济阳坳陷新生代构造-热演化历史研究

沉积盆地的热历史是盆地的构造演化研究和油气资源评价及油气成藏的重要参数.本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹和镜质体反射率古温标模拟计算了济阳坳陷70口单井新生代以来的热演化历史,在此基础上分析了济阳坳陷内东营、沾化、惠民和车镇4个凹陷的地温梯度演化特征.研究结果表明,济阳坳陷新生代以来的古地温梯度是逐渐降低的,但在早第三纪时期下降的幅度较大,而在晚第三纪－第四纪则下降的幅度明显较小;济阳坳陷在孔店组沉积时期的地温梯度为540～500℃/km之间,沙河街沉积时期为500～400℃/km,东营组沉积时期为400～385℃/km,晚第三纪时期为385～355℃/km,第四纪以来基本未变.坳陷内4个凹陷的古地温梯度演化存在差异,特别是在早第三纪末期的东营构造运动以后,各凹陷的地温梯度演化差异更加明显.在晚第三纪时期,济阳坳陷各凹陷的地温梯度变化均较小,地温梯度的高低依次为东营凹陷、沾化凹陷、惠民凹陷和车镇凹陷.车镇凹陷的古地温梯度在整个新生代演化历史中均是济阳坳陷最低的.这种地温演化的差异与各凹陷的构造沉降演化史密切相关,同时地温演化差异也导致了各凹陷的烃源岩在生烃门限深度的差异.济阳坳陷的古地温梯度演化特征反映了济阳坳陷由断陷向坳陷的构造演化特征.     

鄂尔多斯盆地构造热演化史及其成藏成矿意义

地层测温、热导率、生热率测试资料研究表明鄂尔多斯盆地现今平均地温梯度为2.93℃/100m,平均大地热流值为61.78mW/m2,属于中温型盆地.现今地温梯度、大地热流值具有东高西低的分布特征.在伊盟隆起东胜铀矿区直罗组砂岩生热率明显变高,高于泥岩的生热率,反映存在金属铀异常.在对盆地现今地温场研究的基础上,应用多种古地温研究手段恢复了盆地中生代晚期的古地温及古地温梯度,根据中生代晚期古地温梯度异常及火成岩活动年龄测试结果确定了中生代晚期早白垩世存在一次构造热事件.以建立的热史模型为约束条件,应用盆地模拟软件进行了热史模拟,重新恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地不同构造单元的构造热演化史.鄂尔多斯盆地构造热演化史对油气、煤、金属铀矿的形成、演化、成藏(矿)有重要的控制作用,特别是中生代构造热事件.无论是下古生界气源岩还是上古生界气源岩,天然气大规模生成期均在中生代晚期的早白垩世.三叠系延长统主要生油期也是在早白垩世.对于石炭—二叠系、三叠系及侏罗系的煤化过程而言,煤的最高热演化程度也是在早白垩世达到的.早白垩世也是金属铀矿重要的成矿期.     

下扬子中生代构造-热事件及其对海相烃源岩生烃的影响

温度是控制烃源岩有机质生烃的主要因素,构造-热事件下的高温作用对烃源岩的增熟和生烃历程具有显著影响.通过地质分析和磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹、磷灰石U-Th/He低温热年代学数据、火山岩年龄数据分析认为,下扬子中生代存在印支期(T_3-J_2),燕山期(J_3-K_1)构造-热事件,沉积盆地达到最高古热流的时间大约为130~110Ma.古温标镜质体反射率热史反演结果揭示句容地区最高地表古热流达到~94mW·m~(-2),泰兴地区为~78mW·m~(-2),热事件的强度由西至东减弱.基于EASY%Ro模型的生烃史正演结果揭示:寒武系烃源岩在常州地区主生气期为早二叠世晚期至晚三叠世末,在句容、泰兴地区主生气期为晚三叠世-早白垩世.由于T_3-J_(1-2)前陆盆地沉积和早白垩世岩浆活动热事件的双重作用,海相烃源岩有机质在早白垩世末达到最高古地温.虽然K_2-E期间在句容、泰兴和常州部分地区具有一定的沉降幅度,甚至使得部分地区海相烃源岩的埋深超过早期的埋深,但由于K_2以来大地热流降低,海相烃源层地层温度却低于早期的地温,有机质未能普遍进一步增熟生烃,即这些地区不存在大面积的二次生烃.     

江汉盆地南部热史与下志留统海相烃源岩成熟度演化研究

应用含油气盆地热史模拟系统, 对江汉盆地南部的钻井资料进行了模拟计算, 恢复了研究区的热史和埋藏史. 在此基础上, 正演了下志留统烃源岩成熟度的演化史. 研究结果表明,江汉盆地在印支期(240 Ma)以前处于稳定的低热流(50～55 mW/m²)状态, 印支期后热流开始整体升高. 潜北断裂以北地区的热流在中燕山期(155 Ma)达到峰值(～72 mW/m²), 断裂以南的热流在晚燕山期(40 Ma)达到峰值(～76 mW/m²). 晚喜山期后, 整个研究区的热流快速下降, 盆地开始冷却. 早三叠世末, 下志留统烃源岩在枝江、当阳、沔阳凹陷一带率先进入生油门限, 早侏罗世至早白垩世末烃源岩进入快速增熟期, 成熟度具有北高南低的特征. 晚白垩世末, 烃源岩热演化特征表现为东强西弱. 到了新近纪末, 烃源岩热演化终止. 研究区热史恢复和下志留统烃源岩成熟度演化的研究为合理评估烃源岩生烃量、排烃量和油气资源量提供了科学依据.     

查干凹陷中、新生代构造-热演化史

查干凹陷是中国内蒙古银根-额济纳旗盆地中最具有勘探潜力的凹陷.为了揭示其构造-热演化历史,本文利用35个磷灰石裂变径迹和119个镜质体反射率数据,采用耦合反演的方法恢复了查干凹陷白垩纪以来的热历史.结果显示查干凹陷白垩系具有高的古地温梯度,并且查干凹陷经历了地温梯度快速增加阶段(K1b-K1s),地温梯度高峰阶段(K1y),高地温延续阶段(K2w)和热沉降阶段(Cz)四个构造-热演化阶段.此外,基于热史恢复结果,正演获得查干凹陷高的古地温梯度有利于烃源岩成熟生烃,早白垩世的高古地温梯度控制着该地区的烃源岩有机质的热演化.本文的研究成果可以为下一步油气资源评价和勘探决策提供基础依据.     

六盘山盆地热历史的裂变径迹证据

研究盆地的热历史将为确定生烃过程和探勘目标提供重要制约因素。磷灰石裂变径迹研究表明，六盘山盆地白垩系地层经历两次埋深加热事件。第一次在白垩经末之前达到最高古地温，第二次在晚新生代约8MaB.P.之前达到最高古地温.第一次最高古地温要高于第二次最高古地温.晚新生代六盘山盆地古地温梯度为16℃/km.从白垩纪到新生代,六盘山盆地可能发生古地温梯度降低事件.三叠纪、中侏罗统烃源岩达到或超过生油高峰温度.白垩纪乃家河组和马东山组虽然进入生油窗温度范围,但未达到生油峰温度.按照古地温资料推断,三叠纪、中侏罗统烃源岩应为六盘山盆地主要生烃源岩,晚白垩纪之前应为六盘山盆地烃源岩的主要生烃阶段.     

合肥盆地构造热演化的裂变径迹证据

运用裂变径迹分析方法,探讨分析了合肥盆地中新生代的构造热演化特征. 上白垩统和古近系下段样品的磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）数据主体表现为靠近部分退火带顶部温度(±65℃)有轻度退火,由此估算晚白垩世至古近纪早期合肥盆地断陷阶段的古地温梯度接近38℃/km,高于盆地现今地温梯度(275℃/km).下白垩统、侏罗系及二叠系样品的AFT年龄(975～25Ma)和锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)年龄(118～104Ma)均明显小于其相应的地层年龄,AFT年龄－深度分布呈现冷却型曲线形态,且由古部分退火带、冷却带或前完全退火带及其深部的今部分退火带组成,指示早白垩世的一次构造热事件和其随后的抬升冷却过程. 基于AFT曲线的温度分带模式和流体包裹体测温数据的综合约束,推算合肥盆地早白垩世走滑压陷阶段的古地温梯度接近67℃/km. 径迹年龄分布、AFT曲线拐点年龄和区域抬升剥蚀时间的对比分析结果表明,合肥盆地在早白垩世构造热事件之后的104Ma以来总体处于抬升冷却过程,后期快速抬升冷却事件主要发生在±55Ma.     

张强凹陷及邻区的构造应力分析

通过对张强凹陷及邻区露头构造形迹和岩心裂缝测量的应力分析，把该地区的地质历史划分出自太古代以来的８个构造期，确定了各期构造应力场状态及构造组合形式，认为晚侏罗世及白垩纪古构造应力场是断陷盆地形成、发展的主要应力场，晚侏罗世为近东西向拉张的构造应力状态；阜新组沉积期末至泉头组沉积前，由东西向拉张转为近东西向挤压，导致断陷阶段结束和上侏罗统变形；白垩纪为东西向挤压，早期区域整体沉降，晚期大面积隆升遭受剥蚀。早第三纪期为北西－南东向挤压，晚第三纪以来北东东－南西西向挤压。新生代的两期应力场仅使一些断裂继续活动，变形强度小于前两期     

辽河盆地东部凹陷现今地温场及热历史的研究

依据10口系统测温井数据和61块岩石热导率测试结果，计算了辽河盆地东部凹陷10个 高质量的大地热流数据，并在此基础上，利用镜质体反射率（Ro）资料对该区的热历史 进行了恢复. 结果表明：东部凹陷下第三系平均地温梯度为36.5℃/km，岩石平均热导率为1 .667W/(m·K)，热流密度变化于49.5～70.0mW/m2之间，平均为58.0mW/m2；东部凹陷热 流呈现古热流高现今热流低的变化特征，从沙三期到东营期，古热流值是逐渐增大的，到东 营期末达到最大值，晚第三纪至现今表现为持续冷却；构造沉降史分析显示，盆地经历了早 期的裂谷阶段（43～25Ma）和后期的热沉降阶段. 盆地现今较低的大地热流和较高的古热流 及典型的裂谷型构造沉降样式为东部凹陷的构造-热演化提供了重要认识.     

中扬子江汉平原簰洲湾地区中、新生代构造-热演化史

本文综合运用磷灰石-锆石裂变径迹和（U-Th）/He、镜质体反射率及盆地模拟等手段,深入细致地探讨了中扬子江汉平原簰洲湾地区中、新生代构造-热史演化过程.研究结果表明,研究区中-新生代大规模构造抬升剥蚀、地层冷却事件始于早白垩世（140-130 Ma）;大规模抬升冷却过程主要发生在早白垩世中后期至晚白垩世.研究区虽然可能存在一定厚度的晚白垩世-古近纪地层沉积,总体沉积规模相对较小.综合分析认为,区内应该存在较大厚度的中侏罗统或/和上侏罗统乃至早白垩世地层的沉积;而现今残存中生代中、上侏罗统地层相对较薄,主要是由于后期持续构造抬升剥蚀造成的,估计总剥蚀厚度约4300 m左右.区内中生代地层在早白垩世达到最大古地温,而不是在古近纪沉积末期;上三叠统地层最大古地温在170~190℃之间.热史分析结果表明,区内古生代古热流相对稳定,平均热流在53.64 mW·m^-2;早侏罗世末期古热流开始降低,在早白垩世初期古热流约为48.38 mW·m^-2.     

Cenozoic deformation history of the Tancheng–Lujiang Fault Zone, north China, and dynamic implications

Abstract Based on a field analysis of slip vectors from Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks and coupled with rift basin analysis in north China, the Cenozoic deformation history of the Tancheng–Lujiang (Tan–Lu) Fault Zone can be divided into three main phases: early Tertiary normal faulting and northwest–southeast extension; Miocene normal faulting and northeast–southwest to north‐northeast–south‐southwest extension; and Quaternary dextral strike–slip faulting and east‐northeast transpression. The early Tertiary extension, which was responsible for rift basin formation in north China, originated from back‐roll mantle convection induced by westward subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Asia continent. The Miocene extension occurred possibly in association with the process of the Japan Sea opening. The Quaternary dextral slip was mainly localized along the middle part of the Tan–Lu Fault Zone and resulted from the far‐field effect of the late‐stage India–Eurasia convergence.     

3D Gravity Inversion of Northern Sinai Peninsula: A Case Study

The Sinai Peninsula has attracted the attention of many geological and geophysical studies as it is influenced and bounded by major tectonic events. Those are (1) the Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic tectonically active opening of the Tethys, (2) the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary (Laramide) Syrian arc system, due to closing of the Tethys (3) the Oligo-Miocene Gulf of Suez rifted basin, and (4) the Late Miocene to Recent transform Dead Sea–Gulf of Aqaba rift. Additionally, the shear zones inside Sinai such as the Ragabet El-Naam and Minsherah-Abu Kandu Shear Zones. Each of these major tectonic events has affected dramatically the structure evolution of the northern Sinai area. The present paper estimates the 3D density contrast model using the gravity data of northern Sinai. The estimated 3D density contrast model elucidated the peculiarities of the main structural elements in the region. The estimated 3D density contrast model showed the high and low gravity anomalies that form the main mountains and main valleys in northern Sinai. The estimated low density zones are in agreement with the inferred faults resulting from the first horizontal derivative. Comparing the 3D model with the tectonic history of the region and the results of the first horizontal derivative and least square separation increased the reliability of the model.     

济阳坳陷沾化东区块现今地温场及热历史

根据区内钻井测温和镜质体反射率RO资料，在该区现今地温场分析的基础上，采用岩石圈和盆地尺度相结合的多期热演化模型对该区的热史进行了恢复.结果表明：(1)现今地温梯度为35.8℃/km.孤岛及垦东地区地温梯度较高，大于3℃/km.(2)古新世早期的大地热流值为83.6mW/m²，相当于现代活动裂谷的热流值.自古新世以来，盆地有逐步变冷的趋势，中间有二次回升，但回升的幅度逐渐变小.现今大地热流值为63mW/m²，接近全球大地热流的平均值.(3)该区主力烃源岩经历了持续的受热过程，现今仍处于“生油窗口”内，在深度上具有较大的油气赋存空间，热演化背景对油气生成有利.上述模拟结果可以用渤海湾盆地的裂谷演化模式进行较好的解释，并对胜利油田沾化凹陷的油气勘探工作具有一定的实际意义.     

Uplift and evolution of Helan Mountain

The Helan Mountain lies in the northwest margin of Ordos Basin and its uplift periods have close relations with the tectonic feature and evolution of the basin. There are many views on the uplift time of Helan Mountain, which is Late Triassic and Late Jurassic. It is concluded by the present strata, magmatic rock and hot fluid distribution that the Helan Mountain does not uplift in Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic but after Middle Jurassic. Through the research of the sedimentary strata and deposit rate in Yinchuan Graben which is near to the Helan Mountain, it is proved that the Helan Mountain uplifts in Eocene with a huge scale and in Pliocene with a rapid speed. The fission track analysis of apatite and zircon can be used to determine the precise uplift time of Helan Mountain, which shows that four stages of uplifting or cooling Late Jurassic to the early stage of Early Cretaceous, mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and since Eocene. During the later two stages the uplift is most apparent and the mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous is a regional cooling course. Together with several analysis ways, it is considered that the earliest time of Helan Mountain uplift is Late Jurassic with a limited scale and that Late Cretaceous uplift is corresponding to the whole uplift of Ordos Basin, extensive uplift happened in Eocene and rapid uplift in Pliocene.     

Mesozoic basin evolution and tectonic mechanism in Yanshan, China

The Mesozoic basins in Yanshan, China underwent several important tectonic transformations, including changes from a pre-Late Triassic marginal cratonic basin to a Late Triassic-Late Jurassic flexural basin and then to a late Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rift basin. In response to two violent intraplate deformation at Late Triassic and Late Jurassic, coarse fluvial depositional systems in Xingshikou and Tuchengzi Formations were deposited in front of thrust belts. Controlled by transform and extension faulting, fan deltas and lacustrine systems were deposited in Early Cretaceous basins. The composition of clastic debris in Late Triassic and Late Jurassic flexural basins respectively represents unroofing processes from Proterozoic to Archean and from early deposited, overlying pyroclastic rocks to basement rocks in provenance areas. Restored protobasins were gradually migrated toward nearly NEE to EW-trending from Early Jurassic to early Late Jurassic. The Early Cretaceous basins with a NNE-trending crossed over early-formed basins. The Early-Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous basins were respectively controlled by different tectonic mechanisms.     

Uplift and evolution of Helan Mountain

The Helan Mountain lies in the northwest margin of Ordos Basin and its uplift periods have close relations with the tectonic feature and evolution of the basin. There are many views on the uplift time of Helan Mountain, which is Late Triassic and Late Jurassic. It is concluded by the present strata, magmatic rock and hot fluid distribution that the Helan Mountain does not uplift in Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic but after Middle Jurassic. Through the research of the sedimentary strata and deposit rate in Yinchuan Graben which is near to the Helan Mountain, it is proved that the Helan Mountain uplifts in Eocene with a huge scale and in Pliocene with a rapid speed. The fission track analysis of apatite and zircon can be used to determine the precise uplift time of Helan Mountain, which shows that four stages of uplifting or cooling: Late Jurassic to the early stage of Early Cretaceous, mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and since Eocene. During the later two stages the uplift is most apparent and the mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous is a regional cooling course. Together with several analysis ways, it is considered that the earliest time of Helan Mountain uplift is Late Jurassic with a limited scale and that Late Cretaceous uplift is corresponding to the whole uplift of Ordos Basin, extensive uplift happened in Eocene and rapid uplift in Pliocene.     

Hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Cretaceous in southern China

The Cretaceous in southern China is mainly a set of red and mauve clastic rock, with evaporation layers. For lack of source rock, it has been paid little attention to in the exploration process. With the development of research on hydrocarbon exploration, the masses of Cretaceous reservoirs and shows have been found in recent years. This means that the Cretaceous has great exploration potential. According to the research, authors find that the high-quality reservoir and efficient cap rocks develop in the Cretaceous. At the same time, the Cretaceous and underlying Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic marine strata and overlying Cenozoic nonmarine strata constitute a superimposed basin. Moreover, high-quality source rocks developed in the above-mentioned two sets of strata. In the south, especially in the middle and lower Yangtze region since the Himalayan strong rift was associated with a large number of faults, These faults connect the Cretaceous reservoir and its overlying and underlying source rocks, forming the fault-based and unconformity-based discontinuous source-reservoir-cap accumulation assemblages. Because the Cretaceous has the abundant oil and gas from Paleogene source rocks or Mesozoic-Paleozoic source rocks with secondary hydrocarbon generation ability, three types of reservoirs develop in the Cretaceous: “new-generating and old-reservoiring” reservoirs, “old-generating andnew-reservoiring” reservoirs, and few “self-generating andself-reservoiring” reservoirs. The hydrocarbon enrichment depends on two key factors. Firstly, Cretaceous reservoirs are near to the source kitchens, so its oil and gas source is ample. Secondly, the fault system is well developed, which provides the necessary conducting systems for hydrocarbon accumulation.

     

Hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Cretaceous in southern China

The Cretaceous in southern China is mainly a set of red and mauve clastic rock, with evaporation layers. For lack of source rock, it has been paid little attention to in the exploration process. With the development of research on hydrocarbon exploration, the masses of Cretaceous reservoirs and shows have been found in recent years. This means that the Cretaceous has great exploration potential. According to the research, authors find that the high-quality reservoir and efficient cap rocks develop in the Cretaceous. At the same time, the Cretaceous and underlying Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic marine strata and overlying Cenozoic nonmarine strata constitute a superimposed basin. Moreover, high-quality source rocks developed in the above-mentioned two sets of strata. In the south, especially in the middle and lower Yangtze region since the Himalayan strong rift was associated with a large number of faults, These faults connect the Cretaceous reservoir and its overlying and underlying source rocks, forming the fault-based and unconformity-based discontinuous source-reservoir-cap accumulation assemblages. Because the Cretaceous has the abundant oil and gas from Paleogene source rocks or Mesozoic-Paleozoic source rocks with secondary hydrocarbon generation ability, three types of reservoirs develop in the Cretaceous: “new-generating and old-reservoiring” reservoirs, “old-generating andnew-reservoiring” reservoirs, and few “self-generating andself-reservoiring” reservoirs. The hydrocarbon enrichment depends on two key factors. Firstly, Cretaceous reservoirs are near to the source kitchens, so its oil and gas source is ample. Secondly, the fault system is well developed, which provides the necessary conducting systems for hydrocarbon accumulation.