牛眠沟流域泥石流形成条件、发展趋势及其防治探讨

汶川地震使牛眠沟流域变成了一个多泥石流灾害的区域,到目前为止,已经发生7次大规模泥石流灾害。经研究,该流域诱发泥石流灾害的3个基本条件非常发育,而目前正处于发展阶段,在震后5~10年内的雨季,极易发生危害性较大、冲击力较强的大规模降雨型泥石流。如果考虑直接利用主沟内沉积的泥石流堆积物,在主沟堆积区的中上游左右两侧修建约为沟宽一半的交替式拦挡土石坝、在中下游修建与沟宽大致相等的拦挡土石坝及在相邻两坝间修建与沟向相对且具有一定坡度斜坡的土木防治工程,可实现消能与耗能双重目的。     

栖霞市生木树泥石流隐患点发育特征及发展趋势分析评价

栖霞市生木树泥石流隐患点为烟台市471处地质灾害隐患点其中1处,曾于1979年7月因暴雨引发泥石流灾害,给当地村民造成严重经济损失。以该泥石流沟流域作为研究区,并以区内泥石流发育的自然环境、基本特征及形成泥石流的地质条件、物源条件和水源条件等勘察成果为基础,综合分析区内泥石流发育特征、类型、形成机理、引发因素,并选取相关参数对泥石流基本特征值进行计算,为同类型泥石流的防治提供科学依据。综合研究确定区内泥石流易发程度为轻度易发,现阶段泥石流沟发展阶段为发展期,泥石流灾害趋于相对稳定,但一旦遭遇暴雨至特大暴雨,可能会再次引发泥石流地质灾害。     

兰州市滑坡泥石流灾害与防治

本文在研究兰州市滑坡、泥石流类型、分布与发展趋势的基础上，论述了滑坡、泥石流防治现状和存在问题，指出了加强防治工作的紧迫性，提出了滑坡、泥石流灾害防治的指导思想、目标和对策，强调了开展系统防灾的重要性。     

西宁盆地泥石流类型及其防治意见

概略地叙述了西宁地区的泥石流形成条件和形成机理,并将西宁地区泥石流划分为稀性泥石流类及泥石质泥石流种类。在此基础上提出防治泥石流灾害的意见。     

“山洪/泥石流灾害遥感监测与数值模拟”专辑导言

<正>中国地形地貌类型复杂,山丘区面积约占全国陆地总面积的2/3,是世界上山洪/泥石流灾害最严重的国家之一。随着地理信息系统、高分辨率遥感、无人机遥感、移动互联、物联网、大数据等技术的出现、发展和广泛应用,山洪/泥石流灾害领域面临新的发展机遇和挑战,将给山洪/泥石流监测、风险评价与数值模拟的理论、方法、技术研究创造了便利条件。以地图为载体的传统山洪/泥石流风险评价方式很难适应多维度灾害信息的获取、管理、计算、表达和应用的需求,主要体现在:(1)小流域山洪/泥石流灾害成因困境:由于小流域降水等资料不足,降水与下垫面作用过程复杂且差异较大,对山洪/泥石流成因机理认识不清;(2)中国     

山东省地质灾害分区与防治对策研究

根据山东省地质环境条件、地质灾害分布与发育规律,结合灾害所造成的经济损失,将山东省分为7个主要地质灾害区(地面沉降、地裂缝、采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩塌滑坡泥石流、崩塌泥石流、海咸水入侵)、26个地质灾害地段。通过调查及综合研究,对各区段地质灾害特征和发生规律等进行了概略评价;提出了地质灾害防治的行政性对策建议,并针对不同类型地质灾害提出了技术性对策。     

中巴公路泥石流灾害破坏及防治优化

中巴公路沿线活跃的地质构造运动、陡峭的地形地貌与冰川气候造成泥石流广泛发育,威胁中巴公路扩建与建成后的
运营。分布在中巴公路北段冰川泥石流对该公路的威胁最为严重。根据2008-2011年期间雨季前后泥石流的活动状况,采用沿
线普查与重点详查的研究方式,总结中巴公路沿线泥石流灾害的主要危害类型;并结合设计图纸,对2009年以前原中巴公路防治
工程进行简要的损毁评估;通过分析中巴公路的防治现状提出相应的防治对策,最终针对典型的病害提出具有代表性的改进措
施,以期为高海拔区公路灾害的防治提供一定的参考。研究表明:中巴公路泥石流的危害类型有5种,即淤积、侵蚀、冲击、漫流改
道与堵江;损毁评估结果显示原有小型泥石流防治工程基本失效;原大型桥梁工程配套防治工程需要新建或加固;而新建桥梁工
程运行良好;泥石流防治工程应考虑以下5个现状:援建工程的性质、不良工程地质条件、公路短期安全与灾害发展趋势的统一、
主动工程被动防治及建立灾害管理与公路养护机构;鉴于中巴公路防治工程所面临的“技术经济性”问题,典型防治工程应根据泥
石流的分布特征、性质特点与公路的交汇关系,采取因地制宜的防治方案。      

云南省云龙县地质灾害调查与评价

云龙县地处横断山脉中段,地势险峻,地质环境条件复杂,滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害频繁。该文根据地质灾害防治规划成果,总结了灾害的危害、分布特征、形成条件和影响因素,并提出了防治对策。     

卢氏县城黑马渠沟流域滑坡分析及减灾对策

黑马渠沟流域滑坡较发育 ,密度达 9.4个 /km2 ,目前 ,滑坡及滑坡型泥石流灾害已成为制约卢氏县城社会和经济发展的因素之一。本文从地质、地貌、气象、水文等环境条件入手 ,分析了滑坡的分布规律及其成因 ,并针对滑坡的类型特征及危害方式 ,提出了相应的减灾对策     

山东省栖霞市泥石流灾害的成生环境及危险性趋势分区评价

栖霞市是地质灾害多发区，主要地质灾害有泥石流、崩塌和滑坡，尤其是泥石流灾害频发，其形成主要受自然地理环境、地质条件和人类经济活动影响。因而在地质灾害调查成果基础上危险性趋势进行了分区评价，确定了泥石流灾，将泥石流的发育频度、面积密度和规模进行了分级，采用袭扰系数法对区内泥石流灾害的害的高危区、中危区和低危区，为泥石流灾害防治提供了科学依据。     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s