入湖河流污染控制技术在云南高原湖泊应用初见成效

在水体富营养化控制中面污染源控制迄今仍是世界性难题,在我国面污染源控制问题已经成为湖泊富营养化防治中的卡脖子因素,许多湖泊因面污染源得不到有效控制而不可避免地发生着富营养化,而作为国家重点治理的太湖、滇池、巢湖也因面污染源得不到有效控制而进展迟缓,诸多重要的城市水源水体普遍遭受到面源污染。 针对云南九大高原湖泊普遍出现的加速富营养化趋势,中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所科研人员提     

湖泊富营养化评价模糊集理论与模式

根据湖泊(水库)营养化具有模糊性的特点。建立了湖泊(水库)富营养化评价的模糊集理论与模式,并首次提出富营养化指标综合权重矩阵概念及其确定方法。应用该模式对我国12个湖泊(水库)的富营养化程度进行了评价,结论与实际情况相符。为湖泊(水库)富营养化治理和保护提供了科学依据。上述理论与模型原则上亦可在其他环境评价领域中应用。     

太湖梅梁湾富营养化过程的同位素地球化学证据

以浅水湖泊太湖为研究对象,通过湖泊水体、水生生物同位素以及相应湖泊水体营养指标的比较分析,并根据梅梁湾钻孔沉积物TN,TP,TOC,C/N,δ15N,δ13C等多项指标记录,恢复了湖泊富营养化过程.研究结果表明,不同湖区植物碳、氮同位素值和水体NH4+的δ15N值变化反映了植物组成和营养水平的差异.梅梁湾水体NH4+的δ15N和水环境参数不同月份的变化反映了外部营养载荷的输入对湖泊环境有明显的影响.1950～1990年湖泊沉积物有机质碳、氮同位素同步变化的趋势说明湖泊初级生产力的增长和湖泊逐渐富营养化的过程,而1990年之后二者之间反相关关系的出现表明在富营养条件下,大量浮游植物生长对富15N的无机氮的吸收及表层沉积物有机质分解和反硝化作用,代表湖泊富营养化加剧.以同位素示踪,并结合元素地球化学指标变化,将太湖梅梁湾富营养化过程分为三阶段,以20世纪50年代和20世纪90年代为营养状态的转换时段,揭示了人类活动不断加强的影响,与近50年来的湖泊环境监测结果一致.     

混合禁忌搜索算法在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用

本文提出了幂函数加和型湖泊富营养化评价指数公式,同时将禁忌搜索算法与模拟退火、免疫进化算法有机地结合起来,建立了求解优化问题的混合禁忌搜索算法(HTS).将此算法用于评价指数公式的参数优化,从而建立起湖泊富营养化综合评价模型,为湖泊富营养化评价和预测提供了一条有效的途径.将优化好的湖泊富营养化模型用于东湖富营养化评价的实例研究,结果表明此评价模型能较好地反映湖泊富营养化水平,并具有较好的通用性和实用性.     

浅水湖泊湖沼学与太湖富营养化控制研究

自2007年无锡暴发饮用水危机事件以来,太湖经历了前所未有的高强度、大规模治理,各种治理措施累计投资已经超过千亿元.监测显示,在治理初期太湖的氮、磷浓度下降明显,水质有所好转,但最近几年关键水质指标总磷与浮游植物叶绿素α浓度出现了波动,蓝藻水华有所反弹.研究表明,太湖的外源负荷并没有减少,这与城镇用水量增加、污水排放标准偏低、面源污染削减不足有很大的关系;同时,内源负荷也因为蓝藻水华的持续而加重,浅水湖泊水深浅、扰动强的特点强化了磷的循环利用效率,加剧了内源负荷对湖泊富营养化和蓝藻水华的影响.气候变暖叠加营养盐富集的复合效应、流域风速下降以及暴雨事件频次和强度增加等气象水文条件变化,都促进了太湖蓝藻水华的暴发;蓝藻水华的时空分布特征则受湖泊水动力的决定性影响.太湖治理的曲折过程,凸显了大型浅水湖泊湖沼学研究的不断深入与发展,未来需要继续加强多学科交叉研究,特别是基于湖泊-流域系统的气象水文、生物地球化学和生物生态学的学科交叉.对于太湖生态环境的综合治理和管理,既要注重湖泊与流域相结合,更需要重视自然科学和人文科学的有机融合,才能真正达到控制太湖富营养化、维护流域水环境安全与社会经济可持续发展的目标.     

太湖水体氮素污染状况研究进展

氮是引起湖泊富营养化的关键要素之一.传统观点认为氮缺乏时,湖泊生态系统可以通过生物固氮作用从大气中获取氮来满足自身的需求,因此认为淡水湖泊水体的生产力主要受磷限制.但随着进一步的研究,发现氮限制与氮和磷共同限制更为普遍,且氮的限制常常伴随着水体的富营养化,因此了解富营养化湖泊水体的氮素污染状况具有重要意义.本文介绍了太湖水体氮素的污染状况及其发展趋势,从外源、内源两大方面介绍了太湖水体中氮素的来源,着重分析和比较了河道输入、大气输入以及沉积物释放不同污染源的输入比例.太湖水体氮素污染存在很大的空间差异,其中西部和北部污染较重而东南部相对较轻,入湖河道输入的外源污染是造成太湖水质空间分布差异的主要原因,其中农业面源污染及生活污染在太湖外源污染中占据了相当的比重;湖泊底泥所造成的内源释放也是氮素污染的一个重要原因,但目前对释放量的估算主要是基于底泥悬浮引起的总量估算,关于这些释放量能有多少比例可以被浮游植物利用还不清楚,尤其是有机颗粒物在水体中停留期间的矿化再生值得进一步研究;在氮素的生物转化过程中,生物固氮目前对太湖氮素输入的贡献很小,反硝化作用是太湖水体氮素自净的主要途径.     

太湖梅梁湾富营养化主要驱动因子的多时间尺度分析

采用太湖湖泊生态系统研究站太湖梅梁湾富营养化四种主要驱动因子叶绿素a(Chl.a)、水温、总磷(TP)、总氮浓度1992-2010年的监测数据,利用小波变换方法,分析了四种因子不同时间尺度上的时间格局特征.结果表明,四种驱动因子在年际和年代际尺度上都具有清晰的多时间尺度特征,主周期各不相同,但Chl.a和TP浓度的小波实部变化趋势具有较高的一致性.本文分析了各因子在不同时间尺度上的强弱分布以及高低交替,并在此基础上从时间尺度的角度预测出在未来3~5年内,太湖梅梁湾湖区的富营养化程度将保持在一个比较平稳的水平,为太湖富营养化的认识和治理提供更加可靠的科学依据.     

太湖水质变化趋势及其保护对策

通过对１９８０￣１９９４年太湖水质监测资料的分析,研究了太湖水质现状及其变化趋势,探讨了太湖水质污染原因及太湖富营养化的成因机制,提出了太湖水质保护及富营养化防治的对策、措施与建议。     

结冰对乌梁素海水体富营养化的影响

为研究结冰对湖泊富营养化状态的影响,以内蒙古乌梁素海为研究对象,用"注射器"式采水器和冰钻分别采集水样和冰样,并测定总氮、总磷、COD_(Cr)、叶绿素a浓度、冰厚、水深和透明度等指标,运用分形理论评价模型对湖泊结冰前、后的富营养化等级进行综合评价.结果表明:乌梁素海湖泊结冰厚度与水深存在较好的负相关性,其相关系数为0.54;湖泊结冰后,水体的富营养化等级由富营养变为重富营养,表明结冰过程中,氮、磷等营养元素被排斥至冰下水体,即结冰过程对湖泊水体中的营养元素具有浓缩效应,导致冰下环境质量恶化,并促进营养元素向沉积物转移;但也可以利用该浓缩效应,从湖泊冰封期富营养化污染的特殊性入手,运用底泥疏浚和冰体-水体分离等工程技术手段,实现湖泊富营养化污染的治理.     

确定太湖流域湖库总磷参照浓度的改进MEI模型

太湖流域湖泊污染严重,非常有必要建立相应的水质基准以便于湖泊水体的保护与修复.根据太湖流域12个受人类影响较小的湖库及太湖早期的总磷、总碱度、平均水深等数据建立了MEI(morphoedaphic index)模型,通过对模型中总磷与总碱度、平均水深因子的相关关系进行分析,并结合太湖流域湖库水深较浅的特征,提出了确定太湖流域湖库水体中总磷参照浓度的改进MEI模型.将该模型应用于太湖,得到太湖总磷参照浓度为0.025 mg/L.研究结果旨在丰富我国水体营养物基准的确定方法,并为太湖流域水体富营养化的控制提供理论依据,同时为长江中下游类似湖库水质基准的建立提供技术支撑.     

Paleolimnological evidence of limnetic nutrient concentration equilibrium in a shallow, macrophyte-dominated lake

: Paleolimnological techniques were used to infer long-term changes in trophic status of Lake Opinicon (Ontario), a mesotrophic, shallow, macrophyte-dominated lake, and to assess whether these patterns support the hypothesis of 'alternative equilibria' proposed for shallow lake systems. Analysis of the diatom assemblages indicated cold, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, alkaline conditions during the period shortly following deglaciation (>11000 yr BP). With the establishment of an open spruce-woodland (ca. 11000 yr BP), benthic diatoms dominated, indicating shallow waters and the presence of macrophytes. Pieces of aquatic macrophytes also became common in the core. An increase in lake productivity to mesotrophic levels (diatom-inferred [TP] of 23 7g/L) occurred following the transition to a deciduous forest in the catchment ca. 7500 yr BP. Paleolimnological data did not indicate any significant change in limnetic nutrient concentrations resulting from the hemlock decline (ca. 4800 yr BP) or from extensive flooding with the construction of the Rideau Canal (1828-1832). Modest nutrient enrichment of the lake has occurred more recently with increasing agricultural and residential/recreational activities, with a diatom-inferred [TP] increase to 32 7g/L. However, compared to other, similarly-disturbed deep lakes in the area, Lake Opinicon showed much smaller changes in lakewater conditions, still maintaining a clear-water, mesotrophic state and a large macrophyte community.¶The apparent inertia of Lake Opinicon to changes in trophic status, as compared to other deep, near-by, stratifying lakes in southeastern Ontario, supports the 'alternative equilibria' hypothesis. Paleolimnological evidence suggests that Lake Opinicon has been in a clear-water, equilibrium state dominated by macrophytes since early in its development, and has displayed hysteresis to nutrient enrichment. These results may provide lake managers with important information for effective management strategies of shallow water systems in southeastern Ontario.     

Limnology of the neotropical high elevation shallow lake Yahuarcocha (Ecuador) and challenges for managing eutrophication using biomanipulation

Temperate and tropical shallow lakes differ in several fundamental aspects with respect to management of eutrophication. High altitude tropical shallow lakes are a special case, showing similarities with temperate and tropical lakes. We studied the ecology of the eutrophic high-altitude tropical lake Yahuarcocha in the Ecuadorian Andes and evaluated the potential of biomanipulation to control eutrophication. With a toxin-producing Cylindrospermopsis bloom, low Secchi depth and low submerged macrophyte cover, Yahuarcocha is clearly in a turbid ecosystem state. Relatively low nutrient concentrations should theoretically allow for a shift to a clear water state through biomanipulation. Top-down control of phytoplankton by zooplankton, however, is complicated by the (1) absence of predatory fish, (2) fish community dominated by small poecelid species, (3) lack of a refuge for zooplankton from fish predation within the macrophytes, and (4) persistent, grazing resistant bloom of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis. In these aspects, lake Yahuarcocha is more similar to tropical shallow lakes, probably because water temperature is high relative to the mean air temperature and because of the absence of a cold season. The fish and macrophyte communities consisted almost entirely of exotic species. The exotic fish species probably stabilized the turbid state in the lake.     

五里湖富营养化过程中水生生物及生态环境的演变

五里湖是太湖西北部一个小型浅水湖湾,是无锡市的饮用水源和主要风景游览区。50年代时,该湖基本保持着原始状态,全湖以大型水生植物占优势。湖水清澈见底,水质为中营养水平,溶氧接近饱和,对外来的N、P污染冲击具有很强的缓冲能力。底泥的氧化程度较高,磷和有机物含量仅为0.023％和0.75％。浮游藻类受到了大型水生植物的强烈抑制,年均数量为26.7×10~4个/L,以硅藻和隐藻为主;从春季至秋季,随着大型水生植物的增长,浮游藻类数量大幅度减少。浮游动物多达190种,年均数量为5660ind./L。大型底栖动物较多,以日本沼虾和螺、蚌类为主。鱼类资源十分丰富,63种鱼中以凶猛性鱼类占优势,并有较多的底栖性鱼类。 自50年代以来,大约有1/2的湖面被围垦,沿岸带生态条件被破坏,失去了最适合于大型水生植物生长的浅水区。加之60年代后期在全湖放养草鱼,水生植被遭到彻底毁灭。外源污染加剧,引起了水质的严重富营养化。围垦和修建水闸隔断了五里湖与太湖间的通道,限制了两个水体间的水流交换,妨碍了污染物的稀释扩散,使得来自无锡市区的污水成了五里湖的主要补给水源,加速了富营养化的进程。五里湖水质已达重富营养水平,透明度小于0.5m,缺氧较为严重。营养物在底泥中大量积累,TP和TOC含量分别增高了4.17倍和1.87倍。在春末     

Restoration of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes – A guideline and state of the art in Germany

One of the most serious problems caused by eutrophication of shallow lakes is the disappearance of submerged macrophytes and the switch to a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated state. The reduction of external nutrient loads often does not result in a change back to the macrophyte-dominated state because stabilising mechanisms that cause resilience may delay a response. Additional internal lake restoration measures may therefore be needed to decrease the concentration of total phosphorus and increase water clarity. The re-establishment of submerged macrophytes required for a long-term stability of clear water conditions, however, may still fail, or mass developments of tall-growing species may cause nuisance for recreational use. Both cases are often not taken into account when restoration measures are planned in Germany, and existing schemes to reduce eutrophication consider the topic inadequately. Here we develop a step-by-step guideline to assess the chances of submerged macrophyte re-establishment in shallow lakes. We reviewed and rated the existing literature and case studies with special regard on (1) the impact of different internal lake restoration methods on the development of submerged macrophytes, (2) methods for the assessment of natural re-establishment, (3) requirements and methods for artificial support of submerged macrophyte development and (4) management options of macrophyte species diversity and abundance in Germany. This guideline is intended to help lake managers aiming to restore shallow lakes in Germany to critically asses and predict the potential development of submerged vegetation, taking into account the complex factors and interrelations that determine their occurrence, abundance and diversity.     

太湖蓝藻水华暴发的氮磷控制阈值分析

藻类生长与营养盐浓度存在藻类几何级数增长的营养盐浓度变化的下限阈值和藻类生长不受氮磷浓度增加影响的上限阈值,但由于蓝藻水华的形成受多种因素的综合影响,不同湖泊、不同区域及不同时段的氮磷浓度对蓝藻水华的影响差别较大,使得蓝藻生长的氮磷控制阈值难以确定.针对控制蓝藻水华暴发的氮磷阈值的研究虽然有所开展,但多集中在实验室研究阶段或对经验值的判断,虽然也有基于野外实测数据的研究,但也限制于某一特定区域,而基于野外长序列实测数据并且覆盖整个湖泊的氮磷阈值研究则是空白.太湖作为具有较高营养背景的富营养化浅水湖泊,蓝藻水华的发生受氮磷影响较大.对太湖总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度的时空变化分析发现,太湖西北湖区的TP、TN与Chl.a浓度明显较高,并且TP、TN与Chl.a均呈显著性正相关.为探究太湖蓝藻水华暴发的TP和TN控制阈值,以轻富营养化等级下的Chl.a分级标准(10,26］作为表征水华暴发的条件,采用郑丙辉等的频率分布法,确定了太湖蓝藻水华暴发的TP和TN控制阈值分别为0.05~0.06和1.71~1.72 mg/L;通过空间验证,太湖藻型区TP和TN浓度远高于同级营养水平下全湖区TP和TN控制阈值,表明藻型区高氮磷水平为蓝藻水华发生提供充足营养盐条件,即使氮磷全湖平均浓度控制在蓝藻水华暴发的氮磷阈值水平之下,但在气象水文等因素适宜条件下,藻型区水华发生风险仍然较高;并且在高氮磷背景下,即便在水华发生风险低的季节,水华发生风险仍然较大.近十几年来,虽然太湖经历了大规模的高强度治理,但由于环太湖流域的湖西区入湖负荷占比大,导致太湖藻型区氮磷浓度仍处于高位运行状态,为蓝藻水华的暴发提供了充足的营养盐基础,因此,湖西区的控源减排仍然是太湖富营养化及蓝藻水华防控的重点.     

太湖东部不同类型湖区底泥疏浚的生态效应

为研究底泥生态疏浚对太湖东部不同类型湖区水生生态系统的影响,2012年8月于东太湖养殖湖区和胥口湾草型湖区采集沉积物和生物样品,分析疏浚对底泥污染控制、水质改善以及各生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,底泥疏浚能有效去除表层沉积物中的营养物质,降低底泥重金属含量及其潜在生态风险,但底泥疏浚对不同类型湖区水质和生物群落结构的影响存在明显差别.在富营养化较严重的东太湖养殖湖区,底泥疏浚达到了一定的改善水质的效果,浮游植物密度、生物量均不同程度降低,且群落中蓝藻所占比例下降;水生植物和底栖动物群落也在较短时间内得到恢复;胥口湾草型湖区的底泥疏浚则破坏了原先良好的水生植物群落,造成湖区整体水质下降,各主要生物类群的恢复相对缓慢.     

The influence of extreme floods from the River Danube in 2006 on phytoplankton communities in a floodplain lake: Shift to a clear state

The influence of extreme floods from the River Danube in 2006 on the species composition and vertical distributions of phytoplankton was studied in a shallow floodplain lake, Lake Sakadaš (Kopa?ki Rit Nature Park, Croatia) which in the last few decades was in a turbid state characterised by high phytoplankton concentrations. As a consequence of extremely high floods, the whole floodplain area (approximately 16 km²) became one lentic habitat with well developed macrophyte vegetation. Seasonal dynamics of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration in the lake had a characteristic pattern for the shallow lakes with dense macrophyte vegetation. Extremely low mean phytoplankton abundance and biomass were found in the conditions of very high nutrient concentrations. Dominant phytoplankton species were diatoms and chlorococcal green algae from the functional groups characteristic for a mixed environment. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) demonstrated that nutrients and temperature were significant environmental variables for their development. The sequence of phytoplankton seasonality, vertical distribution of phytoplankton, as well as the domination of rapidly acclimating phytoplankton forms (R-strategists) indicated clear, well-mixed conditions and a highly disturbed environment. Our results suggest that the occurrence of extreme flooding can be a stressor high enough for the transition from a turbid to a clear state of the floodplain lake. Possibly, cyclic shifts between alternative stable states in floodplain ecosystems can be expected as a consequence of the impact of extreme hydrological events induced by a climate change.     

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.     

The importance of aquatic macrophytes in a eutrophic tropical shallow lake

Inlay Lake is the second largest natural lake in Myanmar. Located in Shan State, in the eastern part of the country, it is a known biodiversity hotspot. The lake is negatively affected by an increasing local human population and rapid growth in both agriculture and tourism. In recent decades, several studies have listed faunistic and floristic groups in Inlay Lake, but there is still a general lack of knowledge about the aquatic macrophyte and phytoplankton community composition and abundance, and their interactions. To fill this knowledge gap, field surveys of biological and physical and chemical parameters were carried out in the period 2014–2017. They show that Inlay Lake is a shallow, clear water and calcareous lake, with nutrient concentrations indicating mesotrophic-eutrophic conditions. However, close to the shore, nutrient concentrations are generally higher, reflecting pollution from inflowing rivers, shoreline villages and floating gardens. Both the richness and abundance of aquatic macrophytes in Inlay Lake were high, with several species forming extensive stands in most of the lake over the whole survey period. Total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomass were low, but cyanobacteria included toxin-producing strains of Microcystis, suggesting that cyanobacterial and total phytoplankton biomass need to be kept low to avoid potentially harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Submerged macrophyte abundance and phytoplankton biomass were inversely correlated in the heavily vegetated northern lake area. Our survey suggests a great importance of the submerged macrophytes to the general water quality and the clear water state in Inlay Lake. Maintaining high macrophyte abundances should therefore be a goal in management strategies, both for Inlay Lake and other lakes in Myanmar. It is highly desirable to include macrophytes and phytoplankton in the lake monitoring in Myanmar.     

过去40年太湖剧烈的湖泊物理环境变化及其潜在生态环境意义

过去40年,全球气候变暖、辐射变暗和变亮、风速减弱、气候异常波动等自然环境变化以及筑坝建闸、岸堤硬质化和调水引流等强烈人类活动势必会深刻改变太湖湖泊物理环境和过程,驱动湖泊生态系统演化.基于历史文献、档案数据以及气象水文和透明度等长期观测数据,本文系统梳理了太湖气温、水温、风速、水位和透明度等物理环境空间分布和长期变化特征,探讨了气温和风速、水位和透明度相互协同作用机制及其潜在生态环境意义.受全球变化和城市化等影响,过去40年太湖气温和水温呈现显著升高趋势,而近地面风速则表现为持续下降,湖泊增温和风速下降有利于藻类生长和蓝藻水华漂浮聚集,某种程度上增加了蓝藻水华出现频次和集聚的面积.为防洪和满足流域日益增长的水资源需求,闸坝管控和调水引流使太湖水位呈现缓慢增加趋势,而入湖污染物增加和富营养化则造成水体透明度逐渐下降,致使透明度与水位(水深)的比值明显降低,减少了湖底可利用光强,恶化水下光环境,在一定程度上驱动了太湖水生植被和草型生态系统退化.湖泊物理环境长期变化逐渐拓展了太湖藻型生境空间而压缩了草型生境空间,加剧了草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化和增强了藻型生态系统的自我长期维持.太湖湖泊物理环境的显著变化也会部分抵消流域营养盐削减和湖体营养盐下降对藻类生物量和蓝藻水华的控制,增加了太湖蓝藻水华防控和湖泊富营养化治理的难度.这意味着未来流域控源截污需要更加严格的标准,而湖泊水位等物理环境的有效管控是应对藻华加剧和恢复草型生态系统的适应性管理策略.