载Fe3+纳米TiO2薄膜去除球形棕囊藻赤潮生物的研究

球形棕囊藻Phaeocystis globosa 是近年来在我国沿海频发的有毒有害赤潮藻.为了寻找一种简单、有效和安伞的去除赤潮藻的方法,探讨了纳米TiO2 薄膜以及载Fe3+纳米TiO2薄膜在可见光条件下对球形棕囊藻的除藻效果.结果表明,载Fe3+纳米TiO2除藻效果好于未载Fe3+的纳米TiO2,藻液中投加载Fe3+纳米TiO2薄膜的量为20mg·L-1时,可见光照射48h后,藻液中细胞密度由4.08×104cell·mL-1降低到0.01×104cell·mL-1,叶绿素a浓度由0.43mg·L-1降低到0.001mg·L-1,除藻率达到99.7%,除藻速率符合准一级反应动力学方程.     

深圳大鹏湾一次球形棕囊藻藻华的发生过程及成因分析

2021年1月下旬深圳大鹏湾沿岸海域发生球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)藻华。为了探究球形棕囊藻藻华发生动态特征及其影响因素, 于1月20日至2月1日系统调查分析了藻华发生过程中浮游植物优势种演替、球形棕囊藻囊体数量、营养盐水平以及其他环境因素的变化。结果表明: 1月20日, 中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为绝对优势种, 1月21日球形棕囊藻囊体开始出现, 1月25日囊体数量达到最高, 达69colonies·L^-1; 1月27日红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)藻华出现, 随后球形棕囊藻藻华逐渐消退。灰关联分析显示, 铵盐和硝酸盐是影响球形棕囊藻囊体丰度的最主要因素。水体扰动和球形棕囊藻在磷限制条件下的竞争优势也可能有利于球形棕囊藻藻华的发生。红色赤潮藻藻华可能是球形棕囊藻藻华消退的主要原因。球形棕囊藻藻华的发生和消亡是各种理化因素和生物因素共同作用的结果。     

北部湾海域球形棕囊藻遗传多样性分析

南海北部湾海域近年来连年暴发球形棕囊藻赤潮，严重威胁近海生态安全，亟待探明赤潮成因。球形棕囊藻是一种广泛分布于温带至热带海域的有害藻华微藻，具有明显的种下遗传分化。为了解北部湾海域球形棕囊藻的遗传多样性及其对赤潮藻种来源的指示意义，本研究针对分离于北部湾海域赤潮发生期间的4株棕囊藻，以核糖体28S大亚基rRNA基因（28S rDNA）D1-D2区和转录间隔区（ITS区）为靶区构建克隆文库，通过测序分析了北部湾海域球形棕囊藻的遗传多样性。结果表明，从北部湾分离的4株棕囊藻均为球形棕囊藻，但不同年份分离的球形棕囊藻藻株之间存在明显的遗传差异。部分球形棕囊藻藻株（PG2015和PG2017）的不同克隆间也存在遗传差异，这种遗传差异在由单一藻细胞建立的克隆培养系中仍存在，表明遗传差异是来自细胞内多拷贝的基因序列，可能源自不同地理种群球形棕囊藻之间的基因交流。与ITS区相比，28S rDNA D1-D2区能更好地反映球形棕囊藻遗传多样性状况，具有作为分子标记指示球形棕囊藻地理种群的潜力，但仍需深入研究。研究结果深化了对北部湾球形棕囊藻遗传多样性的认识，有望为进一步解析北部湾海域球形棕囊藻赤潮原因种来源提供判据。     

棕囊藻囊泡的培养与去除研究

对广东省珠海市海域球形棕囊藻Phaeocytstis globosa赤潮进行了现场采样及除藻研究,发现3种除藻剂对球形棕囊藻囊泡作用效果存在较大差异。对球形棕囊藻生活史及特征进行了研究,在实验室条件下培养出直径6mm球形棕囊藻囊泡,其生长周期约为14d。实验结果表明,囊泡的形成是球形棕囊藻应对恶劣环境的表现之一。     

北部湾棕囊藻藻华原因种分析

近年来, 棕囊藻已成为我国北部湾海域藻华发生的主要原因种, 严重影响北部湾海洋生态环境、水产增养殖业和防城港核电安全, 急切需要对棕囊藻藻华原因种作进一步分析确认。2017年2月和3月在钦州湾和涠洲岛藻华发生海域分离得到9株棕囊藻, 采用光学显微镜进行形态学初步鉴定, 并通过核糖体小亚基序列(SSU rDNA)进行系统进化分析。研究结果表明, 北部湾9株棕囊藻与球形棕囊藻形态特征基本符合, 系统发育树与不同海域来源的球形棕囊藻聚在同一大分支上, 与其他海域来源的球形棕囊藻遗传距离为0.0000~0.0071, 其中北部湾WZS3-1株与墨西哥湾株CCMP627、苏里南株CCMP628、厄瓜多尔株CCMP1528、南非株P162、中国海株RCC:K1398及汕头株Santou97的球形棕囊藻亲缘关系最近, 遗传距离为0.0000, 而北部湾WZS1、WZS2、WZS4、WZS5株与香港株SKLMP_T005和渤海株BOHAI1亲缘关系最近, 遗传距离为0.0000。球形棕囊藻的种内遗传距离(0.0000~0.0073)明显小于种间遗传距离(0.0084~0.0440), 因此可确定来自北部湾不同海域的9株棕囊藻均为球形棕囊藻。此外, 球形棕囊藻各藻株间的亲缘关系远近与其地理位置分布不能完全对应。本研究结果将为我国棕囊藻藻华藻种库构建、棕囊藻北部湾株生理生态研究和北部湾棕囊藻藻华发生机理研究等提供参考。     

不同氮源对球形棕囊藻生长和囊体形成的影响

棕囊藻引发的有害藻华已经成为一种全球性的自然灾害,给海洋环境以及渔业经济带来了严重的损失。棕囊藻存在两种生活史形态:游离的单细胞形态和囊体形态,但是不同形态之间的转换和囊体形成机制尚不清楚。营养盐是浮游植物生长和藻华发生的物质基础,棕囊藻藻华以往多发生在硝酸盐限制海区。但是近年来,尿素等有机氮在河口区域浓度不断提高,有机氮源的增加可能对棕囊藻生长和生活史转换产生显著的影响。通过添加硝酸盐、铵盐、尿素三种氮源,研究不同氮源对球形棕囊藻生长和囊体形成的影响。研究表明:球形棕囊藻可以在硝氮、尿素中迅速生长,形成囊体,但是氨氮对其却有明显的抑制作用;球形棕囊藻单细胞在硝氮中丰度比较高,最大可达到(444.21±64.97)×10~3个·mL~(-1);在尿素中更容易形成囊体,最多能达到(12.61±6.5)个·mL~(-1)。球形棕囊藻可以利用硝酸盐和有机氮源使其具有更强的竞争力,尿素在海洋水体中浓度的提高,可能是近年来球形棕囊藻藻华在我国近海水域频发的原因之一。     

南黄海首次暴发“巨囊”生态型球形棕囊藻藻华

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)常在热带至温带近海海域形成有害藻华,该种具有种内遗传多态性,且有囊体大小、特征色素组成等性状分化。在我国南海形成有害藻华的球形棕囊藻可形成“巨型囊体”,以19''-丁酰氧基岩藻黄素(But-fuco)为特征色素,是一种独特的“巨囊”生态型。2021年11月底至12月初,南黄海青岛沿岸暴发大规模球形棕囊藻藻华。藻华发生期间,对青岛沿岸3个站位的水文和化学要素进行了观测,分析了球形棕囊藻囊体的数量、直径和色素组成,并应用一种高分辨率种下分子标记——叶绿体rbcS-rpl27基因间隔区分析了其遗传特征。结果表明,藻华发生期间青岛沿岸表层海水温度较低 (12~14℃),海域营养盐组成具有高溶解有机氮、低溶解无机氮的特征;球形棕囊藻囊体丰度超过20个/L,最大囊体直径为18 mm,以But-fuco为特征色素, rbcS-rpl27序列分析表明其与南海“巨囊”生态型球形棕囊藻具有相同的遗传特征。南黄海首次暴发的球形棕囊藻藻华是由“巨囊”生态型形成,该藻华可能对海洋生态系统、水产养殖业发展和核电设施运行等构成威胁,亟待开展藻华成因与监测预警对策研究。     

中国沿海球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)的分类、分布及其藻华

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)是全球海洋广泛分布的有害藻华种类。1997年10月,中国东南沿海首次暴发了此种藻类的大规模藻华,其后陆续在福建、广东、广西、海南、河北及天津等省市沿海暴发多起同种藻华。中国近海的球形棕囊藻藻华呈现两大独有的特点,即藻类囊体较大(可达3厘米),以及藻华可毒害养殖业。历经20多年,球形棕囊藻在中国沿海已从一个"藻华新记录种"变成了"藻华常见种"。值得注意的是, 2014年以来,广西北部湾海域棕囊藻藻华肆虐,威胁核电冷源安全,受到了社会高度关注,也对球形棕囊藻藻华的研究提出了新的挑战与要求。针对这一生态灾害的最新发展趋势,本文总结了20年来中国球形棕囊藻及其藻华灾害的发生与发展状况,分别就棕囊藻的分类、生活史特征、营养特性、藻华形成的环境驱动因素、生态毒理等诸多方面开展简要综述,冀望为棕囊藻藻华的研究及防治提供基础资料及思路。     

不同摄食压力下球形棕囊藻的防御策略

球形棕囊藻是我国沿海常见有害藻华物种,生活史中包括囊体和单细胞两种形态,藻华爆发时的优势形态是囊体,游离单细胞很少被发现,但是球形棕囊藻囊体形成的机制目前还不清楚。本研究通过分析桡足类、纤毛虫和异养甲藻及其化学信号对囊体形成的影响,以探究摄食压力对球形棕囊藻生活史转变的影响。实验结果表明:3种摄食者的直接摄食均引发了球形棕囊藻囊体直径的扩大,摄食者的粒径越大,球形棕囊藻的囊体直径增大越显著,安氏伪镖水蚤的化学信号也能引发球形棕囊藻囊体显著增大,但是游仆虫和海洋尖尾藻的化学信号并未引发类似响应。囊体形成和直径的扩大保护了囊体内细胞免受摄食,有助于球形棕囊藻藻华的发生。     

改性粘土对球形棕囊藻的消除研究

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystisglobosa)暴发藻华时多以囊体形态出现,但迄今缺乏囊体消除方法研究。本文在球形棕囊藻藻华暴发水域取样进行实验,比较了原土及不同改性材料制备的改性粘土对囊型球形棕囊藻的消除效果,并考察了水体pH、溶解有机碳(DOC)、溶解无机磷(DIP)等在治理前后的变化。结果表明:粘土经表面改性后对球形棕囊藻消除能力明显提高,对囊体亦有一定破碎作用,且改性粘土浓度越高,其除藻破囊效果越好;在有效消除囊体细胞情况下,添加改性粘土对水体中pH及DOC含量影响较小,但可以导致DIP水平降低。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.