西藏高原中南部地壳与上地幔导电性结构

根据2001年国土资源部"十五"青藏专项研究计划项目"西藏高原南部岩石圈电性结构的大地电磁研究"所完成的吉隆-措勤剖面(800线)以及2004年教育部重大项目"藏南雅鲁藏布江缝合带地区地壳三维电性结构及其构造地质学与动力学意义的研究"所完成的定日-措迈剖面(900线)超宽频带大地电磁测深数据,研究西藏高原中南部地壳及上地幔电性结构特征及雅鲁藏布江缝合带导电性结构特征:800线和900线上地壳范围内主要为高阻区,电阻率在200~3000Ω.m之间,顶面大范围出露,底面一般在15~20km深度处,整体上,高阻区底面由南向北逐渐加深,再向北又逐渐变浅,900线高阻体底界深达30km,而800线高阻体底界更深达38km;地下15~45km深度范围内存在一组电性梯度带,该电性梯度带之下存在一组硕大的高导层,其电阻率小于5Ω.m,高导层由规模不等且不连续的高导体构成.雅鲁藏布江以南的中地壳高导体,规模较小,厚度在10km左右,产状略向北倾;雅鲁藏布江以北的高导体,规模较大,厚度在30km左右,产状向北缓倾;相比之下,900线的高导体厚度较小,顶面深度较浅.通过对岩石电阻率影响因素的讨论,推测高导体的成因是部分熔融或含水流体,判断藏南巨厚的中、下地壳的物质状态是热的、软弱的、塑性的.     

淮南-溧阳大地电磁剖面与地质结构分析

研究跨长江中下游成矿带宽频大地电磁测深剖面得出,华北板块与扬子板块的电性差异明显,二者以张八岭隆起为界线,其西侧为合肥沉积盆地,主体电阻率较低。合肥盆地上地壳深度约12km,电阻率约50~500Ω·m,为相对高阻,中下地壳为大片低电阻率,约10~20Ω·m,推测与高温、含盐度、结晶水有关。电性莫霍面深度约34~38km。在张八岭隆起以东,扬子板块导电性较差,电阻率较高,约500~5000Ω·m,主要原因与火山岩侵入活动和中生代灰岩出露地表有关;宁芜盆地和溧阳盆地上地壳电阻率相对较低,中下地壳电阻率较高;溧阳盆地电性莫霍面明显,深度约30~32km;宁芜盆地之下电性莫霍面不明显,可能与岩体侵入有关。宁芜盆地成矿带与燕山期多期次火山侵入活动密切相关,大量富含金属离子的岩浆和热液沿地层界面或断层裂隙上涌,并与沉积围岩发生强烈矿化作用,最终形成了铁、铜、银等多金属矿床。     

基于高密度电测深法的新疆叶城县泥石流灾害易发区勘查评价

新疆叶城县柯克亚乡阿曼夏村、依格孜亚村属于泥石流灾害易发区域。采用高密度电测深法,选用WDJD-4型集中式高密度电阻率仪进行数据采集,并布设8条高密度电测深剖面,每条剖面长度约100~250 m,点距4~5 m,共计点数192个,控制勘探深度30 m以内,完成高密度电测深质量检查点36个,通过了解勘查区内泥石流沟地下岩(土)体的电性特征及其在地下空间的分布和变化情况,结合地质、钻探和探井等资料推断其第四系覆盖层厚度、岩性以及空间分布情况显示,第四系厚度最大可达28 m,位于沟口堆积区Ⅲ号剖面北部,多数区域以5~10m为主,区域分布规律为自西向东逐渐变薄,岩性以卵砾石为主,部分剖面夹杂砂土、粉土。为泥石流地质灾害勘查提供基础资料。     

高密度物探法在新疆吉朗德村泥石流灾害勘查中的应用

吉朗德村位于新疆阿克陶县恰尔隆乡,地处山区,属于泥石流多发区,泥石流灾害点位于该区域。为查明该区域泥石流地质灾害情况,依据地质设计要求,采用高密度物探法探测了勘查区内泥石流、洪水冲沟物探剖面位置处地下15m以内地层电性特征及波速特征,了解其电阻率与波速变化特征,从而划分电性层及波速层,进而推断第四系覆盖层厚度并划分其与基底分界面,在勘查区内共完成WT2~WT6共5条高密度剖面,点距1~5 m,完成高密度勘探点165点。勘查结果表明:WT3~WT6线以50Ω·m等值线作为物探推测第四系覆盖层与基底的分界线,推测WT3线第四系覆盖层的厚度在0~6 m,WT4线第四系覆盖层的厚度在0.5~7 m,WT5线第四系覆盖层厚度在2.5~11 m,WT6线第四系覆盖层的厚度在0~11 m,WT2线受地形限制,高密度布设长度有限,该剖面反演深度最大2.5 m,电阻率值在50~220Ω·m之间,通过对比面波推断解释成果,误差在0.2~2.0 m之间,其结果基本符合要求。研究成果为该区域地质灾害专项勘查工作提供基础资料。     

基于二维电测深数据作三维反演的基岩探测

在城市基岩面探测时,受到城市交通、电磁等严重干扰的制约,常选用直流电测深作为主要物探方法。二维电测深剖面沿测线排列电极,采集视电阻率数据后进行二维反演,用所获得剖面方向上的二维电阻率断面图像推断地质体的位置及产状。但由于复杂的实际情况并非适合二维反演条件(走向无限延展并与测线正交),二维反演会产生较大误差。为此,可试用测区多剖面二维电测深数据作三维反演,获得测区三维电阻率立体图像,推断地质体分布的空间形态。在山东某市地质调查中,布设点距50 m、线距为100 m电测深测网,采集二维对称四极测深数据。对该测区二维电极排列建立三维反演数据格式后,进行三维电阻率反演,获得测区三维电阻率图像,推断的基岩面与钻探验证基本一致。     

青藏高原东南部地壳导电性结构与断裂构造特征——下察隅-昌都剖面大地电磁探测结果

根据2004年在青藏高原东南部完成的下察隅—昌都(1000线)宽频带大地电磁探测剖面数据研究高原东南部地壳导电性结构及断裂构造特征,这有助于推进印度与亚洲岩石圈碰撞、俯冲构造模式的研究。研究结果表明,沿剖面上地壳大范围分布的是规模不等的高阻体,电阻率大约在90～3000Ω.m,厚度由南向北增加,底界面的深度大约在5～30km变化。高阻层之下发现由不连续高导体构成的中地壳低阻层,其电阻率小于10Ω.m;其结构与青藏高原中、西部的壳幔高导体相似,但规模小得多,底面埋深也浅得多。沿剖面的上地壳存在多组规模不等、产状不同的横向电性梯度带或畸变带,它们反映了沿剖面地区地壳的断裂分布。通过与该区高精度重力资料对比,在重要的电性梯度带上,均存在布格重力低异常和负重力均衡异常。结合区域地质资料分析推断了嘉黎—然乌、班公—怒江和甲桑卡—赤布张错等主要断裂构造带的空间格局。     

高密度电阻率法在提古铺隧道工程勘察中的运用

沿隧道设计路线,采用60道电极,10m点距,每次布设剖面长600m,测深100m的工作设计,并且以每次重复300m的连续滚动测量,可最大化采集深部电阻率数据。从而了解覆盖层厚度,推断岩溶发育区、断层等不良地质体。     

EH4高频大地电磁测深法在公路隧道勘查中的应用

九石公路地处四川甘孜藏族自治州九龙县境内,地质构造情况复杂,工程勘察设计中需要对岩体完整性及断裂破碎带进行分析评价。根据EH4高频大地电磁法对隧道进行勘察的反演结果,将电阻率反演异常分为Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ等三类异常,其中Ⅴ类异常电阻率小于100Ω·m的区域划分为物探,对应为极破碎岩体(V级围岩);Ⅳ类异常电阻率值在100～300Ω·m,对应为破碎岩体(Ⅳ级围岩);Ⅲ类异常以电阻率大于300Ω·m为划分依据,对应为较破碎岩体(Ⅲ级围岩)。综合地表路线踏勘与地质剖面、钻孔资料,对所测大地电磁测深剖面紧张综合解释推断,初步查明九石公路长海子隧道轴线附近岩性、断层破碎带、富水地段等位置;根据《工程地质手册》中对围岩完整性分级要求,对隧道轴线经过岩体进行围岩等级划分,为下一步工程施工提供基础地质资料。经钻探等资料验证,EH4高频大地电磁法达到预期效果。     

高密度电法反演分辨率数值模拟与分析

高密度电法在反演过程中,电极距相比电性异常体横向长度过大时,电性异常体在反演中无法得到约束;某电极距下,当电性异常体埋藏深度增加大到一定深度时,在反演中电性异常体也无法得到约束。针对以上两个问题,利用res2dmod正演软件建立模型,再利用res2dinv反演软件对模型进行反演,通过对比分析结果表明:温纳、偶极和微分三种装置分两种情况:如果电极距小于20m模拟条件下,对于埋藏深度为5m且剖面面积不同的电性异常高阻体(异常体电阻率=100Ω·m,围岩电阻率=10Ω·m),横向反演分辨率,温纳装置大于微分和偶极装置;电极距小于12.75m时,微分装置大于偶极装置,电极距大于12.75m时,偶极装置大于微分装置。如果电极距在2m^8m范围内,对于剖面面积为4×4(m2)的电性异常高阻体(异常体电阻率=100Ω·m,围岩电阻率=10Ω·m),其最大约束深度随电极距的增大而先增大后减小;相同电极距下,偶极装置的最大约束深度>微分装置的最大约束深度>温纳装置的最大约束深度。     

塔里木地体大地电磁调查和岩石圈三维结构

经过在塔里木盆地内701个大地电磁测站的数据采集、资料处理和三维反演,取得测点分布比较均匀的岩石圈三维电阻率模型,从电性结构角度刻划了塔里木地体三维岩石圈构造。反演取得的电阻率模型表明电性岩石圈厚度为138km,沉积盆地内部的电阻率大都反映为低阻,电阻率小于10Ωm。上地壳结晶基底为高阻,深度12~24km;中下地壳为中低阻层,深度约24~47km。岩石圈地幔上层为低阻,深度约47~88km,电阻率为10Ωm。岩石圈地幔下层高阻,深度约88~138km。软流圈极低阻,电阻率仅为4Ωm。塔里木地体中上地壳高导层不发育(满加尔除外),地壳平均电阻率值偏高,电性莫霍面不清晰,下方有一个厚的高电阻率"根",说明塔里木盆地具有克拉通盆地的属性。同时塔里木地体的四周为高角度岩石圈断裂包围,四缘有高电阻率区存在,深度从15km到90km基本不变,这又说明塔里木盆地为处于造山带之间的大型断陷盆地。塔里木地体为早古生代古特提斯洋中漂移的大陆克拉通地体,以后由于大陆碰撞挤压发生地壳断陷成盆;因此,把它称为断陷型克拉通盆地更为准确。盆地内满加尔和罗布泊低阻区深度从上地壳15km到约90km地幔一直存在,到下地壳之后在北缘打开缺口冲过南天山。推测这一低阻带形成于晚古生代古亚洲洋封闭阶段,是塔里木和哈萨克斯坦地体、西伯利亚克拉通发生碰撞的产物。满加尔坳陷、塔西南的和田坳陷、叶城-莎车坳陷和于田-民丰坳陷、以及唐古孜巴斯坳陷地壳呈现低电阻率,说明这里流体活跃,有利于大型特大型油气成藏。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with