基于随机森林-特征递归消除模型的可解释性缓丘岭谷地貌滑坡易发性评价

研究旨在基于随机森林-特征递归消除模型，通过SHAP算法(SHapley Additive exPlanation, SHAP)与部分依赖图(Partial Dependence Plot, PDP)对缓丘岭谷地貌区域进行滑坡易发性评价与内部机制解释，以期为地质灾害防治研究提供参考。利用优化随机森林算法对典型缓丘岭谷地区滑坡易发性进行研究，建立缓丘岭谷滑坡易发性评价模型；利用特征递归消除算法剔除噪声因子，选取地形地貌、地质构造、环境条件、人类活动5个类型16个因子构建重庆合川区滑坡致灾因子数据库；结合合川区754个历史滑坡点，利用随机森林算法对因子重要性进行排序，并根据专家经验法对研究区的滑坡易发性进行划分，将研究区的滑坡易发性分为极低、低、中、高、极高5个等级；应用部分依赖图对合川区滑坡发生影响大的因子进行解释和SHAP算法对个体滑坡进行局部解释。结果表明：与原模型相比，随机森林-特征递归消除模型测试集AUC值提高了0.019,证明了特征递归消除算法的有效性；训练集以及测试集的AUC值分别为0.769、0.755,具有较高的预测精度；缓丘缓坡地区在起伏较大地区滑坡密度较大，历史滑坡多...     

几种聚类优化的机器学习方法在灵台县滑坡易发性评价中的应用

笔者以甘肃省平凉市灵台县为目标研究区域,基于地理空间和历史滑坡数据,利用混合高斯聚类(GMM)优化的逻辑回归(LR)、支持向量机(SVM)、BP神经网络(BP Neural Network)、随机森林(RF)4种机器学习模型构建滑坡易发性评价分析模型。选取高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、黄土侵蚀强度、归一化植被指数、地质构造7个环境因子作为滑坡易发性影响因子,以30m栅格建立影响因子地理空间数据库,将研究区域划分为180万栅格单元。利用混合高斯聚类模型对整个研究区域的栅格单元进行聚类,得出初步的滑坡易发分区,选择易发程度最低类别中的栅格单元作为非滑坡区域,每次随机选择500个单元作为非滑坡单元,并根据历史滑坡数据将203个已知滑坡栅格单元作为滑坡单元,建立4种机器学习分类模型。利用训练好的模型对整个研究区域进行预测,绘制各算法的受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线),对各个算法的预测结果进行对比。分析结果表明,在本目标研究区域,各模型的滑坡易发区划图与实际的滑坡分布情况总体相吻合。随机森林模型的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)最大为0.96,测试集准确率最高为0.93;BP神经网络模型的ROC曲线下面积和测试集准确率次之,为0.90和0.87;支持向量机模型和逻辑回归模型的ROC曲线下面积和测试集准确率分别为0.86、0.81和0.85、0.80,均低于随机森林和BP神经网络模型。     

海量监测数据下分布式BP神经网络区域滑坡空间预测方法

提出BP神经网络的分布式区域滑坡预测方法,算法设计在大数据分布式处理平台Spark下实现,通过构造包含均方误差和L2正则化的代价函数,提高运算实时性和算法泛化能力。统计影响滑坡评价因子的量化指标和定义监测剖面危险级别评价值,并进行评价因子特征选取,用于三峡库区忠县区域9个滑坡11年月监测海量数据挖掘,对研究区所有滑坡监测剖面每月进行危险级别评价,实现以月为周期的区域滑坡危险程度空间预测。试验表明,采用所述方法得到的拟合精度、准确度、效率均比梯度提升决策树、随机森林算法好,预测的滑坡危险级别准确,该方法可作为区域滑坡空间预测的一种新思路。     

基于GIS和层次分析法的沙溪流域滑坡地质灾害易发性评价

滑坡是沙溪流域主要地质灾害类型之一,开展滑坡灾害易发性评价可为区域地质灾害防治提供数据基础和决策依据。通过沙溪流域生态地质调查,分析了滑坡灾害分布规律和影响因素之间的关系,选取岩性建造、地貌、坡度、坡向、降雨量、距河流距离和距断层距离7项指标,利用层次分析法及地理信息系统空间分析技术,开展沙溪流域滑坡地质灾害易发性评价。结果显示: 沙溪流域滑坡易发性影响因子依次为岩性建造、多年年均降水量、地形地貌、坡度、距河流距离、距断层距离和坡向; 沙溪流域滑坡灾害易发性与坡度、岩性建造、年均降水量表现出明显正相关,即坡度越大、岩性建造性质越软弱、越易风化,年均降水量越多,越易引发滑坡灾害; 滑坡灾害易发性与断裂构造、河流距离与滑坡灾害易发性呈负相关,即距离越近越容易诱发地质灾害; 流域整体以低易发区和极低易发区为主,高易发区主要分布在沙溪流域中南部、东部及东北部地区。这为沙溪流域地质灾害防治提供了基础数据和决策依据。     

基于信息量和卷积神经网络的黄土高原滑坡易发性评价

黄土高原在地质环境与人类活动的复杂互馈作用下易导致黄土崩滑灾害频发,亟需选择适用性的影响因子和训练模型开展滑坡易发性评价研究.本研究以黄土高原为研究区,基于野外滑坡调查和资料收集,构建涵盖地形地貌、基础地质环境、气象水文、人类活动、土壤物理化学性质以及植被覆盖的评价体系,采用信息量模型（ Ⅳ）分别联接到随机森林模型（RF）和卷积神经网络模型（CNN）构建耦合模型 Ⅳ-RF和 Ⅳ-CNN,开展滑坡易发性评价研究.结果表明,耦合模型（ Ⅳ-RF、 Ⅳ-CNN）的精度均高于独立模型（RF、CNN）,4种模型的AUC值分别为0.916、0.938、0.878、0.853, Ⅳ-CNN具有更强的预测能力和精度. Ⅳ-CNN模型的极高、高、中、低、极低易发性区域面积占比分别为8.78%、7.47%、15.34%、19.82%、47.87%,主要分布在黄土高原南部和东部地质环境复杂和人类活动强烈的山地、黄土梁峁地区.坡度、侵蚀类型、地貌类型、粘粒含量、距道路距离在贡献率分析中排在前5位,是影响滑坡发育的主控因子.本研究旨在为黄土高原滑坡灾害的预测和防治工作提供可靠的科学依据,为滑坡易发性评价研究深化...     

基于梯度提升的优化集成机器学习算法对滑坡易发性评价：以雅鲁藏布江与尼洋河两岸为例

雅鲁藏布江与尼洋河两岸地质构造活跃,山体滑坡时常发生,滑坡易发性评价能有效的减少因灾害发生所造成的对人类生命和财产的伤害。笔者基于基尼系数的加权随机森林、XGBoost和LightGBM算法在滑坡易发性中的性能。选取188个滑坡样本和7个影响因素,应用五折交叉验证法训练模型,训练过程中同时考虑特征选择算法、运用贝叶斯方法优化超参数后,采用precision、 recall、 F1、 Accuracy指标对各个级别的预测结果进行分析。结果表明：在高程为32～1 544 m与2 722～3 752 m、坡度为30°～40°、距断裂带、河流与道路200 m以内的区域最容易发生滑坡;滑坡极高与高易发性分布为12.14%和12.41%,低和极低易发性占比分别为26.47%与29.55%,区内一半以上的地区不容易发生滑坡灾害;LightGBM模型在所有模型中表现最好,AUC值为0.843 2,准确度为0.853 1,F1分数为0.834 5;墨脱县的达木乡、帮辛乡,林芝县的丹娘、里龙、扎西饶登乡,朗县的陇村,工布江达的江达乡位于极高易发区,发生滑坡概率极大,在这些地区应采取相应的地质灾害防治措施。     

基于GIS与MaxEnt模型的滑坡易发性评价——以铜川市中部城区为例

铜川市属于中国资源枯竭型城市，近年来过量的开采资源与频繁的工程活动诱发了大量的滑坡，对人民安全与社会发展造成了严重威胁，如何科学合理地对滑坡易发性进行评价具有重大的研究意义。以铜川市滑坡分布较多的王益区、印台区作为研究区，选取坡度、坡向、高程、曲率、距道路的距离、距水系的距离、地形地貌、岩土体类型等8个因子构建评价指标体系，采用MaxEnt模型与ArcGIS平台相结合的方法构建了研究区滑坡易发性评价模型，并进行了易发性评价。评价结果显示，MaxEnt模型AUC值达到0.905，评价能力优秀；Kappa系数为0.76，评价结果与滑坡现状分布十分吻合；距水系的距离、地形地貌为最重要的环境影响因子。高易发和较高易发主要分布在其中部及东部居民集中居住区，分别占研究区总面积的4.36%、5.77%，与实地调查结果相符，MaxEnt模型可在类似区域滑坡易发性评价中进行推广。     

基于逻辑回归模型和3S技术的思南县滑坡易发性评价

区域滑坡易发性评价对滑坡灾害防治具有重要意义,贵州省思南县由于其特殊的自然地理和地质条件,受滑坡地质灾害的影响非常严重,因此,非常有必要对思南县的滑坡易发性进行评价。在滑坡编录的基础上,采用由RS、GIS和GPS组成的3S技术,获取了思南县的数字高程模型、坡度、坡向、剖面曲率、坡长、岩土类型、地表湿度指数、距离水系的距离、植被覆盖度和地表建筑物指数10个滑坡影响因子;再在频率比和相关性分析的基础上,利用逻辑回归模型对思南县的滑坡易发性进行了评价并绘制了易发性分布图。结果表明:利用逻辑回归模型预测思南县滑坡易发性的准确率(AUC值)达到0.797,较为准确地预测出了思南县滑坡分布规律;极高和高滑坡易发区主要分布在高程低于600 m、地表坡度较大且以软质岩类为主的区域;而极低和低滑坡易发区主要分布在高程较高、地表坡度较小且以硬质岩类为主的区域。     

基于加权证据权模型的青藏高原东部巴塘断裂带滑坡易发性评价

巴塘断裂带位于青藏高原东部,呈北东—南西向展布,全新世活动强烈,沿断裂带崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害极为发育。基于遥感解译和野外地质调查,在巴塘断裂带两侧10 km范围内识别出滑坡93处;在分析滑坡空间发育特征的基础上,选取地形地貌(地面高程、地形坡度和地形坡向)、地形湿度指数、地层岩性、活动断裂、降雨量、水系、人类工程活动和植被覆盖等10个因素作为滑坡易发程度的主控因素,采用加权证据权法建立滑坡易发性评价模型,开展巴塘断裂带滑坡易发性评价;成功率(ROC)曲线检验结果表明此次滑坡易发性评价的准确率为82.3%。采用基于自然断点法将滑坡易发程度划分为极高易发、高易发、中等易发和低易发4个级别,结果表明滑坡易发性受巴塘断裂带和河流控制显著,极高易发区和高易发区主要分布在巴塘断裂带、金沙江和巴曲河谷及一级支流两侧,中等易发区主要分布在巴曲各支流中上游,低易发区主要分布在人类工程活动弱的高山地带以及地形相对平缓的区域。滑坡易发性评价结果很好地反映了巴塘断裂带现今滑坡发育分布特征,对该区重大工程规划建设和防灾减灾具有科学指导意义。     

基于GIS的白龙江流域甘肃段滑坡易发性评价

在甘肃省白龙江流域地质灾害资料收集及现场调查的基础上, 统计分析了该区滑坡发育与地层岩性、坡度、坡向、高程、断裂、植被等因素之间的关系, 建立了白龙江流域滑坡易发性评价指标体系。采用基于GIS的层次分析法评价模型, 完成了滑坡易发性分区评价, 将研究区滑坡按易发程度划分为高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和极低易发区, 其中, 高易发区占研究区总面积的13.59%, 主要分布在断裂带、白龙江两侧以及软弱岩土体分布的区域; 中易发区占27.85%;主要分布在白龙江支流以及主要道路两侧的一定范围内; 低易发区占33.09%, 主要分布在海拔相对较高、植被覆盖度较高、基本上无断裂带通过的区域; 其余区域为极低易发区, 占25.46%。对比分析显示评价结果与实际滑坡发育情况吻合, 可以较好地反映区内滑坡灾害发育的总体特征。      

基于确定性系数的降雨型滑坡影响因子敏感性分析

本文选择东南沿海地区具有典型降雨型滑坡的淳安县作为研究区,在完成全县地质灾害详细调查的基础上,选取高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、工程地质岩组、距断层距离、距道路距离、土地利用和植被等9个滑坡影响因子,利用GIS技术与确定性系数分析方法,对这9个影响因子开展敏感性分析。研究结果表明:(1) 寒武、震旦、石炭和白垩系是滑坡易发地层,侵入岩组、紫红色砂岩、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩为主的岩组是滑坡高敏感性岩组;滑坡受断层影响总体上随着距离断层由近及远逐渐降低;(2) 坡度范围10°~35°是滑坡的易发坡度,30°~35°滑坡数量达到峰值;SE和S等朝南坡向是滑坡最易发坡向;高程范围为100~200m是滑坡最易发区间;凹坡最易发生滑坡,而凸坡则滑坡敏感性最差;非林地、茶叶、竹林和经济林等是滑坡高敏感植被类型;(3) 住宅用地、耕地、园地等与人类活动密切相关的用地类型是滑坡易发地类;距道路距离因子对滑坡敏感性低,相关性不明显。上述各滑坡影响因子最利于滑坡发生的数值区间确定,将为研究区进一步开展降雨型滑坡区域易发性评价及预测奠定基础。     

Applying different scenarios for landslide spatial modeling using computational intelligence methods

Landslides every year impose extensive damages to human beings in various parts of the world; therefore, identifying prone areas to landslides for preventive measures is essential. The main purpose of this research is applying different scenarios for landslide susceptibility mapping by means of combination of bivariate statistical (frequency ratio) and computational intelligence methods (random forest and support vector machine) in landslide polygon and point formats. For this purpose, in the first step, a total of 294 landslide locations were determined from various sources such as aerial photographs, satellite images, and field surveys. Landslide inventory was randomly split into a testing dataset 70% (206 landslide locations) for training the different scenarios, and the remaining 30% (88 landslides locations) was used for validation purposes. To providing landslide susceptibility maps, 13 conditioning factors including altitude, slope angle, plan curvature, slope aspect, topographic wetness index, lithology, land use/land cover, distance from rivers, drainage density, distance from fault, distance from roads, convergence index, and annual rainfall are used. Tolerance and the variance inflation factor indices were used for considering multi-collinearity of conditioning factors. Results indicated that the smallest tolerance and highest variance inflation factor were 0.31 and 3.20, respectively. Subsequently, spatial relationship between classes of each landslide conditioning factor and landslides was obtained by frequency ratio (FR) model. Also, importance of the mentioned factors was obtained by random forest (RF) as a machine learning technique. The results showed that according to mean decrease accuracy, factors of altitude, aspect, drainage density, and distance from rivers had the greatest effect on the occurrence of landslide in the study area. Finally, the landslide susceptibility maps were produced by ten scenarios according to different ensembles. The receiver operating characteristics, including the area under the curve (AUC), were used to assess the accuracy of the models. Results of validation of scenarios showed that AUC was varying from 0.668 to 0.749. Also, FR and seed cell area index indicators show a high correlation between the susceptibility classes with the landslide pixels and field observations in all scenarios except scenarios 10_RF and 10_SVM. The results of this study can be used for landslides management and mitigation and development activities such as construction of settlements and infrastructure in the future.     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using rough sets and back-propagation neural networks in the Three Gorges, China

In the Three Gorges of China, there are frequent landslides, and the potential risk of landslides is tremendous. An efficient and accurate method of generating landslide susceptibility maps is very important to mitigate the loss of lives and properties caused by these landslides. This paper presents landslide susceptibility mapping on the Zigui-Badong of the Three Gorges, using rough sets and back-propagation neural networks (BPNNs). Landslide locations were obtained from a landslide inventory map, supported by field surveys. Twenty-two landslide-related factors were extracted from the 1:10,000-scale topographic maps, 1:50,000-scale geological maps, Landsat ETM + satellite images with a spatial resolution of 28.5 m, and HJ-A satellite images with a spatial resolution of 30 m. Twelve key environmental factors were selected as independent variables using the rough set and correlation coefficient analysis, including elevation, slope, profile curvature, catchment aspect, catchment height, distance from drainage, engineering rock group, distance from faults, slope structure, land cover, topographic wetness index, and normalized difference vegetation index. The initial, three-layered, and four-layered BPNN were trained and then used to map landslide susceptibility, respectively. To evaluate the models, the susceptibility maps were validated by comparing with the existing landslide locations according to the area under the curve. The four-layered BPNN outperforms the other two models with the best accuracy of 91.53 %. Approximately 91.37 % of landslides were classified as high and very high landslide-prone areas. The validation results show sufficient agreement between the obtained susceptibility maps and the existing landslide locations.     

基于不同耦合模型的县域滑坡易发性评价对比分析

为有效预测县域滑坡发生的空间概率,探索不同统计学耦合模型滑坡易发性定量评价结果的合理性和精度,以四川省普格县为研究对象。选取坡度、坡向、高程、工程地质岩组、断层和斜坡结构等6项孕灾因子作为评价指标体系,基于信息量模型（I）、确定性系数模型（CF）、证据权模型（WF）、频率比模型（FR）分别与逻辑回归模型（LR）耦合开展滑坡易发性评价。结果表明:各耦合模型评价结果和易发程度区划均是合理的,极高易发区主要分布于则木河、黑水河河谷两侧斜坡带,面积介于129.04～183.43 km2（占比6.77%～9.62%）,各模型评价精度依次为WF-LR模型（AUC=0.869）>I-LR模型（AUC=0.868）>CF-LR模型（AUC=0.866）>NFR-LR模型（AUC=0.858）。研究成果可为川西南山区县域滑坡易发性定量评估提供重要参考。     

Landslide susceptibility assessment in the Anfu County,China: comparing different statistical and probabilistic models considering the new topo-hydrological factor (HAND)

The present study is aimed at producing landslide susceptibility map of a landslide-prone area (Anfu County, China) by using evidential belief function (EBF), frequency ratio (FR) and Mahalanobis distance (MD) models. To this aim, 302 landslides were mapped based on earlier reports and aerial photographs, as well as, carrying out several field surveys. The landslide inventory was randomly split into a training dataset (70%; 212landslides) for training the models and the remaining (30%; 90 landslides) was cast off for validation purpose. A total of sixteen geo-environmental conditioning factors were considered as inputs to the models: slope degree, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, the new topo-hydrological factor termed height above the nearest drainage (HAND), average annual rainfall, altitude, distance from rivers, distance from roads, distance from faults, lithology, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), sediment transport index (STI), stream power index (SPI), soil texture, and land use/cover. The validation of susceptibility maps was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). As a results, the FR outperformed other models with an AUROC of 84.98%, followed by EBF (78.63%) and MD (78.50%) models. The percentage of susceptibility classes for each model revealed that MD model managed to build a compendious map focused at highly susceptible areas (high and very high classes) with an overall area of approximately 17%, followed by FR (22.76%) and EBF (31%). The premier model (FR) attested that the five factors mostly influenced the landslide occurrence in the area: NDVI, soil texture, slope degree, altitude, and HAND. Interestingly, HAND could manifest clearer pattern with regard to landslide occurrence compared to other topo-hydrological factors such as SPI, STI, and distance to rivers. Lastly, it can be conceived that the susceptibility of the area to landsliding is more subjected to a complex environmental set of factors rather than anthropological ones (residential areas and distance to roads). This upshot can make a platform for further pragmatic measures regarding hazard-planning actions.     

Application of fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to landslide susceptibility mapping at Haraz watershed, Iran

The main goal of this study is to produce landslide susceptibility maps of a landslide-prone area (Haraz) in Iran by using both fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models. At first, landslide locations were identified by aerial photographs and field surveys, and a total of 78 landslides were mapped from various sources. Then, the landslide inventory was randomly split into a training dataset 70?% (55 landslides) for training the models and the remaining 30?% (23 landslides) was used for validation purpose. Twelve data layers, as the landslide conditioning factors, are exploited to detect the most susceptible areas. These factors are slope degree, aspect, plan curvature, altitude, lithology, land use, distance from rivers, distance from roads, distance from faults, stream power index, slope length, and topographic wetness index. Subsequently, landslide susceptibility maps were produced using fuzzy logic and AHP models. For verification, receiver operating characteristics curve and area under the curve approaches were used. The verification results showed that the fuzzy logic model (89.7?%) performed better than AHP (81.1?%) model for the study area. The produced susceptibility maps can be used for general land use planning and hazard mitigation purpose.     

河北省顺平县地质灾害发育特征及易发性评价

河北省顺平县位于太行山东麓,主要发育有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地裂缝等四种类型地质灾害。基于该县地质灾害发育特征,采用GIS技术和信息量数学评价模型,选取坡度、起伏度、坡向、工程地质岩组、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、与河流的距离6个评价因子,对顺平县地质灾害进行易发性评价。评价结果显示:高易发区面积约为125 km2,占全县总面积的17.5%,分散分布于西北部的中低山和丘陵地区,密集发育崩塌灾害,少量发育滑坡、泥石流灾害;中易发区面积约为200 km2,占全县总面积的28.0%,成片分布于西北部的中低山和丘陵地区,少量发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害;低易发区面积约为389 km2,占全县总面积的54.5%,主要分布于东南部的平原地区及西北部丘陵地区内的宽阔沟谷,沿古河道发育地裂缝灾害,个别地区发育崩塌、滑坡灾害。      

Rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility mapping using machine learning algorithms and comparison of their performance in Hilly area of Fujian Province,China

The rainfall can contribute significantly to landslide events, especially in hilly areas. The landslide susceptibility map (LSM) usually helps to mitigate disasters. However, how to accurately predict the susceptibility of landslides is still a difficult point in the field of disaster research. In this study, five advanced machine learning technologies (MLTs), including the Light Gradient Boosting Machine, extreme gradient boost, categorical boosting (CatBoost), support vector machine, and random forest, are utilized to landslide susceptibility modeling and their capabilities are compared through evaluation indicators. The northern part of Yanping, Fujian Province, China, is selected as the research object, because this area experienced mass landslide events due to extremely heavy rainfall in June 2010, resulting in many casualties and a large number of public facilities destroyed. The influencing factors for landslides, namely topographic, hydrological, geologic and human activities, are prepared from various data sources based on the availability. Through the analysis of the actual situation in the study area, 13 suitable landslide condition factors are considered and the availability of relevant factors is checked according to the multicollinearity test. The landslide inventory including 631 samples in this study area is obtained from historical information, satellite data in Google earth and performed field surveys. The landslide inventory is randomly divided into two datasets for model training and testing with a 7:3 ratio. The area under the curve of ROC, accuracy rate, Kappa index and F1 score are applied to compare the MLTs capabilities. In this paper, the results of factor importance analysis show that the first three important condition factors are the distance to faults, the distance to drainages and the slope. According to the LSMs, in the study area, the central and western regions are at high and very high landslide susceptibility levels, while almost all the eastern and northeastern regions are at medium and low landslide susceptibility levels. The CatBoost model is a very promising technology in landslide research according to the evaluation results, which means that for landslide susceptibility research, gradient boosting algorithms may get more accurate results and show better prospects in the future. Finally, the results of this paper will contribute to environmental protection to a certain extent.

     

2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析

最新研究成果表明, 2008年5月12日汶川MS 8.0级地震触发了超过197000处滑坡。首先,基于GIS与遥感技术构建了汶川地震滑坡的3类编目图,分别为单体滑坡面分布数据、滑坡中心点位置和滑坡后壁点位置。构建方法为基于地震前后高分辨率遥感影像的目视解译方法,区分单体滑坡并圈定其边界,对滑坡后壁进行识别与定点,并开展了部分滑坡的野外验证工作。这些滑坡分布在一个面积大约为110000km2的区域内,滑坡总面积约为1160km2。选择一个面积约为44031km2的区域作为研究区,区内滑坡数量为196007个,滑坡面积为1150.622km2,这是最详细完整的汶川地震滑坡编录成果,也是单次地震事件触发滑坡最多的记录。其次,开展研究区内的地震滑坡空间分布规律的研究。基于滑坡面与滑坡中心点分别构建滑坡空间分布面积密度图与点密度图,结果表明:滑坡多沿着映秀北川断裂分布,多发生在断裂的上盘。滑坡的高密度区位于映秀北川同震地表破裂的南西段(映秀镇与北川县之间)的上盘区域,这一区域恰对应着逆冲分量为主的断裂上盘,表明逆冲断裂对上盘区域发生滑坡的极强烈的控制作用,而该区域正是形变最大的区域,因此说明是地震滑坡发生的强烈控制作用。基于滑坡面密度(LAP)、滑坡中心点密度(LCND)与滑坡后壁点密度(LTND)这3个衡量指标,使用统计分析方法,评价了汶川地震滑坡与地震参数、地质参数、地形参数的关系。结果表明:LAP、LCND与LTND这3个衡量指标与坡度、地震烈度与PGA存在明显的正相关关系; 与距离震中、距离映秀北川同震地表破裂存在负相关关系; 斜坡曲率越接近0,滑坡越不易发生; LAP、LCND与LTND的高值高程区间为1200～3000m; 滑坡发生的优势坡向为E、SE、S方向; 滑坡发育的易发岩性为砂岩与粉砂岩(Z)、花岗岩; 滑坡与坡位的相关关系不太明显。统计结果还表明LCND与LTND两个衡量指标的差异对地震与地质因子不敏感,而对地形因子较敏感。最后将本文的统计结果与以往的汶川地震滑坡空间分布规律统计成果进行了一些对比,对比结果表明,对于某些因子,如高程、岩性、距离震中、距离映秀北川断裂的统计分析结果,采用不完整的滑坡分布数据或点数据,与采用较完整的滑坡分布面数据会有一定的差异,这种差异并未出现在针对坡度与坡向等因子的统计对比结果中。总之,作者认为一个完备、详细的地震滑坡分布面要素编目图是地震滑坡空间分布规律定量分析、危险性定量分析与滑坡控制的地震区地貌演化研究的重要基础,否则,与实际情况相比,得到统计结果会有一定的偏差,本文的研究成果与以往成果的对比结果证明了这一点。     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using a modified decision tree classifier in the Xanthi Perfection,Greece

The objective of this study was to validate the outcomes of a modified decision tree classifier by comparing the produced landslide susceptibility map and the actual landslide occurrence, in an area of intensive landslide manifestation, in Xanthi Perfection, Greece. The values that concerned eight landslide conditioning factors for 163 landslides and 163 non-landslide locations were extracted by using advanced spatial GIS functions. Lithological units, elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, distance from tectonic features, distance from hydrographic network, distance from geological boundaries and distance from road network were among the eight landslide conditioning factors that were included in the landslide database used in the training phase. In the present study, landslide and non-landslide locations were randomly divided into two subsets: 80 % of the data (260 instances) were used for training and 20 % of the data (66 instances) for validating the developed classifier. The outcome of the decision tree classifier was a set of rules that expressed the relationship between landslide conditioning factors and the actual landslide occurrence. The landslide susceptibility belief values were obtained by applying a statistical method, the certainty factor method, and by measuring the belief in each rule that the decision tree classifier produced, transforming the discrete type of result into a continuous value that enabled the generation of a landslide susceptibility belief map. In total, four landslide susceptibility maps were produced using the certainty factor method, the Iterative Dichotomizer version 3 algorithm, the J48 algorithm and the modified Iterative Dichotomizer version 3 model in order to evaluate the performance of the developed classifier. The validation results showed that area under the ROC curves for the models varied from 0.7936 to 0.8397 for success rate curve and 0.7766 to 0.8035 for prediction rate curves, respectively. The success rate and prediction curves showed that the modified Iterative Dichotomizer version 3 model had a slightly higher performance with 0.8397 and 0.8035, respectively. From the outcomes of the study, it was induced that the developed modified decision tree classifier could be efficiently used for landslide susceptibility analysis and in general might be used for classification and estimation purposes in spatial predictive models.