下扬子区新生代断陷盆地的构造与形成

为了揭示下扬子海陆全区新生代断陷盆地的构造特征,进而探讨盆地的形成机理,故对研究区的地震、钻井和地质资料进行系统分析,梳理区内的主要构造地质证据,并在时空上进行对比。垂直盆地走向的区域大剖面构造解析显示,下扬子区由陆至海,盆地范围逐步扩大,断陷充填厚度逐渐增厚,结构趋于复杂,表明盆地的拉伸量和伸展强度自西向东呈增大趋势。受下扬子块体近似楔形几何形状与东部侧向挤压的边界条件约束,块体近南北向侧向扩展,块体内区域伸展,前新生代的基底先存断裂复活,诱发区域张裂作用和盆地沉降,断陷盆地形成受基底应力两个基本因素制约。下扬子新生代块体的伸展与郯庐断裂的右旋走滑,均为下扬子块体构造形变的地质响应,其动力学机制可用太平洋板块北西向俯冲进行解释。     

南海南部海域主要沉积盆地构造演化特征

南海南部海域主要沉积盆地沿南沙块体南部、西部两条不同的边界分布，其成盆时代、盆地类型、盆地演化历史以及油气资源效应都有较大的差异，它们的发生发展均与南海的两次海底扩张有关；构造演化具有明显的阶段性，早期均与区域拉张作用有关，都经历了中中新世末期的变形、改造和随后的区域沉降过程，并受到礼乐运动、西卫运动和南沙运动的影响。万安、曾母和北康盆地是南海南部海域具有代表性的新生代沉积盆地，分属于不同的盆地类型。万安盆地是叠置在较薄地壳和高热流值背景之上的一个新生代走滑拉张盆地，经历了三个构造演化阶段。曾母盆地是南沙块体向南俯冲与婆罗洲块体发生软碰撞而形成的一个周缘前陆盆地，经历了四个不同的构造演化阶段。北康盆地是在南沙块体上于白垩纪末一第三纪早期由于地壳拉伸、裂陷而形成的一个陆缘张裂盆地，经历了三个构造演化阶段。     

焉耆盆地博湖坳陷形成过程及动力学机制

在综合分析区域地质、构造、沉积等资料的基础上, 结合中国西北地区中生代构造背景、火成岩分布特征、平衡剖面的研究和热史方面的研究成果, 以及参照碎屑矿物系数的时空展布特征, 证实了早中侏罗世的西北地区处在2次构造运动(印支运动和燕山运动) 强烈挤压与碰撞(即羌塘块体和拉萨块体分别向北拼贴于欧亚板块南缘) 之间的相对松弛的弱伸展环境中, 焉耆盆地侏罗系原型性质为拉张背景下的坳陷盆地; 并在此基础上探讨了焉耆侏罗系盆地的形成机制以及后期构造作用对其进一步的改造, 其构造格局最终定型为具有前陆盆地的结构特征, 从而建立了其充填演化序列.      

下扬子南黄海沉积盆地构造地质特征

南黄海盆地作为下扬子块体之上的大型叠合盆地,海相构造层保存完整,陆相断拗构造层也较为发育,盆地地质结构复杂,构造变形强烈,利用最新的地质地球物理资料和解释成果,对低勘探程度的南黄海盆地进行了研究,认为盆地演化大致经历了克拉通被动陆缘初始发育阶段—南缘前陆北缘被动陆缘过渡阶段—南北对冲前陆定型阶段—滨太平洋弧后陆内调整四个阶段。南黄海盆地属于台地—断拗复合地质结构,中、新生代为具有盆内隆起带的断陷箕状结构,且中、新生代多期构造运动在盆地原型改造和后期沉积发育上起着至关重要的作用,尤其印支—燕山早期运动、燕山中期黄桥运动和喜马拉雅期盐城运动与盆地地层变形、沉积发育、断裂发育及构造样式等盆地要素演化密切相关,进而导致盆地垂向地质结构和构造变形的层次性极为显著,而中生代燕山期和新生代喜马拉雅期两期构造岩浆活动则与滨太平洋域的动力学背景相关。     

云南宁蒗新生代盆地的形成与演化

宁蒗盆地地处扬子古陆块的活动边缘,在构造上亦属吸纳和调节印度-欧亚大陆碰撞应力应变的构造转化带。为了研究云南宁蒗地区新生代盆地形成、演化与区域构造的关系及盆地类型,通过对宁蒗地区开展的数幅1∶5万区域地质调查,分析了宁蒗盆地内部及相邻地区的构造格架特征,认为盆地的形成及演化均受控于断裂;通过对宁蒗新生代盆地的沉积建造、控盆构造的时空演化及区域地质背景的研究,认为宁蒗盆地是比较典型的走滑拉分盆地,其演化经历了3个阶段古新世末至始新世初盆地拉分打开阶段、始新世初至始新世末拉分盆地沉积阶段、始新世末至中新世盆地改造阶段。     

青藏高原东南缘晚第三纪盐源构造逸出盆地的沉积特征与构造控制

晚第三纪盐源盆地位于夹持于鲜水河断裂与红河断裂之间的川滇块体的东南缘，并夹于木里弧与盐源弧形构造之间。为东西向展布并向南东凸出的弧形盆地，盆地中充填了巨厚的同构造期的磨拉石，是一个由顶底不整合面限制的构造层序，具有总体先向上变细后向上变粗变浅的完整沉积旋回；盆地自南而北的充填样式总体显示为冲积扇（水下扇）－深湖－湖沼－河流冲积平原，为一个南厚北薄楔形盆地，沉只特征表明该盆地具有单断张性盆地的充填特性，川滇块体向南东挤出作用使该区由原来的挤压状态下逆冲系统转变为引张状态下的向南东的构造逃逸系统，从而在川滇块体内形成晚第三纪盐源盆地，盆地的长轴垂直于川滇块体南东向挤出方向。因此，晚第三纪盐源盆地是大陆块体侧向挤出作用的沉积响应，沉积物的时代研究表明川滇块体这次挤出构造事件出现的时间为晚中新世－上新世，其与Tapponnier(1986）大陆块体侧向多期挤逸模式最后一期挤出事件相对应。     

羌塘盆地晚三叠世原型盆地性质探讨

通过系统地对羌塘地区晚三叠世盆地的区域构造格架、岩石大地构造及沉积建造研究,对晚三叠世盆地的原型盆地性质进行探讨。认为该区晚三叠世盆地形成于新特提斯分支洋盆孕育阶段,岩浆岩地球化学特征显示为板内拉张环境,盆地中央隆起和南北凹陷形成于不同的地质时期。多数地质事实不支持前人比较公认的该盆地为前陆盆地的观点。将该区晚三叠世盆地的盆地性质确定为准克拉通盆地。     

南沙西南海域新生代构造活动特征与盆地演化

南沙海域处于已俯冲消亡的古南海和海底扩张形成的新南海洋盆之间, 其研究对于了解中生代末期以来南海北部陆缘张裂、新南海海底扩张和古南海向南俯冲消亡等构造过程具有重要意义.通过利用平衡剖面反演对该区新生代以来的构造活动和盆地演化进行研究.结果发现, 该区新生代以来的构造活动具有显著的分区性特征, 表现为以区内深大断裂为界, 所分隔的3个块体其构造活动的主导因素和活动阶段性存在差异.南沙块体构造活动的主导因素为NW向应力, 构造活动以中—晚中新世为界前张后压, 具有明显的阶段性; 万安盆地构造活动受万安断裂控制, 构造活动阶段性不明显; 曾母块体构造活动特征与南沙块体类似, 具有明显的阶段性, 但具体表现不同.在此基础上, 将该区主要盆地的演化划分为4个阶段, 即裂陷阶段、同沉积阶段、挤压阶段和区域沉降阶段.其表现又因盆地成因类型而有所不同: 北康盆地裂陷和挤压阶段突出, 沉降阶段缺失; 南薇西盆地裂陷阶段南弱北强; 万安盆地缺少挤压阶段; 曾母盆地则4个阶段均非常明显.      

雪峰造山带南段靖州盆地成因性质及形成背景

靖州盆地是位于雪峰构造带南段的一个NE向晚三叠世一中侏罗世小型陆相盆地,前人研究提出其为NNE向溆浦-靖州大断裂左行走滑形成的拉分伸展盆地.本文对靖州盆地构造特征、T3-J2沉积和原型盆地特征等进行了系统研究,在此基础上提出该盆地实为挤压类前陆盆地,主要依据有:①沉积物高成熟度以及残留盆地边界与盆地周缘先期地质界线总体协调一致,说明盆地沉积时为挤压挠曲作用下形成的低缓洼地;②沉积物高成熟度和远源特征,指示盆地形成于相对稳定构造环境;③盆地北端T3-J1沉积空间由岩层弯曲下凹提供;沉积物产状变化指示J2盆地受到NW向挤压并产生持续褶皱变形;沉积物特征指示沉积环境西浅东深,进一步暗示J2盆地发展受控于NW向挤压与东缘逆冲块体的重力载荷;④盆缘伸展断裂少见,因挤压形成的小型走滑断裂、逆断裂、共轭剪节理等则多见;⑤从溆浦-靖州断裂走向偏转情况来看,该断裂左行走滑时靖州盆地所处部位应为挤压区而非拉张区.据盆地沉积和构造特征及区域大地构造演化背景,盆地的形成主要与晚三叠世-早侏罗世区域SN向挤压、中侏罗世区域NWW向挤压和NNE向左行走滑有关.     

中国中新生代地洼构造与油气矿藏

中新生代以来的地洼构造在中国陆壳上表现得特别活跃。这些地洼型的沉积盆地都蕴藏着大量的油气资源。作者认为,中国大陆夹持在太平洋和印度板块之间,这几个地质块体相互作用,使大陆抬升解体,形成滨太平洋外侧的近海大陆裂谷盆地;内侧的稳定沉降坳陷盆地;西北发育内陆山前坳陷盆地和山间盆地;青藏地区中生代为古特提斯海相沉积盆地和新生代发育陆相山间盆地。由于地质发展史不同,作者又进一步划分了东北、华北—中下扬子、华南、鄂尔多斯、四川、准噶尔、塔里木—柴达木和青藏等九个含油气盆地区。     

Exhumation History of the Xining Basin Since the Mesozoic and Its Tectonic Significance

The Xining Basin is located in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and its continuous Cenozoic strata record the entire uplift and outgrowth history of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic. The newly obtained apatite fission track data presented here shows that the Xining Basin and two marginal mountain ranges have experienced multiphase rapid cooling since the Jurassic, as follows. In the Middle–Late Jurassic, the rapid exhumation of the former Xining Basin resulted from collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Tarim Block. During the Early–Late Cretaceous, the former Xining Basin underwent a tectonic event due to marginal compression, causing the angular unconformity between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous. In the Late Cretaceous to the Early Cenozoic, collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Lhasa Block may have resulted in the rapid exhumation of the Xining Basin and the Lajishan to the south. In the Early Cenozoic(ca. 50–30 Ma), collision between the Indian and Eurasia plates affected the region that corresponds to the present northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. During this period, the central Qilian Block rotated clockwise by approximately 24° to form a wedge-shaped basin(i.e., the Xining Basin) opening to the west. During ca. 17–8 Ma, the entire northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau underwent dramatic deformation, and the Lajishan uplifted rapidly owing to the northward compression of the Guide Basin from the south. A marked change in subsidence occurred in the Xining Basin during this period, when the basin was tectonically inverted.     

晚古生代－三叠纪南盘江海的构造古地理问题

晚古生代－三叠纪，滇黔桂三省区和越南北部有南盘江海长期发育。地质构造上，北面为扬子地块，东南有云开地块和大明山微陆块，西南有越北地块。南盘江海内部有北部的田林海盆，中部的八布洋盆和南部的钦防海盆。中间有许多大小不一的海下台地，最大的是大明山台地，其次是靖西台地和西畴台地。早泥盆世晚期南盘江海的张开，可能是冈瓦纳板块反时针旋转、扬子地块北移，使其间滇桂－越北地块裂解的结果。进一步的海底扩张导致早石炭世时八布海盆出现洋壳，南盘江海成为南北超过20个纬度的小洋盆。古地理再造表明，八布海盆的扩张脊可能连接西面哀牢山海的洋脊。晚二叠世云开地块北移，与大明山微陆块碰撞。早三叠世印支地块北移，和越北地块会聚。晚二叠世－中三叠世南盘江海南缘出现活动陆缘。晚三叠世印支－越北地块与扬子地块会聚，南盘江海闭合。南盘江海和哀牢山海及昌宁－孟连海的发生、发展和消亡基本同步，可能属古特提斯同一洋脊系统控制。     

论菲律宾海板块大地构造分区

菲律宾海板块是毗邻中国大陆的一个独特的小型板块。除南端表现十分复杂外,它的构造边界多以海沟为界,比较清楚,然而次级大地构造单元划分则比较复杂。本文根据近年来的研究成果,按照块体构造理论注重统一的地球物理场、相似的地壳结构、有机的成因联系等3个基本原则,将菲律宾海板块划分为3个具有不同构造演化特征的单元,即西菲律宾海块体、四国-帕里西维拉块体和伊豆-博宁-马里亚纳块体。西菲律宾海块体包括两部分:一个是西菲律宾海盆,始新世以来受太平洋板块和印澳板块近南北向的相对俯冲作用影响,并顺时针旋转形成了现今的构造样式,于30 Ma左右停止扩张。另一个包括大东盆岭、花东盆地、帕劳海盆和吕宋岛弧蛇绿岩等洋壳在内的白垩纪洋盆。根据形成年代和形成时的扩张方向可将四国-帕里西维拉块体分为两部分:四国海盆和帕里西维拉海盆,两者以索夫干断裂为界。伊豆-博宁-马里亚纳块体沿博宁高原南缘分为南北两部分,两者表现出不同的地质特征。     

准中地区构造特征分析

准噶尔盆地中部现今呈南倾的大单斜构造背景，中1、3区块中生代曾发育一大型正向构造单元，分析认为属低幅背斜构造．中3、中1区块位于该背斜构造的南、北两翼，受背斜构造的影响较大，而中2、中4区块位于该背斜构造的东侧，受背斜构造的影响较小，中1、中3区块与中2、中4区块分属两个不同的构造单元．准中区块中生界侏罗、白垩系之间存在明显的角度不整合，应划分为两个不同的构造层．研究还发现，准中地区中、新生界具有明显的负反转构造特征．     

Tectonic evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic time as constrained by detrital zircon ages

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin has experienced a complicated tectonic evolution since the Palaeozoic. Its multi-stage evolution was closely related to the tectonic events that occurred along plate boundaries. The detrital zircon ages and crystallization age (CA)-deposition age (DA)/cumulative proportion curves obtained from Palaeozoic-Mesozoic strata from different tectonic units in and around the western Ordos Basin demonstrate that during the early Palaeozoic, the so-called Helan Aulacogen did not develop along the western Ordos Basin, the Alxa Block was an independent unit from the North China Craton, and the southern Ordos Basin was a foreland basin of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. During the early Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinity belonged to three different tectonic units (i.e. the North China Craton, the Alxa Block, and the North Qilian Orogenic Belt). At the end of the early Palaeozoic, the Alxa Block amalgamated with the Ordos Basin. From the Silurian to the Middle Devonian, the southern Alxa Block was a foreland basin of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt and underwent regional extension during the Late Devonian. During the late Palaeozoic, the western Ordos Basin and its vicinities were located in a back-arc extensional setting of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt. The southern part of the western Ordos Basin may have been a retro-arc foreland basin of the western Qinling Orogenic Belt during the Late Triassic, and the northern part of the western Ordos Basin experienced large-scale left-lateral strike-slip at the same time. The CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves can adequately explain the evolution of the western Ordos Basin during the Palaeozoic; however, the settings indicated by the CA-DA/cumulative proportion curves in intraplate evolutions are different from those proposed in other studies, which may be due to the number and distribution of samples and rapid lateral changes in sedimentary facies.     

晚三叠世留山盆地沉积特征与构造环境分析

本文在实测剖面的基础上,通过薄片观察、粒度分析和阴极发光测试等手段,以沉积相的研究为切入点,将沉积作用和构造作用紧密联系,分析了留山盆地的沉积特征和构造性质。研究表明,留山盆地上三叠统沉积相主要为扇三角洲相,经历了早期的退积作用和晚期的进积作用。沉积相的演化和源区分析综合表现出,留山盆地是一个孤立的陆相盆地,沉积物来源主要为盆地周围的造山带物质。盆地演化经历了盆地形成阶段、平稳沉降阶段、快速沉降阶段和快速充填阶段,其构造动力与盆地周缘的构造作用强度相呼应。盆地性质可能为压坳性盆地,进而推测留山盆地是华北与扬子板块在晚三叠世碰撞期间向南大规模推覆而产生的背驼式盆地。     

P-wave Velocity Structure of Crustal and Upper Mantle beneath South China and its Tectonic Implications

The 3D P-wave velocity structure beneath the South China Block was determined by applying arrival times from 269 teleseismic events recorded by 240 seismic stations within the study region. Our tomographic results reveal the deep structural characteristics of major tectonic units and ore concentration areas. There are distinct high velocity anomalies beneath the ancient Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, with the lithosphere of the Cathaysia Block being thinner than the Yangtze Block; the Jiangnan orogenic belt, located in the combined zone of two blocks, is a high and low velocity anomaly conversion zone; the famous metallogenic belts of Edongnan, the Youjiang Basin and the Cathaysia Block are obviously low velocity areas with different metallogenic mechanisms. The deep ore-forming material source in the Edongnan metallogenic belt is different from that of the Cathaysia Block. The low velocity anomaly under the Cathaysia Block related to mineralization results from the upwelling of mantle material, caused by the joint action of the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain, the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain and the Hainan mantle plume migration and erosion, which has been occurring from northeast to southwest since 80 Ma. The low-temperature mineralization mechanism of Youjiang Basin should be considered not only in terms of the influence of the Emeishan mantle plume in the west and the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain in the south, but also in the context of the influence of the upwelling of asthenospheric material from the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain in the east.     

Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary rock records and applications for provenance of sediments and affiliation of the Simao Terrane,SW China

ABSTRACT

As the north part of Simao Terrane, Lanping Basin is located between the Sanjiang Tethys Orogen (STO) and Yangtze Block, also the junction zone between the Gondwanaland and Cathaysian old land (Pan Huaxia mainland), which includes Yangtze and Cathaysian Blocks. The aim of this study is to decipher the provenance of the sedimentary units in the Lanping Basin and affiliation of Simao Terrane by the U-Pb ages, Hf isotope of detrital zircons and whole-rock geochemistry. The whole-rock geochemistry and the mineral composition indicate that most of the Triassic–Paleocene sedimentary rocks are derived from the upper crust and exhibit recycled orogen features. The detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the North Simao Terrane are consistent with the magmatic events during Early Neoproterozoic and Permian in the Western Yangtze Block. And the detrital zircons ages from North Simao Terrane show same distribution features as the Permian–Triassic magmatic rocks, which are distributed in the Simao Terrane and along major sutures. These comparisons suggest that the clastic sediments in Lanping Basin (North Simao Terrane) are derived from Early Neoproterozoic and Permian magmatic rocks from Western Yangtze Block, Permian–Triassic magmatic rocks from Simao Terrane, along Jinshajiang, Garz-Litang and Ailaoshan Sutures. The comparison of the detrital zircon age distributions shows that Simao Terrane and Yangtze Block exhibited similarity tectonic setting in the evolution history, especially during Paleoproterozoic–Late Paleozoic. This suggests that the Simao Terrane is part of Cathaysian old land, although Simao Terrane was separated from Yangtze Block for short period during Early Paleozoic. Besides, the Hf mapping, stratigraphic succession, paleogeography and paleomagnetism in SW China support that Simao Terrane has a Cathaysian old land-affinity, rather than one involving Gondwanaland.     

华北盆地三叠纪物源特征及其沉积—构造演化

华北盆地三叠纪沉积厚度大,分布广泛,其地层沉积特征很好地记录了周缘造山带或隆起区在该时期的构造演化过程。目前,前人已经对华北各地区三叠纪碎屑物源进行了大量研究,而对于物源区的认识仍存在分歧,对于盆缘地区沉积—构造演化过程的研究也相对较少。通过整理前人对华北各地区三叠纪碎屑物源研究的锆石年龄数据,并结合造山带构造演化过程和地层沉积特征,对华北盆地三叠纪碎屑物源及沉积—构造演化过程进行了整体研究。结果表明:华北北部三叠纪沉积物源均来自北缘的内蒙古隆起,锆石年龄和地层沉积特征记录了源区逐渐增强的岩浆活动和隆升过程。华北南部地区在该时期主要接受来自华北南缘二叠纪沉积盖层和北秦岭造山带的碎屑物质供给,华北南缘伴随着秦岭造山过程可能在中三叠世就已经逆冲隆升并遭受剥蚀,两者的协同演变共同控制着盆地南部沉积演化过程。鄂尔多斯盆地西北部碎屑物源主要来自阿拉善地块和北祁连造山带,西南部地区物源则主要来自盆地西南缘再旋回沉积盖层和北祁连造山带,分别为伸展和挤压状态下的内陆盆地沉积。早—中三叠世,华北盆地为统一的大型内陆沉积盆地,晚三叠世,盆地南、北缘发育沿褶皱逆冲带分布的陆内前陆盆地系统。     

伊犁盆地南缘中-下侏罗统物源分析及其对南天山造山带演化的启示

伊犁盆地南缘中-下侏罗统碎屑岩的物源特征,可为南天山造山带的演化提供重要证据。对其碎屑岩锆石U-Pb定年研究结果表明,伊犁盆地南缘坎乡下侏罗统八道湾组砂岩的碎屑锆石年龄集中在290~260 Ma,而下侏罗统三工河组的碎屑锆石年龄集中在350~290 Ma和460~390 Ma,中侏罗统西山窑组的碎屑锆石年龄集中在370~320 Ma和450~390 Ma。所有测试样品中前寒武纪的年龄记录非常少。这些特征表明,伊犁盆地南缘中生代碎屑沉积物主要来自于伊犁-中天山地块南部。测试样品中几乎不存在晚二叠世-中三叠世的碎屑锆石,与南天山造山带的岩浆岩记录一致,暗示在晚二叠世-中三叠世南天山地区并没有发生强烈的与碰撞或后碰撞相关的岩浆活动。该结果不支持塔里木克拉通与伊犁-中天山地块在晚二叠世-中三叠世碰撞的观点。结合高压-超高压变质岩的数据和地层记录,认为塔里木克拉通与伊犁-中天山地块的碰撞发生在晚石炭世。同时,样品中最年轻锆石的年龄数据从早侏罗世到中侏罗世逐渐增大,显示了揭顶沉积的特点。对伊犁盆地南部中生代的锆石年龄数据与同时代南天山地区的锆石年龄数据进行综合对比表明在早-中侏罗世发生构造沉积夷平的特征。