前言

星表和天球参考系的研究是基本天体测量的主要任务,在这方面我国过去也曾做过一些工作,陕西天文台的“我国授时赤经星表”和北京天文台的“等高总星表”在国际上有很好的声誉;可是严格地说它们仍应属于时纬工作的副产品,而基本天体测量的子     

VLBI在建立准惯性参考系上的作用

本文对以下问题作了论述:现用基本参考系的局限性,VLBI在建立准惯性参考系上的作用,射电源星表的进展,射电源星表误差来源的分析和考虑,综合射电源星表建立的需要,光学、射电和空间天体测量星表联系的必要性,用中国VLBI网进行天球参考系工作的一些初步考虑。     

测定天文大气折射和建立电磁波折射延迟实测模型(Ⅱ)-采用依巴谷星表作为工作星表

叙述了测定大气折射对工作星表的要求和星表系统误差的影响,并通过FK5星表相对于依巴谷星表的系统误差,来说明以往的各种基本星表都不适用的原因;文章说明了依巴谷星表所列星位置不含随天区而异的系统误差的特性,分析了该星表问世时的精度和十多年后的今天仍能达到的精度,说明它可以作为这种测定的工作星表,从而为直接测定天文大气折射值和折射率差提供了一个重要的条件;文章还介绍了依巴谷星表的星等分布,认为只需选用亮于6mag的依巴谷星,这一星等范围,为制定专用测量仪器终端的设计方案提供了依据。     

反常折射引起的地面天文观测残差的周年变化

我国光学天文观测有相当长历史，观测精度也较高，但是与国际系统相比。无论是测时还是测纬，所有仪器残差都有类似的周年变化，本文作者认为部分原因是由于我国季节变化引起的大气等密度层倾斜，从而产生的反常折射所引起的，文中对反常折射的规律进行了研究，导出了由于气象参数变化而引起的反常折射公式，并与测时，测纬的残差周年项进行了对比，结果表明用反常折射可以部分地解释我国天文观测残差的周年变化。     

建立经纬度异常变化三角监测网的观测纲要和工作星表

为了在云南省及周边地区强地震前提供天文经、纬度异常变化的信息而建立三角监测网的需要,本文叙述了在各观测站都采用的两种观测纲要的编制方法.一是8个方位的观测纲要,通过一年观测数据的比较,拟合出各观测站的本地天文大气折射实用模型;二是长期使用的仅在子午方向观测的纲要.文章根据这种测量对工作星表的要求,在分析了依巴谷星表的亮星分布情况后,决定仅选用4.0～6.0mag的光谱型B、A、F、G、K型的依巴谷星.这一选星范围,也为测量仪器口径的选择提供了依据.     

1935.0—1941.0年緯度变化的周期項

由1935.0—1941.0年的五个纬度台站:水泽、基塔布、卡尔洛福特、盖切尔斯堡和乌基阿的纬度观测资料,得到1)星表的系统误差将在纬度变化中引入虚假成分和影响纬度变化中的周年和半年周期成分;2)用新的星表系统重新推算纬度变化,求得张德勒周期平均为414日,振幅为0″.074;周年周期平均为362日,振幅为0″.140;3)在分析纬度观测结果时受到对各台站不一样的地方性因素的影响。     

依巴谷星表和第谷星表的特征和意义

主要论述依巴谷星表和第谷星表的观测特征和天体测量特征,依巴谷卫星在短期内同时测定大量高精度的恒星位置,自行和视差等五个天体测量参数以及星等和色指数,依巴谷星表和第谷星表为建立高精度的光学参考系,为研究恒星的起源,演化,分布,质量,大小和光度等,为研究双星和聚星的分布和运动,为研究星系运动和星系动力学提供了大量的高精度资料,具有重要的科学意义。     

测定天文大气折射和建立电磁波折射延迟实测模型(Ⅳ)-瞬时天文纬度测定值

根据测定天文大气折射的原理,以及建立电磁波折射延迟改正模型的需要,叙述了对瞬时天文纬度测定值的严格要求;分析了经典测量仪器和空间大地测量技术所得的瞬时纬度测定值在这里不适用的原因;提出采用子午方向以外的各给定方位的时角测定值与计算值之差,解算瞬时纬度测定值的新方法,以避免大气折射修正值残差的影响;文章对观测数据的处理提出了特殊要求,并论述了所拟专用测量仪器对实施这一方法的可行性。     

研究大气反常折射的迫切性

就地球大气对天体测量观测的影响作了分类，介绍了对各类影响的传统处理方法，也介绍了低纬子午环的分别对待方法，特别强调了短周期的和不规则的反常折射影响对提高观测精度的限制，并提出了测定这些影响的可能途径。     

中国开展的星表和天文常数研究活动(1990.7～1993.1)

叙述了1990年7月至1993年1月期间中国的星表和天文常数工作。它包括仪器的改进与研制,星表的观测和编算,天文常效、天球参考系的研究,以及其相应的方法与技术.     

Kiev photographic catalogues of stellar proper motions: Compilation and application

The works of the Goloseevo Observatory (Kiev, U.S.S.R.) on the compilation of catalogues of absolute proper motions measured with respect to faint galaxies are discussed. Using these catalogues, some astrometric and stellar characteristics have been obtained. Particular attention is paid to the problem of improving the accuracy of stellar position and proper motion determinations. The optimum procedure for compiling the consolidated catalogue intended for the improvement of fundamental reference frame, kinematic characteristics of stars as well as for the solution of applied problems is developed.     

天球参考系实现中的问题评述

本文评述了在建立历表参考架和恒星参考架过程中所面临的问题和困难，回顾了建立河外射电天球参考架的发展历史，并介绍了其目前状况，讨论了河外射电天球参考架在与其他天球参考架连接过程中所遇到的问题及其可能的解决途径。     

N－Cat系列综合河外射电源表

本文利用弧长差选源方法和共同基本源指向维持模型，并参照当今各河外射电源观测表之间的相互独立性，组建了１９８８至１９９３各年度的综合河外射电源表，即Ｎ－Ｃａｔ系列综合表。检验结果表明，Ｎ－Ｃａｔ系列表中坐标系是统一的，其指向维持精度高于０．１ｍａｓ，明显好于Ａ－Ｃａｔ系列表和ＩＥＲＳ系列表，这充分肯定了弧长差选源方法和共同基本源指向维持模型的优越性。文中部分结果显示，１９９２年与１９９３年的ＩＥＲＳ综合表之间存在显著指向差异，对此应予以重视。     

Comparison of the four catalogues by pairs,the Hipparcos,new Hipparcos,EOC‐2 and IL,by using μδ for the common 1120 stars

We present comparison results of our Independent Latitude (IL) catalogue of μ_δ determinations for 1120 bright stars with the Hipparcos, new Hipparcos and Earth Orientation Catalogue (EOC‐2) values. Also, we took into consideration the EOC3 and EOC4 (recent versions of EOC catalogues). Our μ_δ values are based on zenith telescope observations from seven Independent Latitude (IL) observatories. The IL measures are spanning a time baseline of up to 90 years which is the key advantage to the accurate determination of μ_δ. The short interval of the Hipparcos satellite observations is a disadvantage for a good accuracy of stellar proper motion, especially in the case of double and multiple stars. For this reason many astrometric catalogues have appeared after the publication of the Hipparcos including our IL catalogue. These catalogues are an appropriate combination of the Hipparcos satellite and ground‐based data which yields more accurate stellar coordinates and/or their proper motions. Among various types of ground‐based observations the latitude and universal time variations obtained from several million observations of stars reduced to the Hipparcos reference system were used for this purpose. These observations were obtained during almost the entire last century and were originally used to determine the Earth Orientation Parameters. It is also possible to use these data in the inverse task of checking the accuracy of stellar coordinates and/or their proper motions listed in the Hipparcos Catalogue. Such latitude and universal time variations data are the basis of the EOC and IL catalogues. In this paper, we computed the differences in μ_δ values between pairs of catalogues and analyzed the results to characterize the μ_δ errors for the four catalogues with a special focus on our IL catalogue. The standard errors of μ_δ for IL stars observed over more than 20 years are mostly smaller than or equal to the Hipparcos errors, and close to the accuracy level of the EOC‐2 (EOC‐3, EOC‐4) and the new Hipparcos. The resulting investigations of errors of differences of μ_δ, show that all four catalogues have relatively small random and systematic errors which are close to each other meaning that the corresponding μ_δ values have a high accuracy. Our sample also contains detected double and multiple stars for which the effects of the orbital and proper motions are difficult to separate. The differences of μ_δ values for these stars generally exceed those obtained for single stars. Also, these discrepancies could be attributed to effect of possible, still unrecognized, astrometric binaries. These investigations about the proper motions and double stars are in line with the activity of the IAU Working Group on Astrometry by Small Ground‐Based Telescopes. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

研制低纬子午环初衷的沿革

介绍了在低纬子午环研制过程中，如何跟踪国内外测量方法和科学技术的发展，调整该仪器的主要课题目标：开始时仅计划在低纬度地区进行天体位置的绝对测定，改善基本星表系统；在１ｍ望远镜试验ＣＣＤ底片重迭法成功后，打算把该仪器绝对测定的恒星位置与河外天体联系起来，间接地建立准惯性天球参考架；当国外传统子午环配备ＣＣＤ测微器作相对测量后，提出了在该仪器上配备ＣＣＤ测微器作绝对测定的方法，用其观测数据直接建立实用的准惯性天球参考架，并为太阳系和银河系研究提供有用数据的总体目标。     

Ground-based astrometric observations of latitude for improved reference frame

The Commission 19 (Earth Rotation) of the International Astronomical Union—IAU established the Working Group on Earth Rotation in the Hipparcos Reference Frame—WG ERHRF at 1995 to collect the optical observations of latitude and universal time variations, made during 1899.7-1992.0 in line with Earth orientation programmes (to derive Earth Orientation Parameters—EOP), with Dr. Jan Vondrák (Astronomical Institute of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague) as the head of WG ERHRF. Dr. Vondrák collected about 4.4 million optical observations of latitude/universal time variations made at 33 observatories. These data were used for EOP investigations, Hipparcos Catalogue—radio sources connection, etc. Nowadays, it is used to correct the positions and proper motions of stars of Hipparcos Catalogue (as an optical reference frame) using ground-based observations of some Hipparcos stars. After Hipparcos Catalogue, some new astrometric catalogues appeared (as ARIHIP, EOC-2, etc.) with better accuracy of proper motions. We use the latitude observations made by visual zenith-telescope (ZT), as classical astrometric instrument, at seven observatories (all over the world) of International Latitude Service—ILS. The observations were used in the programmes of monitoring the Earth orientation during the 20th century. We received the data from Dr. Vondrák via private communication. The observatories are Carloforte—CA, Cincinnati—CI, Gaithersburg—GT, Kitab—KZ, Mizusawa—MZZ, Tschardjui—TS and Ukiah—UK. The task is to improve proper motions in declination of the observed Hipparcos stars. The original method was developed. We removed from the instantaneous observed latitudes, all known effects (polar motion and some local instrumental errors), and the corrected latitudes were then the input data to calculate the corrections of Hipparcos proper motions in declination using the least squares method—LSM with the linear model. We did an improvement of Hipparcos proper motions in declination via mentioned latitude variations with time by using a long-term (a few decades) visual zenith-telescope data of ILS. The calculated results were compared with the ARIHIP and EOC-2 data, and the consistency were good. The main steps of the calculations and some of the results are presented here.     

射电天文及卫星测地中大气折射的改正及其精度

本文综述了电离层、对流层中电波折射引起的射电天文观测及卫星测地中的各种误差及各种改正方法和它们的精度。 对流层影响的主要改正方法是实测大气温度、压力等参数,用数学模型计算。电离层影响的改正目前有三种方法:一是实时测量电离层主要参数——电子总含量的变化,然后用数学模型方法改正。二是采用双频同时观测的手段来消除电离层折射的影响。三是采用自校准方法。文中还比较了两种不同的自校准方法——常规自校准方法和多余量自校准方法。     

Relative deformations of selenodetic nets of coordinates

One of the main problems of selenodesy consists of the construction of a net of basic reference points on the surface of the Moon. At present there exist many catalogues containing the coordinates of selected objects on the Moon. These catalogues differ by the presence of both systematic and accidental errors.The investigations concerning the comparison of catalogues and the elucidation of their systematic differences are of very recent date. Various methods of interpretation of the systematic differences between catalogues have been proposed. Without an attempt to encompass the whole problem in what follows, we shall describe one method for comparative study of catalogues based on the theory of the deformation of continuous media.