基于地图空间认知的室内消防救援地图设计

室内地图可为消防救援提供有效的空间信息服务。探索面向消防救援的室内地图空间认知规律,使室内地图能够更好地描述特定的室内环境,更切合消防救援人员的认知需求;借鉴传统地图的空间认知过程,探讨了面向消防救援需求的室内地图空间认知过程,提出了3种不同消防救援空间认知视角的室内空间划分方法和基于空间认知的室内消防救援地图设计原则,为面向消防救援室内地图的制作与使用提供了理论支撑。     

城市拟三维地图生产方法与应用技术研究

通过对传统2.5维地图生产方法进行改进和创新,利用矢量空间分析算法,设计了基于影响范围的渲染索引机制,形成了一套自动化、智能化的地图生产方式,同时突破了传统的2.5维地图的应用瓶颈,为其增加了多角度场景环视和立体空间分析能力,使其生产成果真正迈上了三维应用的台阶,成为了兼具二维和三维地图应用优势的轻量级"拟三维"地图产品。以此方法为基础,搭建了上海市拟三维地图应用系统,为上海公共服务平台的建设和创新发挥了重要作用。     

Web-based analytical tools for the exploration of spatial data

This paper deals with the extension of internet-based geographic information systems with functionality for exploratory spatial data analysis (esda). The specific focus is on methods to identify and visualize outliers in maps for rates or proportions. Three sets of methods are included: extreme value maps, smoothed rate maps and the Moran scatterplot. The implementation is carried out by means of a collection of Java classes to extend the Geotools open source mapping software toolkit. The web based spatial analysis tools are illustrated with applications to the study of homicide rates and cancer rates in U.S. counties.This research was supported in part by a number of grants from the US National Science Foundation: NSF Grant SBR-9410612, BCS-9978058, to the Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (csiss), and a grant from the National Consortium on Violence Research (ncovr is supported under grant SBR-9513040 from the National Science Foundation). In addition, support was provided by grant RO1 CA 95949-01 from the National Cancer Institute. Special thanks to Dr. Eugene J. Lengerich of the Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute for providing the data on colon cancer diagnoses.     

基于空间分析的徐州市居民点分布模式研究

居民点空间分布的研究是聚落地理学的主要内容之一,运用空间分析的方法研究居民点的分布能更准确地刻画出其空间分布的本质规律。本文根据2004年TM遥感图像和城市地图得到徐州市城乡居民点空间分布的信息,继而运用样方分析(QA)法、最近邻距离指数(NNI)、K(d)函数、热点探测技术(NNH)研究了徐州市居民点空间分布格局与模式。结果显示:徐州市居民点的空间分布具有明显的空间依赖性,总体上呈现出集聚分布的特点;随着研究尺度的变大,居民点空间分布的集聚性指数也增大;居民点空间分布的热点区域在微观尺度上具有空间随机性、在中观尺度上具有轴带延伸性、宏观尺度上具有面状集中性的特点。     

Evaluation of the spatial changes in seagrass cover in the lagoons of Lakshadweep islands,India, using IRS LISS III satellite images

A study was conducted in Lakshadweep islands to determine the feasibility of using Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for detecting changes in the seagrass from other coastal features. IRS ID and IRS P6 LISS III having spatial resolution of 23.5 m with lower cost compared to all other contemporary satellites with the same spatial resolution have not been widely used for monitoring the changes in seagrass cover. In this context, the present study attempted to explore the effectiveness of LISS III data for mapping seagrasses and to inform the international community about the usefulness of these low-cost imageries for coastal resource monitoring. Supervised classification and change detection studies found a significant decrease in seagrass cover of 73.03 ha in the Lakshadweep group of islands. An overall accuracy of 67.5% was obtained for the change maps, and seagrass cover and its changes vary at different islands.     

数字地图的分辨率

比例尺与分辨率是两个相似的概念,但比例尺通常被理解为缩小倍数,而分辨率则通常被理解为细节表现力或精细度。与纸质地图不同,地图比例尺的概念对于数字地图是没有实际意义的。所以用分辨率代替比例尺来描述数字地图较为贴切。数字地图的分辨率主要是说明地图中地理信息的详细程度、细致程度、精确程度和表达方式,数字地图的空间分辨率可用类似于比例尺精度的数字来表示。     

A method of downscaling temperature maps based on analytical hillshading for use in species distribution modelling

Climate maps have been widely used for the construction of species distribution models. These maps derive from interpolation of data collected by meteorological stations. The sparse distribution of stations generates maps with coarse spatial resolution that are unable to detect microclimates or areas that can serve as plant or animal refuges. This work proposes a method for downscaling temperature maps using the solar radiation falling upon hillsides as predictor for the influence of relief on local variability. Solar irradiance is estimated from a digital elevation model of the study area using a routine based on analytical hillshading. Some examples of downscaling from 1 km to 25 m spatial resolution are shown. The results are compared with the surface temperature maps from Landsat 8 satellite imagery.     

利用景观格局指数的空间分辨率对水域面积提取影响的分析

对8个不同地区对应的同一时间的ETM+数据和MODIS数据,利用谱间关系法得到30 m和250 m分辨率具有不同景观格局分布的水体专题图,研究分辨率对不同景观格局分布的水体提取的影响。通过比较发现,区域内水体边缘密度很小时,ETM+和MODIS提取结果的误差很小;当区域内水体边缘密度很大时,ETM+和MODIS提取结果的误差相应就变大。通过引入景观格局指数与两种分辨率的提取结果进行回归分析发现,对于不破碎区域的水体,MODIS和ETM+可以得到相近的精度;而对于中度破碎的水体,引入景观格局指数信息能显著地提高中度破碎水体的精度;但对于高度破碎的水体,通过引入景观格局指数信息的多元回归几乎不能提高精度。     

在线地图的空间认知研究

作为一种新的空间信息认知工具,在线地图适时性强,传播方便。文章总结了在线地图的特点和使用方式,并以交通查询为例分析了用户使用在线地图的地图信息认知过程、信息获取的阶段并根据以上分析得出了在线地图空间认知的一般规律。为数字环境下的空间信息表达与认知提供了理论依据。     

Measures of spatio-temporal accuracy for time series land cover data

Remote sensing is a useful tool for monitoring changes in land cover over time. The accuracy of such time-series analyses has hitherto only been assessed using confusion matrices. The matrix allows global measures of user, producer and overall accuracies to be generated, but lacks consideration of any spatial aspects of accuracy. It is well known that land cover errors are typically spatially auto-correlated and can have a distinct spatial distribution. As yet little work has considered the temporal dimension and investigated the persistence or errors in both geographic and temporal dimensions. Spatio-temporal errors can have a profound impact on both change detection and on environmental monitoring and modelling activities using land cover data. This study investigated methods for describing the spatio-temporal characteristics of classification accuracy. Annual thematic maps were created using a random forest classification of MODIS data over the Jakarta metropolitan areas for the period of 2001–2013. A logistic geographically weighted model was used to estimate annual spatial measures of user, producer and overall accuracies. A principal component analysis was then used to extract summaries of the multi-temporal accuracy. The results showed how the spatial distribution of user and producer accuracy varied over space and time, and overall spatial variance was confirmed by the principal component analysis. The results indicated that areas of homogeneous land cover were mapped with relatively high accuracy and low variability, and areas of mixed land cover with the opposite characteristics. A multi-temporal spatial approach to accuracy is shown to provide more informative measures of accuracy, allowing map producers and users to evaluate time series thematic maps more comprehensively than a standard confusion matrix approach. The need to identify suitable properties for a temporal kernel are discussed.     

Vineyard site suitability analysis by use of multicriteria approach applied on geo-spatial data

Abstract

In this research, multicriteria decision analysis with pairwise comparison weighting method was utilized to determine the suitable locations for vineyard plantation in Sarkoy region of Turkey. Soil maps, meteorological measurements, slope, aspect and elevation maps were used as input to conduct spatial analysis. Different methods were compared and pairwise comparison method was identified as the most appropriate method of weighting for this spatial analysis. Current vineyard areas were determined using Worldview-2 imagery and their spatial distribution compared with the resulting suitability map to determine the current suitability. Comparisons showed current vineyards were mostly established in locations where suitability map expresses low capability. Further inspection unveiled that, these low capability lands are closer to the transportation networks and city/county centres that tend to be in sea level elevations as opposed to vine grapes thriving in higher altitudes. Results also enabled providing suggestions on alternative sites for new vineyard plantation.     

The design and composition of persuasive maps

Persuasive maps are ubiquitous in society, yet cartographers have largely neglected to conduct serious, holistic research on them. Persuasive maps represent a form of visual communication that differs markedly from scientific geovisualization. First, many of these maps' communicative goals are anathema to those of scientific representation. Second, many persuasive maps ignore and defy established cartographic conventions. This article argues two things. First, the cartographic discipline can gain insight about how maps communicate information from the longitudinal and holistic analysis of persuasive maps. By comparing the differences and similarities of persuasive maps to scientific geovisualizations, researchers can begin to understand how persuasive maps communicate differently than scientific ones. Second, breaking persuasive maps down into composite parts may make it possible to identify persuasive map norms (i.e., methods of design that are embraced by producers of persuasive maps). The results of a content analysis of 256 persuasive maps are discussed. The article concludes that it may be possible to take the most statistically significant results from this study to begin identifying different rhetorical styles of persuasive maps.     

基于空间关系认知的新模式地图设计——以路网构架图表达“一带一路”路线为例

地图所要表达的空间结构通常通过空间关系来建构和描述,包括距离关系、方向关系和拓扑关系。本文基于空间关系认知,从定名量表、顺序量表、间隔量表、比率量表4个量表分析了传统地图与新模式地图的空间关系分辨率的变化过程,并以路网架构图为例,对比了传统地图与新模式地图的认知效果,提出在制图中要重视认知效率和表现对象的细节程度。     

The effect of spatial autocorrelation and class proportion on the accuracy measures from different sampling designs

Four binary thematic maps with combinations of two spatial autocorrelation levels and two different class proportions are simulated to study their effect on the precision of accuracy measures from different sampling designs. A series of eleven sample sizes (from a minimum of 25 to a maximum of 1296) are simulated using three popular sampling designs, including simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling (SYS), and stratified random sampling (StrRS) on the four simulated maps. The conventional error matrix and related accuracy measures are calculated for each simulation, and the precision of different estimates of accuracy measures is compared among the three sampling designs.The selection of a particular sampling design and sample size depends on the spatial autocorrelation level, the class proportion difference, and the accuracy indices that a given application requires. In general, the class proportion difference has a greater impact on the performance of different sampling methods than the spatial autocorrelation level does on a map. For estimating the accuracy of individual classes, stratified sampling achieves better precision than SRS and SYS with smaller sample sizes, especially for estimating the small class. For estimating the overall accuracy, different sampling designs achieve very similar levels of precision with fewer samples. To achieve a better estimate of the kappa coefficient, stratified random sampling is recommended for use on a map with a high class proportion difference, while random sampling is preferred for a map with low spatial autocorrelation and a low class proportion difference.     

地图——人类思维发展历程的记载

地图是人类空间认知能力的图形化表述,而空间认知能力是民族思维方式的一种反映,所以说,地图也是思维方式的图形化表述.文中通过对不同时期地图的研究,从中发现了人类不同时期思维方式的变革.通过近代中西方地图表示方法的融合,指出近代中西方思维方式的融合.最后得出结论,地图如实地记载了人类思维发展的历程.     

AutoCAD文件向Surfer文件转化的一种方法及应用

Surfer读取是离散点数据,而测绘部门的地形图数据是AutoCAD格式的数据,通过混合编程的方式实现AutoCAD数据向Surfer数据的互操作,增强原有AutoCAD数据的空间分析能力和可视化能力?     

城镇化区域变迁轨迹与地形图使用情况关系探讨

地形图广泛应用在城市规划、城市市政、轨道交通、城市建筑等领域,是开展设计和施工工作重要的参考资料。本文通过研究,将北京市地形图服务库使用情况数据转换到空间数据库,利用统计分析和制图技术,绘制了北京市近十年地形图使用情况数据分布图,同时结合北京城市建设历史情况进行对比,发现地形图使用情况真实反映了城市建筑时间节点的历史特点,一定程度上记录了北京城镇化区域变迁轨迹。     

GIS在交通领域中的应用初探

GIS是一种强有力的、同时具备处理空间图形信息和属性数据信息能力的工具 ,它已被广泛地应用于许多专业领域 ,本文主要讨论了其在交通领域内的一些应用情况     

城市用地空间信息分类与数字重建——以长春百年城市内部用地变化为例

针对单一应用遥感影像难以进行城市内部用地结构分类以及高精度城市内部用地多期空间数据叠置分析中位置误差问题建立了基于"分层分类"与"对象分割"的城市内部用地空间信息数字重建方法。实现对特大城市产业用地(住宅、商业、工业等)以及交通、水系、生态绿地等不同功能结构用地的高精度监测以及历史演变过程的重建。综合集成SPOT5,1︰1万地形图、历史地图及城市规划图等辅助信息对长春城市1905年以来城市用地信息进行分类。研究表明,在专家知识参与下人—机交互解译,集成多源空间信息对实现高精度城市用地空间信息重建具有较高的应用价值,该方法不仅能提高城市用地分类精度而且能提高城市用地空间信息提取效率以及多期空间数据叠置分析的定位精度。     

Automated Generation of Schematic Network Maps Adaptive to Display Sizes

Schematic maps have been popularly used for the representation of metro (or underground) lines and nowadays have also been used for the representation of other network maps. This paper presents a strategy for automated generation of schematic network maps for different display sizes, based on a redistribution of line density. This strategy consists of three steps: (a) estimation of spatial density of the network maps, (b) automated redistribution of line density in order to improve map clarity, for different display sizes, and (c) automated generation of schematic representations. An experimental evaluation has been carried out by using two sets of real-life network data. The results indicate that this strategy is able to generate schematic maps with much improved clarity for different display sizes and well-preserved map recognition.