的情况下,由于深部温度高于浅部,深部围岩蚀变宽于浅部蚀变。围岩孔隙度随深度递减会抵消温度对硅扩散速率的影响,使深部围岩形成较窄的蚀变。围岩孔隙度随深度递减可能是形成石英脉型钨矿床蚀变宽度随深度减小的有效机制。前人将钨矿蚀变特征归因于岩浆热液过渡性流体不均一的物理性质,该研究为这一科学问题提供新的解释。     

水下喷发火山碎屑岩储层特征及主控因素:以新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山为例

新西兰Taranaki盆地中新世Kora火山是海底喷发形成的碎屑岩型火山,可代表浅埋藏火山岩的储层特征.本文根据5口钻井的孔隙度、渗透率、孔隙孔径和铸体薄片开展Kora火山的储层特征、储集空间组成、缝宽以及原生和次生孔隙之间关系的分析.研究结果如下:(1)储集空间主要为次生孔隙,然后是裂缝和原生孔隙;Kora火山具有高...     

松辽盆地北部中——深层砂岩的次生孔隙研究

松辽盆地北部中——深层砂岩的次生孔隙主要是由不稳定的骨架颗粒组分溶解而成,按结构系列,次生孔隙可划分为八种类型。斜长石的溶解是造成次生孔隙的主要原因,它可以在埋藏浅处开始溶解,在1000-1500m 深处溶解变得集中和剧烈。钾长石的溶解一般发生在埋藏较深处。钾长石溶解和浊沸石溶解大大丰富了深层砂岩的孔、渗条件。次生孔隙的形成不仅取决于酸性介质环境,而偏碱性的孔隙溶液对长石的溶解亦具有重要意义。     

低渗透砂岩裂缝孔隙度、渗透率与应力场理论模型研究

低渗透砂岩储集层普遍发育裂缝, 裂缝不仅是重要的流体渗流通道, 而且在油井周围的发育程度直接影响着油井的生产能力.目前裂缝定量化预测方面存在的焦点问题是:缺乏一个有效而合理的力学模型, 裂缝渗透性的求取方法仍处于半定量化, 不具通用性.以史深100块沙三中储集层为目标, 从应力场和裂缝主要参数的关系入手, 以裂缝开度为桥梁, 通过实验和理论推导的方法, 建立了构造应力场和裂缝孔隙度、渗透率之间的定量关系模型.在岩石力学参数测试结果和地质模型建立的基础上, 对目的层裂缝发育时期的古构造应力和现今地应力进行数值模拟, 将结果代入关系模型, 计算研究区裂缝孔隙度和渗透率的空间分布, 进而指导低渗透砂岩油藏的裂缝参数定量预测、产能规划及井网部署.      

东营凹陷盐家地区沙四上亚段砂砾岩储层岩相与物性关系

依据岩性、粒度、沉积构造等特征,将东营凹陷盐家地区沙四上亚段近岸水下扇砂砾岩体划分为10种岩相类型和13种在一次沉积事件中形成的岩相组合类型,并将其岩相组合类型划分为3大类6小类。针对砂砾岩储层在任一深度物性范围变化较大的问题,遵循"岩相组合类型-岩相类型-距砂泥接触面距离"的研究思路,采用逐步分解的方法,建立"岩相组合类型-岩相类型-距砂泥接触面距离"约束下的物性纵向演化图,结果显示任一深度物性参数变化范围相对较小,各岩相类型储层孔隙度的变化一般为±2%,渗透率的变化一般在一个数量级以内。对比分析各岩相类型物性图可知:随埋深增加,各岩相类型远泥岩部位储层物性整体变差;同一深度,由Ⅰ型岩相类型到Ⅱ型岩相类型物性变好。与远泥岩的各岩相组合底部岩相类型相比,扇中比扇根部位各级别孔隙度和渗透率的深度上限增加了800~1 200 m;与远泥岩的各岩相组合中上部岩相类型相比,扇中比扇根部位各级别孔隙度和渗透率的深度上限增加了1 100~1 650 m。扇中近泥岩部位和扇缘薄层砂因发生强烈胶结作用而使物性变差,在3 400 m以下基本为超低孔超低渗储层。     

冻融循环作用下黄土孔隙率变化规律

冻融循环作用通过破坏黄土颗粒的大小和土体的骨架及组构影响黄土的孔隙率. 通过颗粒分析实验发现冻融循环后土体颗粒有变小趋势,且集中分布在0.01～0.05 mm,在冻融10次后颗粒大小趋于稳定. 对经历冻融循环后的黄土进行压汞实验,发现随着冻融次数的增加,土体孔隙中的大孔径先减少,后增多;小孔径先增多,后减少,最后向5～10 μm范围内集中. 土的孔隙率也随冻融次数的增加而发生变化. 原状黄土的孔隙率在冻融5次时达到最小值,在冻融10次时达到最大值,冻融10次之后原状黄土的孔隙率在40%上下波动,达到稳定状态. 重塑黄土在冻融3次时孔隙率减少了6%并达到最小值,在冻融5次时孔隙率增加3%并达到最大值,最后在40%上下波动,达到稳定状态. 渗透系数的变化曲线与通过压汞实验获得的孔隙率变化曲线相似,印证了随着冻融次数的增加黄土的孔隙率呈先减小,后增大,然后趋于稳定的变化规律.     

低应力与覆水环境下单裂隙粉砂质泥岩渗流特性

为探究不同外部环境因素影响下浅层粉砂质泥岩边坡裂隙渗流特性,采用自主研发的岩体裂隙渗流试验装置,对含6种不同裂隙面粗糙度（JRC）的粉砂质泥岩裂隙试样进行渗流试验,研究了不同低围压和覆水深度下粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流特性。结果表明：不同覆水深度及JRC下围压与粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数均呈反相关,两者之间关系可用幂函数表征,且渗透系数的降低过程可分为快速降低（围压为0～30 kPa）和缓慢降低（围压为30～50 kPa）两个阶段,CT扫描结果验证了围压增大使得粉砂质泥岩裂隙开度减小是渗透系数随围压增大而减小的主要原因。随围压的增大或覆水深度的减小,不同JRC粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数的离散程度逐渐减小。当围压增至最大,同时覆水深度最小时,JRC对裂隙渗透系数的影响将会被消除。不同围压下,粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗透系数与覆水深度呈正相关,且两者关系可用指数函数表征。推导出了粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流非线性Izabsh模型,该模型能较好地反映低应力及低流速下粉砂质泥岩裂隙渗流量与压力梯度之间的非线性变化关系,但随围压的增大,该模型的相关性有一定程度的减小。     

低应力下岩石裂隙水力特性

针对地表附近30～50 m的岩体裂隙处于一种低围压状态（约1 MPa左右）这一情况,提出了低应力状态下裂隙变形的两点假设：（1）裂隙面处于线弹性状态;（2）隙宽减小量相对于初始力学隙宽是一个微小量。结合Barton公式,建立了低法向应力下裂隙渗流的半经验理论公式,并从实验的角度验证了该公式的合理性。实验结果和理论分析表明：低法向应力作用下,裂隙渗透系数随法向应力的增加而线性降低。此外,给出了一种间接确定裂隙初始力学隙宽的方法。